Hadrian and the Triumph of Rome

by Everitt, Anthony

  _______. Parthica in Arrianus, Flavius: Scripta: Vol. II. Scripta minora et fragmenta, A. G. Roos and Gerhard Wirth (eds.), Biblioteca scriptorum graecorum et romanorum teubneriana (Leipzig: Teubner, 2002)

  Arrian and Xenophon. Xenophon and Arrian on Hunting, trans. A. A. Phillips and M. M. Willcock (Warminster, UK: Aris and Phillips, 1999)

  Aurelius Victor. De Caesaribus, trans. H. W. Bird (Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 1994)

  Charisius, Ars Grammatica, ed. K. Barwick. See http://kaali.linguist.jussieu.fr/CGL/text.jsp

  Epiphanius. Weights and Measures. See http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/epiphanius_weights_03_text.htm

  Epitome de Caesaribus, trans. Thomas M. Banchich. See http://www.romanemperors.org/epitome.htm

  Eusebius. Church History. See http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf201.iii.vi.html

  Eutropius. Historiae romanae breviarium. See http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/eutropius.html; Adamantius, Physiognomica, ed. J. G. Franzius (Altenburg: Scriptores Physiognomiae Veteres, 1780)

  Galen. The Diseases of the Mind, 4; translation from T. Wiedemann, Greek and Roman Slavery (London: Croom Helm, 1981)

  Hephaestio of Thebes. Hephaestionis Thebani Apotelesmaticorum libri tres, ed. D. Pingree (Leipzig: Teubner, 1973)

  Jerome. Chronicle. See http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/jerome_chronicle_00_eintro.htm

  _______. Contra Rufinum. See http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf203.vi.xii.html

  _______. De viris illustribus. See http://www.fourthcentury.com/index.php/jerome-famous-men

  Justin. See http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/justin.html

  Justinian. Corpus Iuris Civilis (including the Digest). See http://web.upmfgrenoble.fr/Haiti/Cours/Ak/

  Macrobius. Saturnalia, trans. Peter Vaughan Davies (New York: Columbia University Press, 1969)

  The Chronicle of John Malalas: A Translation, by Elizabeth Jeffreys, Michael Jeffreys, Roger Scott, et al. Byzantina Australiensia 4 (Melbourne: Australian Association for Byzantine Studies, 1986)

  Philostratus. Heroicus. See http://zeus.chsdc.org/chs/heroes_test#phil_her_front_b3

  Polemon. De Physiognomia, trans. (from Arabic into Latin) G. Hoffmann (Leipzig: 1893)

  Sententiae Hadriani. See N. Lewis, Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies 32 (1991), 267–80

  Sibylline Oracles/Books. See http://thedcl.org/heretics/misc/terrymil/thesibora/thesibora.html

  Soranus’ Gynaecology, trans. Owsei Temkin, et al. (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1956)

  Strato. Puerilities: Erotic Epigrams of the Greek Anthology (Princeton: Yale University Press, 2001)

  Syncellus, Georgius. Chronographia. Corpus Scriptorum Historiae Byzantinae, ed. B. G. Niebuhr et al., vol. 1 (Bonn, 1829)

  Talmud. See text links at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talmud

  Vegetius. Epitoma rei militaris (Military Institutions of the Romans), trans. John

  Clark (Whitefish, Mont.: Kessinger Publishing, 2007)

  MODERN COMMENTARY

  Of modern studies the one on which I most depended was Anthony Birley’s Hadrian, the Restless Emperor. A quarry of scholarly information, it assembles all that is known or can be guessed about its subject; in particular, through scrutiny of the tiniest clues and clever speculation, it establishes a clear outline of Hadrian’s journeys.

  For those with a general interest in the classical world I recommend from below Balsdon’s Life and Leisure in Ancient Rome, Bowman’s Life and Letters on the Roman Frontier—Vindolanda and Its People, Connolly’s wonderful visual reconstructions in The Ancient City: Life in Classical Athens and Rome, Goldsworthy’s In the Name of Rome: The Men Who Won the Roman Empire, Hopkins and Beard’s revisionist The Colosseum, Paul Johnson’s A History of the Jews, Royston Lambert’s (somewhat overcolored) Beloved and God, Thorsten Opper’s catalogue, Hadrian—Empire and Conflict, and, of course, Marguerite Yourcenar’s study in melancholy, Memoirs of Hadrian.

  For a full bibliography, readers can consult the Cambridge Ancient History, volume 11, The High Empire. What follows is a selection of books and articles that I found useful.

  Adembri, Benedetta. Hadrian’s Villa (Rome: Ministero per I Beni e le Attività Culturali, Soprintendenza Archeologica per il Lazio, Electa 2000)

  Alexander, P. J. “Letters and Speeches of the Emperor Hadrian,” Harvard Studies in Classical Philology 49, 1938

  Alon, G. The Jews in Their Land in the Talmudic Age II (Harvard University Press, 1984)

  Antinous: The Face of the Antique, exhibition catalogue (Leeds, UK: Henry Moore Institute, 2006)

  Arafat, K. W. Pausanias’s Greece, Ancient Artists and Roman Rulers (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1996)

  Balsdon, J.P.V.D. Life and Leisure in Ancient Rome (London: The Bodley Head, 1969)

  Beard, Mary, John North, and Simon Price. Religions of Rome, vol. 1: A History (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1998)

  Benario, H. W. A Commentary on the Vita Hadriani in the Historia Augusta (The Scholars Press, 1980)

  Bennett, Julian. Trajan: Optimus Princeps, 2nd ed. (London: Routledge, 2001)

  Bernand, A., and E. Bernand. Les Inscriptions grecques et latines du Colosse de Memnon (Archeolog Caire, 1960)

  Betz, H. D. The Greek Magical Papyri in Translation, 2nd ed. (University of Chicago Press, 1992)

  Birley, Anthony. Garrison Life at Vindolanda—A Band of Brothers (Stroud, UK: Tempus, 2002)

  ———. Hadrian, the Restless Emperor (London and New York: Routledge, 1997)

  .——– Marcus Aurelius: A Biography (London: Batsford, 1987)

  Boatwright, Mary T. Hadrian and the Cities of the Roman Empire (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2000)

  ———. Hadrian and the City of Rome (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1987)

  Bowerstock, G. W. Greek Sophists in the Roman Empire (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1969)

  Bowman, Alan K. Life and Letters on the Roman Frontier—Vindolanda and Its People, 3rd ed. (London: British Museum Press, 2003)

  Brunt, P. A. Roman Imperial Themes (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1990)

  Burkert, Walter. Greek Religion (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1985)

  Cambridge Ancient History, vol. 11: The High Empire (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2005)

  Camp, J. M. The Archaeology of Athens (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2004)

  Cantarelli, L. Gli scritti latini di Adriano imperatore, Studi e documenti di storia e diritto 19 (1898), 113–70

  Castle, E. B. Ancient Education and Today (Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin Books, 1961)

  Catalogus Codicum Astrologorum Graecorum, 12 vols. (Bruxelles: Lamertin, 1898– 1953)

  Claridge, A. “Hadrian’s Column of Trajan,” Journal of Roman Archaeology 6, 1993

  Clarke, John R. Looking at Lovemaking: Constructions of Sexuality in Roman Art 100 BC–AD 250 (University of California Press, 2001)

  Coarelli, Filippo. Rome and Environs (Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, 2008)

  Collingwood, R. G., and R. P. Wright. Roman Inscriptions of Britain I: Inscriptions on Stone (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1965)

  Connolly, Peter, and Hazel Dodge. The Ancient City: Life in Classical Athens and Rome (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998)

  Connor, W. R. The Acts of the Pagan Martyrs/Acta Alexandrinorum (Greek Texts and Commentaries) (Ayer Co. Publications, New Hampshire)

  Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum (Berlin: Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and Humanities, 1893–2003)

  Corpus Papyrorum Judaicorum I–III. V. A. Techerikover and A. Fuks, eds. (London and Cambridge, Mass.: 1957–64)

  Duncan-Jones, R. P. Structure and Scale in the Roman Economy (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press: 1990)

  Dupont, Florence. Daily Life in Ancient Rome (Oxford: Blackwell, 1992)

  Eck, Werner. “The Bar Kokhba Revolt: The Roman Point of View.” Journal of Roman Studies 89 (1999)

  Ency
clopedia Judaica. Cecil Roth, ed. (New York: Macmillan, 1972)

  Epigrammata Graeca. Georg Kaibel, ed. (Berlin: 1888)

  Fontes iuris romani antejustiniani in usum scholarum [FIRA]. S. Riccobono et al., eds. (Florence: S.A.G. Barbèra, 1941–64)

  Fuks, Alexander. “Aspects of the Jewish Revolt in A.D. 115–117.” The Journal of Roman Studies 51, parts 1 and 2 (1961), 98–104

  Gibbon, Edward. History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (London: Folio Society, 1983)

  Goldsworthy, Adrian. In the Name of Rome: The Men Who Won the Roman Empire (London: Orion, 2003)

  Gray, William D. “New Light from Egypt on the Early Reign of Hadrian.” The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures 40:1 (Oct. 1923)

  Green, Peter. From Alexander to Actium (London: Thames and Hudson, 1990)

  Hoff, Michael C., and Susan I. Rotroff. The Romanization of Athens: Proceedings of an International Conference held at Lincoln, Nebraska (April 1996). Oxbow Monograph 94 (Oxford: Oxbow Books, 1997)

  Hopkins, Keith, and Mary Beard. The Colosseum (London: Profile Books, 2005)

  Inscriptiones Graecae (Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1893ff)

  Inscriptiones Graecae ad res Romanas pertinentes (Paris, 1906–27)

  Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae. H. Dessau, ed. (Berlin, 1892–1916)

  Johnson, Paul. A History of the Jews (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1987)

  Jones, Brian W. The Emperor Domitian (London: Routledge, 1993)

  Jones, C. P. Plutarch and Rome (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1972).

  ________The Roman World of Dio Chrysostom (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1978)

  Jones, David. The Bankers of Puteoli: Finance, Trade and Industry in the Roman World (Stroud, UK: Tempus, 2006)

  Keppie, Lawrence. The Making of the Roman Army from Republic to Empire (London: Routledge, 1984)

  Lambert, Royston. Beloved and God: The Story of Hadrian and Antinous (New York: Viking Books, 1984)

  Lamberton, Robert. Plutarch (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2001)

  Lepper, F. A. Trajan’s Parthian War and Arrian’s Parthica (Chicago: Ares, 1985)

  Levine, Lee I. Jerusalem: Portrait of the City in the Second Temple Period (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 2002)

  Lewis, N. The Documents from the Bar Kokhba Period in the Cave Letters, Greek Papyri (Jerusalem: 1989)

  MacDonald, William L., and John A. Pinto. Hadrian’s Villa and Its Legacy (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1995)

  Mantel, H. “The Causes of the Bar Kochba Revolt.” Jewish Quarterly Review 58 (1967)

  Mari, Zaccaria, and Sergio Sgalambro. “The Antinoeion of Hadrian’s Villa: Interpretation and Architectural Reconstruction.” American Journal of Archaeology 3:1 (Jan. 2007)

  Mattingly, H. Coins of the Roman Empire in the British Museum III: Nerva to Hadrian (London: British Museum, 1936)

  Mattingly, H., and E. A. Sydenham. The Roman Imperial Coinage I–III London [1923–30] (London: Spink and Son, 1968)

  Mommsen, Theodor. A History of Rome Under the Emperors, German ed. trans. Demandt, Barbara and Alexxander, ed., Krojze, Clare (London: Routledge, 1976)

  Naor, Mordecai. City of Hope (Chemed Books, 1996)

  Oliver, J. H. Greek Constitutions of Early Roman Emperors from Inscriptions and Papyri (Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 1989)

  Opper, Thorsten. Hadrian—Empire and Conflict, exhibition catalogue (London: British Museum, 2008)

  Panegyrici Latini. R.A.B. Mynors, ed. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1964)

  Petrakis, N. L. “Diagonal Earlobe Creases, Type A Behavior and the Death of Emperor Hadrian.” Western Journal of Medicine 132.1 (January 1980), 87–91

  Platner, Samuel Ball (as completed and revised by Thomas Ashby). A Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1929)

  Rawson, Beryl. Children and Childhood in Roman Italy (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003)

  Richardson, L., Jr. A New Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992)

  Rossi, Lino. Trajan’s Column and the Dacian Wars (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1971)

  Schäfer, P. “Hadrian’s Policy in Judaea and the Bar Kokhba Revolt: A Reassessment,” in P. R. Davies and R. T. White (eds.), A Tribute to G. Vermes, Journal for the Study of the Old Testament Supp. Ser. 100 (1990), 281–303

  Schürer, E. History of the Jewish People in the Age of Jesus Christ (175BC–AD135), vol. I, rev. ed., G. Vermes and F. Millar (Edinburgh: T and T Clark, 1973)

  Sherk, Robert K., ed. The Roman Empire: Augustus to Hadrian (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1988)

  Smallwood, E. Mary. Documents Illustrating the Principates of Nerva, Trajan and Hadrian (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1966)

  _______. Jews Under Roman Rule (Leiden: Brill, 1976)

  Spawforth, A. J., and Susan Walker. “The World of the Panhellenion: II. Three Dorian Cities.” The Journal of Roman Studies 76 (1986), 88–105

  Speidel, M. P. “Swimming the Danube Under Hadrian’s eyes. A Feat of the Emperor’s Batavi Horse Guard.” Ancient Society 22 (1991), 277–82

  . Riding for Caesar: The Roman Emperors’ Horse Guard (London: Routledge, 1994)

  ________. “Roman Army Pay Scales.” The Journal of Roman Studies 82 (1992)

  Stambaugh, John E. The Ancient Roman City (Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1988)

  Strack, P. L. Untersuchungen zur römische Reichsprägung des zweiten Jahrhunderts II. Die Reichsprägung zur Zeit des Hadrian (Stuttgart: 1933)

  Swain, S. Hellenism and Empire. Language, Classicism and Power in the Greek World AD (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996)

  Syme, Ronald. “The Career of Arrian.” Harvard Studies in Classical Philology 86 (1982), 181–211

  _______. “Fictional History Old and New: Hadrian.” Roman Papers VI (1991)

  _______. Tacitus (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1958)

  _______. “The Wrong Marcius Turbo.” Journal of Roman Studies 52, parts 1 and 2 (1962)

  Toynbee, J. M. C. The Hadrianic School: A Chapter in the History of Greek Art (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1934)

  Williams, Craig A. Roman Homosexuality: Ideologies of Masculinity in Classical Antiquity (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999)

  Winter, J. G. “In the Service of Rome: Letters from the Michigan Collection of Papyri.” Classical Philology 22:3 (July 1927)

  Yadin, Yigael. Bar-Kokhba: The Re-discovery of the Legendary Hero of the Last Jewish Revolt Against Imperial Rome (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1971)

  Yourcenar, Marguerite. Memoirs of Hadrian, trans. Grace Frick (London: Secker and Warburg, 1955)

  ABOUT THE AUTHOR

  ANTHONY EVERITT, visiting professor in the visual and performing arts at Nottingham Trent University, has written extensively on European culture and is the author of Cicero and Augustus. He has served as secretary general of the Arts Council for Great Britain. Everitt lives near Colchester, England’s first recorded town, founded by the Romans.

  Copyright © 2009 by Anthony Everitt

  All rights reserved.

  Published in the United States by Random House, an imprint of The Random House Publishing Group, a division of Random House, Inc., New York.

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  Maps © 2009 by David Lindroth

  Everitt, Anthony.

  Hadrian and the triumph of Rome / Anthony Everitt.

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  eISBN: 978-1-58836-896-6

  1. Hadrian, Emperor of Rome, 76–138. 2. Emperors—Rome—

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