96. Ferguson, The Pity of War, 312; Thomas Parrish, ed., The Simon and Schuster Encylopedia of World War II (New York, 1978), 645–649; and Allen Millett and Peter Maslowski, For the Common Defense: A Military History of the United States of America (New York, 1984), 504, 542.
97. Seymour, Intimate Papers of Colonel House, 4:143; and Baker,Woodrow Wilson, vol. 8, Armistice, 580.
Chapter 9: Peace That Surpasses Understanding
1. Seymour, Intimate Papers of Colonel House, 4:210–211.
2. Ibid., 212.
3. Ibid., 213.
4. Garraty, Henry Cabot Lodge, 347.
5. Blum, Joe Tumulty and the Wilson Era, 170.
6. Seymour, Intimate Papers of Colonel House, 4:223–225.
7. Ibid., 235.
8. Thomas A. Bailey,Woodrow Wilson and the Lost Peace (Chicago, 1963), 92; and Willis Fletcher Johnson, George Harvey: A Passionate Patriot (Boston, 1929), 263. Humorist Will Rogers, a Democrat, chortled that Wilson had told the Republicans,“We will split 50–50. I will go and you fellows can stay.”
9. Garraty, Henry Cabot Lodge, 347–348.
10. Ibid., 343.
11. August Heckscher, Woodrow Wilson: A Biography (New York, 1991), 496; Bailey, Woodrow Wilson and the Lost Peace, 105; and Case and La Follette, Robert La Follette, 914–915.
12. Heckscher,Woodrow Wilson, 497–498.
13. Seymour, Intimate Papers of Colonel House, 4:151; and William E. Leuchtenberg, The Perils of Prosperity, 1914–32 (Chicago, 1958), 52.
14. Sullivan, Our Times, vol. 5, Over Here, 436–438.
15. Ira Gregg Wolper, The Origins of Public Diplomacy: Woodrow Wilson, George Creel and the Committee on Public Information, Ph. D. dissertation (University of Chicago, 1991), 305–309.
16. Baker,Woodrow Wilson, vol. 8, Armistice, 592–593.
17. Peter Rowland, David Lloyd George: A Biography (New York, 1975), 463.
18. Ibid., 469–470.
19. Ibid., 470–475.
20. Bailey,Woodrow Wilson and the Lost Peace, 111.
21. Seymour, Intimate Papers of Colonel House, 4:253–254.
22. Sullivan, Our Times, vol. 5, Over Here, 537–538.
23. Gardner, Safe for Democracy, 2.
24. Ibid. At a stag dinner given him by Lloyd George, Wilson spoke warmly of the “bond of deathless friendship” the war had created between the United States and Great Britain. But these off-the-record remarks were never published (Heckscher,Woodrow Wilson, 507–509).
25. Gardner, Safe for Democracy, 2–3.
26. Levin, Edith and Woodrow, 240.
27. Seymour, Intimate Papers of Colonel House, 4:255.
28. Baker,Woodrow Wilson, vol. 8, Armistice, 582.
29. George H. Nash, The Life of Herbert Hoover, the Humanitarian, 1914–17 (New York, 1988), 65ff; and Smith, Triumph of Herbert Hoover, 86.
30. Vincent, Post–World War I Blockade of Germany, 134.
31. Ibid., 136.
32. Ibid., 139.
33. Bailey,Woodrow Wilson and the Lost Peace, 119; and Vincent, Post–World War I Blockade of Germany, 146.
34. Vincent, Post–World War I Blockade of Germany, 126, 152–153.
35. Ibid., 154–155.
36. Ibid., 158–159.
37. Ibid., 163–164.
38. Ibid., 173.
39. William Klingaman, 1919:The Year Our World Began (New York, 1987), 10.
40. Renehan, The Lion’s Pride, 249.
41. Sylvia Jukes Morris, Edith Kermit Roosevelt, 424.
42. Renehan, The Lion’s Pride, 248.
43. Ward, A First-Class Temperament, 421–422.
44. Renehan, The Lion’s Pride, 221; and Ward, A First-Class Temperament, 422.
45. Ward, A First-Class Temperament, 422. Arthur Krock, Memoirs: Sixty Years on the Firing Line (New York, 1968), 109, presented another version of Wilson’s reaction to TR’s death. Krock, then a reporter for the Louisville Courier-Journal, was on the train platform when Wilson received the telegram. He described Wilson’s reaction to the “news that his most powerful adversary had left the lists” as “a kind of spontaneous relaxation.” It was followed by a “distinctly sad” expression. Is “spontaneous relaxation” the same as “a smile of transcendent triumph”? Krock was very fond of Wilson. Lloyd George saw Wilson shortly after he returned to Paris and expressed his condolences to the president on Roosevelt’s death.“I was aghast at the outburst of acrid detestation which flowed from Wilson’s lips,” Lloyd George wrote (David Lloyd George, Memoirs of the Peace Conference [New Haven, 1939], 1:147).
46. Gordon A. Craig, Germany, 1866–1945 (New York, 1978), 407–408.
47. Klingaman, 1919, 35–37; and Craig, Germany, 409.
48. Oswald Garrison Villard, Fighting Years: An Autobiography (New York, 1939), 397–398.
49. Case and La Follette, Robert M. La Follette, 942–943.
50. Charles L. Mee, Jr., The End of Order: Versailles 1919 (New York, 1980), 45–46; Herbert Hoover, The Ordeal of Woodrow Wilson (New York, 1958), 70–71; and Ray Stannard Baker, Woodrow Wilson and the World Settlement (New York, 1923), 1:174.
51. Mee, The End of Order, 48.
52. Ibid., 49.
53. Knock, To End All Wars, 204.
54. Blum, Joe Tumulty and the Wilson Era, 172–174.
55. Tebbel and Watts, The Press and the Presidency, 387.
56. Inga Floto, Colonel House in Paris: A Study of American Policy at the Paris Peace Conference, 1919 (Copenhagen, 1973), 69–70. Cobb’s close relationship with House in Paris collapsed when the newsman discovered the extent of House’s power. He was shocked to find out that “in each U.S. embassy there was one member who was in direct contact with Colonel House and sent him a daily personal report which did not go to the United States. ” Cobb went back to the United States a confused and troubled man. Wilson was, of course, aware of this arrangement. The episode makes even more unlikely the story of Wilson’s unburdening his heart to Cobb on the eve of declaring war. Cobb was clearly not in the presidential loop.
57. Steel, Walter Lippmann, 147. It should be pointed out that Lippmann thought he should have gotten Creel’s job.
58. Wolper, Origins of Public Diplomacy, 320–337.
59. Baker,Woodrow Wilson and the World Settlement, 1:256–259.
60. Knock, To End All Wars, 212–213; Hoover, Ordeal of Woodrow Wilson, 227–228; and Baker, Woodrow Wilson and the World Settlement, 1:250–275. Baker devotes an entire chapter to this stormy debate on the German colonies. As he notes glumly at the close,“it was only the first battle of a long and deadly war.”
61. Bailey,Woodrow Wilson and the Lost Peace, 187.
62. Knock, To End All Wars, 222–224.
63. Ibid., 224.
64. John Milton Cooper, Jr., Breaking the Heart of the World: Woodrow Wilson and the Fight for the League of Nations (New York, 2001), 52; and Knock, To End All Wars, 225–226.
65. Washington Post, January 18, 1919.
66. Gardner, Safe for Democracy, 239–240; and Floto, Colonel House in Paris, 109–112
67. Garraty, Henry Cabot Lodge, 350.
68. Bailey,Woodrow Wilson and the Lost Peace, 197; and Cooper, Breaking the Heart of the World, 60–61.
69. Klingaman, 1919, 97, 122.
70. PWW, 55:238–245.
71. Garraty, Henry Cabot Lodge, 350–351; and Levin, Edith and Woodrow, 255, 258.
72. Levin, Edith and Woodrow, 257.
73. PWW, 55:309–323.
74. Garraty, Henry Cabot Lodge, 353–354.
75. Klingaman, 1919, 169–170; Levin, Edith and Woodrow, 266–267; and Cooper, Breaking the Heart of the World, 70.
76. Bailey,Woodrow Wilson and the Lost Peace, 208.
77. Alan J. Ward, Ireland and Anglo-American Relations, 1988–1921 (Toronto, 1969), 172–176.
78. Duff, The Politics of Revenge, 84–86.
Chapter 10: Peace That Surpasses Understanding II
1. Edith Bolling Wilson, My Memoir (New Yo
rk, 1939), 245–246.
2. Floto, Colonel House in Paris, 111.
3. Ibid., 168; and Levin, Edith and Woodrow, 283.
4. Klingaman, 1919, 141–142.
5. Stephen Bonsal, Unfinished Business (New York, 1944), 117–118.
6. Klingaman, 1919, 159, 207; and Hoover, The Ordeal of Woodrow Wilson, 174.
7. Klingaman, 1919, 69.
8. Coffman, The War to End All Wars, 358.
9. Charles T. Thompson, The Peace Conference Day by Day (New York, 1920), 184–185.
10. Schneider, Into the Breach, 276.
11. Ibid., 280.
12. Floto, Colonel House in Paris, 178; and Levin, Edith and Woodrow, 293. Grayson became House’s secret enemy, filling his diary with condemnations of his supposedly disloyal behavior (PWW, 64:497–498).
13. Seymour, Intimate Papers of Colonel House, 4:386.
14. Knock, To End All Wars, 248.
15. Ibid.
16. Lloyd George, Memoirs of the Peace Conference, 1:141–142.
17. Bailey,Woodrow Wilson and the Lost Peace, 216–217; and Knock, To End All Wars, 248–249.
18. Knock, To End All Wars, 249; and Duff, Politics of Revenge, 120–125.
19. Knock, To End All Wars, 249.
20. Erik Goldstein, Winning the Peace: British Diplomatic Strategy, Peace Planning and the Paris Peace Conference, 1916–1920 (New York, 1991), 181–183.
21. Knock,To End All Wars, 250; and Robert Lansing, The Peace Negotiations: A Personal Narrative (New York, 1921), 256. Wilson managed to procure a verbal promise from the Japanese to restore Shantung to China at some future date. With pressure from the United States, they honored this promise in 1922. He also attempted to protect Chinese interests in other ways, but the Chinese delegation, infuriated by his initial surrender and having no faith in the Japanese promise, refused to accept the compromise (Bruce Elleman, Wilson and China: A Revised History of the Shandong Question [Armonk, N. Y., 2002]).
22. Knock, To End All Wars, 249; and Lloyd George, Peace Conference, 1:149.
23. Baker, Woodrow Wilson and the World Settlement, 2:210–215; and Hoover, The Ordeal of Woodrow Wilson, 227.
24. Hoover, The Ordeal of Woodrow Wilson, 228.
25. Mee, The End of Order, 230.
26. Floto, Colonel House in Paris, 84, 215.
27. Gene Smith,When the Cheering Stopped: The LastYears ofWoodrow Wilson (New York, 1964),48–49.
28. “Wilson’s Neurological Illness at Paris,” pWW, vol. 58, appendix, 608–640. See also Weinstein, Woodrow Wilson: A Medical and Psychological Biography, 336–340. Weinstein diagnosed a combination of influenza and brain damage resulting from either the influenza virus or the associated virus of encephalitis lethargica, which can cause personality changes.
29. Tebbel and Watts, The Press and the Presidency, 388.
30. Levin, Edith and Woodrow, 292.
31. Knock, To End All Wars, 250. Bailey,Woodrow Wilson and the Lost Peace, 239–240, 242, points out that at this point, Wilson was not entirely aware of how large the reparations would be. But the president’s interest in economics was minimal—a shame, because half the treaty was concerned with economic issues.
32. Levin, Edith and Woodrow, 299 (citing Lloyd George’s Memoirs). Perhaps the most insightful comment on Wilson’s reaction to these defeats is George Kennan’s:“His spirit had . . . been broken in the battle over the Versailles treaty” (George F . Kennan, Russia and the West Under Lenin and Stalin [Boston, 1960], 143). Weinstein calls Wilson’s sudden change in attitude toward the terms of peace a product of his supposed brain damage, which created a false “euphoria.” a more down-to-earth way of describing this emotion might be a what-the-hell attitude. Psychological explanations are equally convincing for Wilson’s surrenders after the illness. Politically, he was a trapped man (Weinstein,Woodrow Wilson, 339–345).
33. Thompson, Peace Conference Day by Day, 305–306.
34. Lawrence James, Raj: The Making and Unmaking of British India (New York, 1997), 471–473; and J.M. Winter, The Experience of World War I (New York, 1989), 217.
35. Duff, The Politics of Revenge, 88 n.
36. Ibid., 89.
37. Ward, Ireland and Anglo-American Relations, 181.
38. Duff, The Politics of Revenge, 97–98.
39. Ward, Ireland and Anglo-American Relations, 182–183.
40. Duff, The Politics of Revenge, 98–99.
41. Ibid., 100.
42. Klingaman, 1919, 292–294.
43. Watt, The Kings Depart, 398–399.
44. Baker,Woodrow Wilson and the World Settlement, 1:394–399.
45. Bailey,Woodrow Wilson and the Lost Peace, 249.
46. Ross, Propaganda for War, 256–258; and Francis Nielson, The Tragedy of Europe: A Diary of the Second World War (Appleton, Wis., 1940), introduction, 8–9, 13.
47. Smith, Triumph of Herbert Hoover, 91; and Hoover, The Ordeal of Woodrow Wilson, 234–235.
48. Lansing, The Peace Negotiations, 272–273.
49. Watt, The Kings Depart, 408; and Bailey,Woodrow Wilson and the Lost Peace, 288–289.
50. Watt, The Kings Depart, 412–413. The actual motive for delaying the reparations figure was a glimmer of realism on the part of the British and French. Lloyd George and Clemenceau, aware that a realistic figure would severely disappoint the voters, put it off to give them time to prepare their constituents for a reduced figure (Craig, Germany, 436–437).
51. Ibid., 417.
52. Knock, To End All Wars, 254–255.
53. Steel,Walter Lippmann, 158–159.
54. Ibid., 159–160; and Knock, To End All Wars, 257.
55. Klingaman, 1919, 309–311; and Bailey,Woodrow Wilson and the Lost Peace, 305.
56. Watt, The Kings Depart, 443–444.
57. Hoover, The Ordeal of Woodrow Wilson, 235.
58. Klingaman, 1919, 322.
59. Hoover, The Ordeal of Woodrow Wilson, 244–245; and Klingaman, 1919, 310 (White quote).
60. Watt, The Kings Depart, 451–452.
61. Ibid., 471–472.
62. Ibid., 486–489, 492.
63. Ibid., 496; and Bailey,Woodrow Wilson and the Lost Peace, 301.
64. Watt, The Kings Depart, 496–497.
65. Bailey,Woodrow Wilson and the Lost Peace, 303.
66. PWW, 61:292–293.
67. Case and La Follette, Robert M. La Follette, 969.
68. Klingaman, 1919, 415–416.
69. Heckscher,Woodrow Wilson, 578.
70. Bailey,Woodrow Wilson and the Lost Peace, 307–308.
Chapter 11: Chilling the Heart of the World
1. PWW, 61:401–404.
2. Levin, Edith and Woodrow, 305.
3. Ibid., 426–436.
4. Thomas Bailey,Woodrow Wilson and the Great Betrayal (New York, 1945), 5–6; and Cooper, Breaking the Heart of the World, 120.
5. Case and La Follette, Robert M. La Follette, 955.
6. Bailey, The Great Betrayal, 17; and Blum, Joe Tumulty and the Wilson Era, 193–195.
7. Blum, Joe Tumulty and the Wilson Era, 193.
8. Ibid., 192.
9. Ibid., 194; and Klingaman, 1919, 251–252.
10. Klingaman, 1919, 441; and Kennedy, Over Here, 139, 273–279.
11. Sullivan, Our Times, vol. 5, Over Here, 438; Mock and Larson,Words That Won the War, 331.
12. Klingaman, 1919, 423–424; and New York Times, July 1, 1919. One of Congress’s leading drys, Republican Congressman Andrew Volstead of Minnesota, argued that demobilization would only become a legal reality when the army’s strength was reduced to 175,000.
13. Ellis, Race, War and Surveillance, 222–223.
14. Ibid., 225.
15. Ward, A First-Class Temperament, 459; and Klingaman, 1919, 451–453.
16. Nathan Miller, F. D.R.:An Intimate History (New York, 1983), 161–162.
17. Robert K. Murray, Red Scare: A Study in National Hysteria, 1919–20 (New York, 1964), 78–79; Klingaman, 1919, 352–35
3; and Ward, A First-Class Temperament, 456–457.
18. Ibid., 457–458; and Klingaman, 1919, 353, 597.
19. Cooper, Breaking the Heart of the World, 125.
20. Widenor, Henry Cabot Lodge, 313–314; and Duff, Politics of Revenge, 148–150.
21. Widenor, Henry Cabot Lodge, 317.
22. Cooper, Breaking the Heart of the World, 137–138.
23. Bailey, The Great Betrayal, 16.
24. Duff, Politics of Revenge, 156, 165.
25. Buckley, The New York Irish, 248–251; and Ronald H. Bayor and Timothy J. Meagher, eds., The New York Irish (Baltimore, 1996), 360–361. O’Leary helped organize the Women Pickets for the Enforcement of America’s War Aims, a hugely effective group that gave speeches throughout New York, demonstrated at the British embassy in Washington, and persuaded longshoremen to refuse to load British ships.
26. Duff, Politics of Revenge, 123–127.
27. Ibid., 124.
28. Ibid., 128–147.
29. Garraty, Henry Cabot Lodge, 367.
30. Levin, Edith and Woodrow, 311.
31. Steel,Walter Lippmann, 163.
32. Arthur Walworth, Wilson and His Peacemakers: American Diplomacy at the Paris Peace Conference, 1919 (New York, 1986), 529.
33. Cooper, Breaking the Heart of the World, 156.
34. Cary T. Grayson,Woodrow Wilson: An Intimate Memoir (New York 1960), 95.
35. Kraig,Woodrow Wilson and the Lost World of the Oratorical Statesman, 493.
36. PWW, 63:45–46. The full statement reads as follows:“The real reason that the war we have just finished took place was that Germany was afraid her commercial rivals were going to get the better of her, and the reason why some nations went into the war against Germany was that they thought that Germany would get the commercial advantage of them. . . . This was, in its inception, a commercial and industrial war. It was not a political war.”
37. Will Brownell and Richard Billings, So Close to Greatness: A Biography of William C. Bullitt (New York, 1987), 97–98.
38. Duff, Politics of Revenge, 172–174.
39. Ibid., 180–181.
40. Ford, Americans All, 138.
41. George,Woodrow Wilson and Colonel House, 294–295.
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