by Ira Berlin
idioms of pluralism and
migrations by. See migrations, African American
movement, importance to
native born. See American-born blacks
Northern. See Northern blacks
other Americans and
place, importance to
politics of
self-identity. See identity/self-identity
slavery-to-freedom narrative, relevance to
Southern. See Southerners, black
unification of
unique experience of
African descent, immigrants of . See also African immigrants; Caribbean immigrants; specific groups
age makeup of
American-born blacks, ignorance of
American-born blacks and, relationship between
Anglophone
children’s’ education
cities as destinations for
community formation by
diversity of
early
economic advancement of
educated professionals among
employment opportunities for
entrepreneurs
equality and
family sponsorship of
homeland contact maintained by
information sources for
institutions of
majority status as familiar to
national concentrations of
nationalism of
new identities of
numbers of
Obama and
political awareness of
racism and
reluctant
sexual makeup of
transnationalism of
violence against
visitors
white America as seen by
work ethic of
African immigrants
destinations for
diversity of
educational attainment of
numbers of
poverty of
returns to homeland by
African Methodist Episcopal Church
African National Congress
African National Union
Africans, as product of New World
African Union Society
Afro-Christian church
interior passage, effect on
Loyal Blacks and
Northern migrants and
spread of
agricultural system, Southern . See also plantation(s); specific crops
black landowners in
reduced need for labor in
Alabama
age and sex of slaves in
black depopulation of
black landowners in
movement of slaves from
movement of slaves to
slave laws in
slave population of
third migration, effect on
urban black population of
Allen, Richard
American-born blacks
African immigrants and, relationship between
African immigrants’ ignorance of
racism as seen by
American Colonization Society
American revolution
migration following
weakening of slavery by
amnesty programs
Amsterdam News
Angelou, Maya
Angola/Angolans
animal sacrifice
Antigua
Appomattox Club
Arkansas
movement of blacks from
movement of slaves to
slave population of
armed forces, desegregation of
Armstrong, Louis
Asante
Asian immigrants
Association des Senegalais aux USA
Atlanta Black Shirts
Atlantic Creoles
Australasia
auto industry
Baline, Israel
Ball, Charles
Bambaataa, Afrika
Banneker, Benjamin
Baraka, Amiri
Barbados
Baruch, Bernard
Bennett, Lerone
Berlin, Irving
Bight of Biafra
black belt, passage to. See interior, passage to
blackbirding
Black Codes
blackness
celebration of
meaning of
of Obama
Black Panther Party
Black Power
blacks. See African Americans
Blake, Blind
blues
boll weevil
Boston
Boudron, Joseph
bozales
brain drain
branding irons
Brand Nubian
Break dancing
Breedlove, Sarah
British colonies, former
British West Indies
Bronx
Bronzeville
Brooklyn
Broonzy, Bill
Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters
Brown, William Wells
Calabars
California, movement of blacks to
call-and-response
Camden
Cameroon/Cameroonians
Campbell, Clive “DJ Kool Here”
Canada
Cape Verde Islands
capitalism, labor requirements of
Caribbean
Caribbean immigrants. See also specific groups
destinations for
diversity of
numbers of
women
Carter, Lincoln
Carter, Robert “King”
Caterers Club
census
Central America
Century Club
cereal cultivation
change
catastrophic, anticipation of
Charles, Ray
Chesapeake
indigenous vs. saltwater slave population
nationality of slaves entering
number of slaves in
Chicago
black percentage of population
black population of
Wright on
Chicago Defender
Chicken Bone Special
Chude-Sokei, Louis
cities
black vs. white population in
as destination for African immigrants
inner. See ghetto/inner city
Northern. See Northern cities
citizenship
denial of
dual
city dwellers, blacks as
in North. See also ghetto/inner city
in South
in West
civil rights acts
civil rights movement
Civil War, U.S.
end of
hope initiated by
outbreak of
Clark, Laura
Clarkson, Thomas
Cleveland
age composition of black population
employment opportunities in
Clinton, Henry
Colored Organization of New Jersey
Committee of racial Equality
Compton
Congressional Black Caucus
contrapuntal narrative
first sounds of
music and
convict labor
Cooke, Sam
Coromatees
cotton
collapse of economy of
demands of cultivation of
insatiable demand for
mechanization of production of
Courier
credit
Creole
crime
criollos
Crosby, Bing
Crouch, Stanley
Cuba/Cubans
Cuffe, Paul
Cugoano, Ottobah
cultural reformation
Davis, Judy and Nelson
debt
decolonization
deindustrialization
Democratic Party
Department of Labor, U.S.
De Priest, Oscar
Detroit
black percentage of population
black population of
Diallo, Amadou
diaspora. See migrations, African American
Dickerson, Debra
disembarkation points
slaves’ continued proximity to
disenfranchisement
Dr. Dre
Dominican Day Parade
Dominicans
Dorsey, Thomas
Double V campaign
Douglass, Frederick
drugs
dual citizenship
Dube, John Langalibalele
Dubois, W. E. B.
Dunbar, Paul
Dunmore, Lord
DuSable Museum of African American
History
economy, U.S.
cotton and sugar production, shift to
decline of plantation agriculture
eighteenth-century changes in
slaves as marketable asset in
World War I, effect on
World War II, effect on
education/schools
African immigrants and
of Northern migrants
Egbe Omo Yoruba
Egypt
elite blacks/Old Settlers
clubs of
ghettos and
Northern migrants and, relationship between
Southern-born
vanishing of
Ellison, Ralph
El Salvador
emancipation. See freedom/ emancipation
employment opportunities
for African immigrants
“negro work”
Northern
Southern
for women
England
entrepreneurs, black
equality
African immigrants and
in the afterworld
civil rights movement for
free blacks and
as goal of American-born blacks
through freedom
Equiano, Olaudah
escapes and revolts . See also specific escapes and revolts
Ethiopia/Ethiopians
ethnicity
Europe. See also specific countries
immigration from
manumission in
slavery in
Ewes
Fair Employment Practices Commission
families/family life
immigration sponsorship by
men’s disappearance from
post-Civil War reconstruction of
for slaves
during third migration
Federal Housing Administration
Federation des Associations Régionales Haïtiennes à l’Etranger
female circumcision
Ferguson, Mary
first migration. See transatlantic passage
Fish, Carl Russell
Florida
movement of free blacks to
places of origin of slaves in
food Africans’ preferences
new, adjustment to
of Northern migrants
price of
production of. See Agricultural system, Southern
on slave ships
fourth migration
decolonization’s effect on
destinations for
music of
national ties strengthened through
numbers involved in
origins of
places of origin. See also specific places
rate of
Franklin, Isaac
Franklin, John Hope
Frazier, E. Franklin
free blacks
Africa as presence to
attachment to place of
church as center of life
conservativeness of
debt of
economic independence sought by
families reconstructed by
institutions of . See also specific institutions
labor extracted from
as landowners
Loyal Blacks. See Loyal Blacks
migration of
names of
numbers of
post-Civil War immobility of
poverty of
rights of
sense of ownership toward land
separate world and institutions of
violence against white domination of. See white supremacy
Freedman’s bank
Freedmen’s Bureau
freedom/emancipation
arrival of
authorship of
changes following
equality through
false promises of
of movement
numbers of black enjoying
ownership of land as concomitant with
slaves’ demand for
for slaves in Africa
for slaves in Europe
through military service
freedpeople. See free blacks
From Slavery to Freedom (Franklin)
frontier. See interior, U.S.
Funky Four Plus One
Gambians
gangs
Gary
George, David
Georgia
immobility of black population in
movement from
nationality of slaves entering
number of slaves in
third migration, effect on
Germany
Ghana/Ghanaians
ghetto/inner city
blacks’ flight from
blacks’ ownership of
complexity of
decaying conditions in
elite blacks and
hip-hop and
poverty of
GI Bill
Gilroy, Paul
Giovanni, Nikki
Glover, Kofi
gospel
government, U.S.
residential segregation, role in
third migration, role in
Grandmaster Flash
Great Migration. See also third migration
Gullah
Guyana
hair
Haiti/Haitians
Haley, Alex
Handlin, Oscar
Harlem
Harvard University
hate strikes
Hayden, Lewis
Hicks, Otis
hlp-hop white teenagers and
history
African American. See history, African American
migration as ubiquitous in
U.S. See history, U.S.
history, African American. See also past, the
black Americans’ attitude toward
contrapuntal narrative of. See contrapuntal narrative
cultural innovation in
migrations in. See migrations, African American
narratives of. See narrative(s)
Obama as exemplar of
as one piece
ownership of
history, U.S. See also specific topics
exclusion of blacks from
immigration as master narrative of
Horton, Willie
Howard, Charles
Howard, O. O.
Hudibras
Hughes, Langston
Hunter-Gault, Charlayne
Hurt, John
Hymnal (Allen)
Ice-T
identity/self-identity
for African immigrants
incorporation of past into
language and
markers of
national
Obama and
stripping of slaves’
visible marks of
imagined communities
immigrants. See migrants/immigrants
immigrat
ion. See migration/ immigration
Immigration and Nationality Act as ignored by blacks
incarceration
indigo
industrial work/workers women as
In My Place (Hunter-Gault)
inner city. See ghetto/inner city
interior, passage to
age and sex balance distorted by
bonds forged during
conditions during
effect on South
escapes during
families destroyed through
length of journey
maintain ties, efforts to
moment of departure
mortality rate
numbers involved in
preparations for
reasons for
revolts during
scattering of black people through
slaves’ attempts to fight against
slave traders’ role in. See also slave trade, U.S.
sudden termination of
third migration compared with
transatlantic passage and, comparison between
transportation, means of
trauma of
youth of deportees
interior, U.S.
arrival in
black depopulation of. See third migration
blacks’ settlement and mastery of
passage to. See interior, passage to
internal slave trade. See slave trade, U.S.
Invisible Man (Ellison)
Jackson, Mahalia
Jamaica/Jamaicans
Jamhuri Day
jazz
Jazz (Morrison)
Jefferson, Thomas
Jim Crow
Johnson, Andrew
Johnson, Charles
Johnson, Lyndon
Johnson, Robert
Johnson-Reed Act
Jollas
Jolson, A1
Kallen, Horace
Kamus, Abdulaziz
Kansas
Kennedy, Edward
Kentucky
immobility of black population in
movement of slaves from
Kenya/Kenyans
Keyes, Alan
King, Martin Luther, Jr.
birthday as national holiday
King, Riley “B.B.”
Kirkpatrick, Joe
Kongo
Korea
labor shortages
World War I
World War II
labor/workers
capitalism’s need for
convict
ladinos
land
blacks’ as tied to
free blacks’ sense of ownership toward
reform
in Southern interior
landowners, black
language(s)
African nationality and
identity and
new
slaves’ multiple
transnational
Latin American immigrants
Lawrence, Jacob
laws and legislation. See also specific laws and legislation
immigration
immobilization of blacks by
slave
white supremacist
legislatures, planter-controlled
Levine, Lawrence
Lewis, Furry
Liberia/Liberians
Liberian Independence Day Parade