by Ira Berlin
Liele, George
Lillis, Harry
Lincoln, Abraham
literacy, black
literature, migrants in
LL Cool J
Locke, Alain
London
Lorre, Ben
Los Angeles
Louisiana
movement of blacks from
movement of slaves from
movement of slaves to
slave laws in
low country. See Georgia; South Carolina
Loyal Blacks
Afro-Christianity and
descendants of
rights as important to
whites on
McClennan, Tommy
McCoy, Joe
Mandela, Nelson
manumission. See also freedom/ emancipation
in Africa
in Europe
March on Washington Movement
Marsalis, Wynton
Martin, Roberta
Maryland
movement of slaves from
number of slaves in
slave laws in
slave population of
masters. See slaveholders
MCing
melting pot
Memphis Minnie
Miami
middle class blacks
Middle East
Middle Passage
conditions during
fear as omnipresent during
length of
new languages of
second. See interior, passage to
shipboard rebellions
symbolism of
variety of experience in
migrants/immigrants. See also specific groups
black. See African descent, immigrants of
enslaved Africans as
illegal
in literature
motivations of
in music
names stripped from
as nationals
Northern. See Northern migrants
numbers of
past divested by
migration/immigration
African American. See migrations, African American
Asian
effect on white America
European
European and African American, relation between
forced vs. free
interrelatedness of
Latin American
laws
as master narrative of U.S. history
nativist policies
quotas
as ubiquitous in world history
migrations, African American
to Africa
from Alabama
to Alabama
to Arkansas
as backbone of black history
bonds created by
cultural reformation through
differences among
first. See transatlantic passage
to Florida
forced vs. free
fourth. See fourth migration
by free blacks
offree blacks
from Georgia
idealization of past in
interior, passage to. See interior, passage to
to Kansas
from Kentucky
from Louisiana
to Louisiana
from Maryland
meaning of blackness affected by
to Mississippi
new polarities following
to the North. See alsothird migration
from North Carolina
places of origin of
post-revolutionary
rate of
as refashioning of consciousness
reverse flows
seamless incorporation of
second. See interior, passage to
significance to study of African American life
from South Carolina
from Tennessee
to Tennessee
to Texas
third. See third migration
from Virginia
to the West
Miles, Lizzie
military service
freedom through
in World War II
Miller, Kelly
Minas
Mississippi
immobility of black population in
movement of free blacks to
movement of slaves to
slave laws in
slave population of
third migration, effect on
“Mississippi Road Trip”
mixed farming
Montserrat
Morocco
Morrison, Toni
Morton, Jelly Roll
Motown
movement. See also migration/ immigration
as constant in slaves’ and planters’ lives
importance to blacks
in music
place and, tension between. See contrapuntal narrative
in U.S. history
MTV
Murphy, Eddie
music
blues
call-and-response
commercial market for
contrapuntal narrative and
of fourth migration
gospel
hip-hop
interior passage, effect on
jazz
migrants in
movement in
place in
post-Civil War
religious
rhythm and blues
rock and roll
slaves’
on slave ships
spiritual
third migration and
urban blues
whites as audience for
Myrdal, Gunnar
NAACP. See National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
names
free blacks’
slaves’
Narrative (Douglass)
narrative(s)
contrapuntal
linear
master
slavery-to-freedom
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
Native Americans, as market for slaves’ produce
Native Son (Wright)
nativist policies
Nat Turner rebellion
Negro History Week
New Deal
New Negroes
New Orleans
newspapers, black. See also specific papers
New York
Nicaragua
Nigerian Festival
Nigeria/Nigerians
Nixon, Richard
nonslaveholders
North, the
arrival in
black elite in. See elite blacks/Old Settlers
employment opportunities in
great migration to. See third migration
movement of free blacks to
professional class in
racism of
South and, connection between
South and, difference between
North Carolina
immobility of black population in
movement of slaves from
Northern blacks. See also Northern migrants
black Southerners compared to
church membership of
institutions of
numbers of
Northern Cities. See also ghetto/inner city
attachment to
black ownership of
black political power in
residential segregation in
structural decay of
youthfulness of
Northern migrants
age of
character of
civil rights sought by
deindustrialization’s effect on
educational attainment of
elite blacks and, relationship between
food of
information sources for
institutional aids to<
br />
locations of
neighborhoods of. See ghetto/inner city
political affiliations of
poverty of
racial subordination of
sex of
uncertainties of
Northern migration. See third migration
Nova Scotia
N.W.A.
Oak and Ivy Club
Oakland
Obama, Barack
African immigrants and
blackness of
identity and
speech on race
occupations
Odom, Helen
Old Settlers. See elite blacks/Old Settlers
Olmsted, Frederick Law
one-drop rule
Organization for the Advancement of Nigerians
Panama Canal
Panic of 1837
Parks, Gordon
past, the
as denied to blacks
idealization of
as impossible to recoup
weight of
Perkins, Maria
Peters, Thomas
Philadelphia
Pittsburgh
place. See also land
diasporas as rooting people in
free blacks’ attachment to
importance of
in music
segregation’s effect on
sharecropping as tying blacks to
slaves’ attachment to
as social imperative
special meaning of
plantation(s). See also specific crops
blacks’ abandonment of
boundaries of
changing requirements of
decline of
expansion of
mechanization of
slavery
stability of
planters. See also slaveholders
black belt
legislatures controlled by
postbellum
third migration fought by
political asylum
political office, blacks in
political power, black
Portugal
poverty
of African immigrants
offreeblacks
inner city
of Northern migrants
of Southern blacks
Powell, Julie
Powledge, Fred
professional class
projects, the
Providence
Public Enemy
Quarles, Benjamin
Queens
race
American-born blacks’ and immigrants’ different views of
definitions of
as force in understanding American life
protocols and ideas of
significance of
two-caste system of
race riots
racism. See also white supremacy
African immigrants and
American-born blacks’ view of
Northern
slave societies as root of
Southern
ubiquity of
Radical Reconstruction
Rainey, “Ma”
Randolph, A. Philip
rap. See hip-hop
Reagan, Ronald
Reconstruction
Redding, Otis
Redeemers
religion. See also Afro-Christian church
free blacks’
interior passage, effect on
music of
slaves’
Republican Party
reputations
reunions
revolts. See escapes and revolts
rhythm and blues
rice
rock and roll
Rolfe, John
Roosevelt, Franklin Delano
Roots (Haley)
Rose, Charlie
Run D.M.C.
Rush, Bobby
Rwanda
St. Louis
St. Lucia
San Francisco
Sarah Bonadventure
Screven, Arena
second migration. See interior, passage to
segregation
battles against
overthrow of
place, effect on
residential. See also ghetto/ inner city
self-emancipation
self-identity. See identity/self-identity
Senegal
Senegambia
sexual abuse
sharecropping
collapse of
shipmates, as kin
Sierra Leone
slaveholders
African
black belt
divisions among
exploitation of divisions among slaves by
holdings consolidated by
Loyalist
methods of control used by
movement as a constant for
numbers of slaves held by
preferences of
slavery
African
codification of chattel bondage
cracks in edifice of
domestic
in Europe
expansion of
Northern colonies’ liquidation of
plantation
profitability of
revolutionary warfare’s effect on
slavery-to-freedom narrative
slaves/enslaved Africans
African as name for
Atlantic Creoles
Atlantic seabord as initial location of
attachment to place of
broad marriages of
children of
as collaborators on interior passage
as collaborators on slave ships
control of, on ships
economy of
escapes and revolts . See also specific revolts
family life of
first arrivals
former. See free blacks
gatherings among
hired
identity, marks of
as immigrants
indigenous vs. saltwater population
inheritances of
interior passage of. See interior, passage to
kinship networks of
labeling of
leadership structure
male as preferred sex of
male mortality, higher rates of
as marketable assets
masters’ control of
mobility of
mortality among
names stripped from
nationalities of
new arrivals, treatment of
numbers of
property of
realization of destiny by
rebellious, sale of
relations among, on slave ships
religion of
rental and loaning of
rights and freedoms gained by
skilled
suicide attempts of
transatlantic passage of. See transatlantic passage
wages earned by
women
youth preferred in
slave ships
collection of slaves by
conditions on
control of slaves on
crews and captives of, relations between
distribution of cargo
forced dance on
as funerary trains
hazards of ocean travel for
mortality rates on
music on
rations on
rebellions on
suicide attempts on
violence of
white supremacy as originating on
women on
slave trade, African
African resistance to
competitive nature of
customer preferences in
disembarkation points
end to
numbers of arrivals
post-Revolutionary reinvigoration of
regional identity and
systematic removals of
slave trade, U.S.
Georgia men
infrastructure of
language of
local
numbers involved in
post-Revolutionary reinvigoration of
preferred places of origin in
regularization of
seasonality of
Smith, Bessie
Snoop Doggy Dogg
Somalia/Somalis
soul
South, the. See also specific places
agricultural system of
black exodus from. See third migration
black population as tied to
as cultural catchall
effect of interior passage on
employment opportunities in
migration from. See third migration
North and, connection between
North and, difference between
proportion of black population residing in
return to
sharecropping system of
tenancy systems of
South Africa
South Carolina
Gullah language
indigenous and saltwater slaves, relation between
male vs. female slaves in
movement of slaves entering
nationality of slaves entering
number of slaves in
South Central
Southerners black. See Southerners, black black people as
Southerners, black
despair as endemic to
employment opportunities for
free. See free blacks
as landowners
Northerners compared to
peculiar character of
poverty of
rights denied to
as rural population
violence against
Southern interior. See interior, U.S.
Spain
Sport of the Gods (Dunbar)
Stono Rebellion
Strayhorn, Billy
suburbs blacks’ move to white flight to
Sudan/Sudanese
suffrage
sugar demands of cultivation of
Sullivan’s Island
Sykes, Roosevelt
Taulbert, Clifton
tenancy
Tennessee
movement of slaves from
movement of slaves to
Texas
movement of blacks from
movement of free blacks to
movement of slaves to
slave population of
third migration
age patterns of
Alabama, effect on
as chain migration
as city-to-city migration
as community endeavor
destinations for
duration of
ebbs and flows of
families in
governmental role in
interior passage compared with
Mississippi, effect on
music and
numbers involved in
original impetus for
planters’ efforts to stem
reasons for
regularization of
reluctance of blacks to undertake
reverse flow
routes of
seasonal rhythm of
selectiveness of
sexual patterns
timing of