The Tempting of America
Page 49
11 Id. at 239.
12 Id. at 258.
13 Id. at 236.
14 Id. at 237.
15 D. MacDonald, “The Triumph of the Fact: An American Tragedy,” The Anchor Review, vol. 2, at 113, 124 (New York: Doubleday, 1957), quoted in A. Bickel, supra note 1, at 237.
16 J. Ely, Democracy and Distrust (1980).
17 Id. at 73.
18 Id. at 43-72.
19 Id. at 75.
20 304 U.S. 144, 152-53 n.4 (1938).
21 Ibid.
22 J. Ely, supra note 16, at 87.
23 Id. at 88-101.
24 Id. at 98-99.
25 Id. at 99.
26 Id. at 102-03.
27 Id. at 105-16.
28 Id. at 103.
29 Id. at 152.
30 Id. at 161-62.
31 Id. at 162-64.
32 Id. at 167.
33 Id. at 170-72.
34 Id. at 176.
35 L. Tribe, American Constitutional Law iii (2d ed. 1988).
36 Ibid, (emphasis in original).
37 Ibid.
38 Posner, The Constitution as Mirror: Tribe’s Constitutional Choices, 84 Mich. L. Rev. 551 (1986).
39 L. Tribe, supra note 35, at 15-16.
40 Id. at 16.
41 Id. at 62.
42 Id. at vii.
43 Id. at 63.
44 Id. at 65 n.11 (emphasis in original).
45 Id. at 12 n.6.
46 Id. at iii (emphasis in original).
47 Id. at 1514-21.
48 Id. at 1515.
49 Id. at 1518-20.
50 Id. at 1353.
51 Id. at 1354 n.13.
52 Id. at 1354.
53 Id. at 1347.
54 Id. at 1351.
55 Ibid.
56 Ibid.
57 Id. at 1427.
58 Id. at 1428.
59 Id. at 1302-08.
60 Id. at 1308.
61 Id. at 1324.
62 Id. at 1324-25 (footnote omitted).
63 Id. at 1326.
64 Ibid.
65 Id. at 919 (footnotes omitted).
66 Id. at 1715.
67 Id. at 1488-1502; 1515.
68 Posner, supra note 38, at 559.
69 Id. at 567.
70 Brubaker, Rewriting the Constitution, COMMENTARY, vol. 86, Dec. 1988, at 36, 42.
71 Michelman, Welfare Rights in a Constitutional Democracy, 1979 Wash. U.L.Q. 659; Michelman, In Pursuit of Constitutional Welfare Rights: One View of Rawls’ Theory of Justice, 121 U. Pa. L. Rev. 962 (1973).
72 Parker, The Past of Constitution Theory—And Its Future, 42 Ohio St. L.J. 223, 259 and 258 n.146 (1981).
73 Schwartz, With Gun and Camera, 36 Stan. L. Rev. 413, 426 (1984).
74 Kennedy, Form and Substance in Private Law Adjudication, 95 Harv. L. Rev. 1685, 1746 (1976).
75 Kennedy, First Year Teaching as Political Action, 1 J.L. & Soc. Prob. 47, 49, 52 (1980), quoted in Schwartz, supra note 73, at 419.
76 Schwartz, supra note 73, at 413.
77 Ibid.
78 Kennedy, SALT Conference on Goals in Law Teaching (Dec. 16, 1979) 8, quoted in Schwartz, supra note 73, at 434 n.88.
79 Brest, The Fundamental Rights Controversy: The Essential Contradictions of Normative Scholarship, 90 Yale L.J. 1063 (1981).
80 Id. at 1065.
81 Id. at 1097.
82 Brest, The Misconceived Quest for the Original Understanding, 60 B.U.L. Rev. 204, 226 (1980).
83 Grey, Do We Have an Unwritten Constitution?, 27 Stan. L. Rev. 703,706 (1975); see generally, Grey, Origins of the Unwritten Constitution: Fundamental Law in American Revolutionary Thought, 30 Stan. L. Rev. 843 (1978); Grey, The Constitution as Scripture, 37 Stan. L. Rev. 1 (1984).
84 Grey, Eros, Civilization and the Burger Court, 43 Law & Contemp. Probs. 83,97 (1980).
85 Ibid.
86 Grey, The Constitution as Scripture, 37 Stan. L. Rev. 1, 5 (1984).
87 Id. at 25.
88 Richards, Sexual Autonomy and the Constitutional Right to Privacy: A Case Study in Human Rights and the Unwritten Constitution, 30 Hastings L.J. 957 (1979) [hereinafter Sexual Autonomy]; Richards, Constitutional Privacy and Homosexual Love, 14 N.Y.U. Rev. L. & Soc. Change 895 (1986); Richards, Constitutional Privacy, the Right to Die and the Meaning of Life: A Moral Analysis, 22 Wm. & Mary L. Rev. 327 (1981). D. Richards, The Moral Criticism of Law (1977).
89 D. Richards, The Moral Criticism of Law 50-51 (1977).
90 Richards, Sexual Autonomy, supra note 88, at 964 (emphasis omitted).
91 Id. at 970. See J. Rawls, A Theory of Justice (1971).
92 Richards, Sexual Autonomy, supra note 88, at 981.
93 Id. at 980, 982.
94 Id. at 1005 (emphasis in original).
95 Richards, Sexual Autonomy, supra note 88, at 1015 n.245; Richards, Constitutional Privacy, the Right to Die and the Meaning of Life: A Moral Analysis, supra note 88, at 408 (1981).
96 Richards, Sexual Autonomy, supra note 88, at 1015 n.245.
97 Ibid.
98 Richards, Constitutional Privacy and Homosexual Love, supra note 88, at 905 (1986).
99 D. Richards, supra note 89, at 67.
100 Id. at 71 (footnotes omitted).
101 Id. at 143.
102 Id. at 159.
103 Id. at 168.
104 Id. at 172.
105 Id. at 256.
106 R. Dworkin, Taking Rights Seriously 135-36 (1978).
107 U.S. CONST. amend. VIII.
108 U.S. CONST. amend. V.
109 R. Dworkin, supra note 106, at 135-36.
110 Id. at 223-239; R. Dworkin, A Matter of Principle 291-331 (1985) (discussing reverse discrimination. See R. Dworkin, A Matter of Principle at 67-68 (discussing laws based on “popular convictions about private sexual morality”).
111 Tushnet, The Dilemmas of Liberal Constitutionalism, 42 Ohio St. L.J. 411, 424 (1981).
112 Ackerman, The Storrs Lectures: Discovering the Constitution, 93 Yale L.J. 1013, 1015 (1984).
113 Id. at 1045.
114 Id. at 1055-56.
115 Id. at 1056 (emphasis in original).
116 M. Perry, Morality, Politics, and Law 130 (1988).
117 See id. at 123-28.
118 Id. at 131.
119 Ibid, (footnote omitted).
120 Id. at 133 (footnote omitted).
121 See id. at 134-35.
122 Id. at 149.
123 Ibid, (emphasis in original).
124 See McConnell, Book Review, 98 Yale L.J. 1501, 1528 (1989): If one necessary (even if not sufficient) condition for the Constitution to be authoritative is that it was adopted by the people, then it follows that principles never adopted by the people cannot be authoritative, even if they have some linguistic plausibility. Functionally, to apply an unintended meaning is no different from introducing a principle that has no textual basis whatsoever. The only difference between the unintended meaning and the extratextual principle is verbal happenstance. Perhaps an unintended—an accidental—meaning can be said to be “better,” or will seem so to the judge. Precisely the same can be said of other “worthwhile aspirations” that are “not signified by” the text. None of these principles were the product of the people’s “reflection and choice.” None of these principles properly can be said to be law.
125 Id. at 1529.
126 S. Levinson, Constitutional Faith 52 (1988).
127 Levinson, Law as Literature, 60 Tex. L. Rev. 373, 385 (1982).
128 Id. at 391-92 (footnote omitted).
129 S. Levinson, supra note 126, at 191.
130 Pangle, Book Review, “ ‘Post Modernist’ Thought,” The Wall Street Journal, Jan. 5, 1989, at A8. See also Amar, Civil Religion and Its Discontents, 67 Tex. L. Rev. 1153 (1989).
131 L. Levy, Original Intent and the Framers’ Constitution (1988).
132 Speech by Justice William J. Brennan, Jr. to the Text and Teaching Symposium, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C. (O
ct. 12, 1985), reprinted in The Great Debate: Interpreting Our Written Constitution 11 (The Federalist Society 1986).
133 Id. at 14.
134 Id. at 18-19.
135 Id. at 23.
136 Ibid.
137 Id. at 24.
10. THE THEORISTS OF CONSERVATIVE CONSTITUTIONAL REVISIONISM
1 B. Siegan, Economic Liberties and the Constitution (1980).
2 L. Hand, The Bill of Rights 50-51 (1958).
3 198 U.S. 45 (1905).
4 261 U.S. 525 (1923).
5 381 U.S. 479 (1965).
6 410 U.S. 113 (1973).
7 B. Siegan, supra note 1, at 154, quoting Director, The Parity of the Economic Market Place, 7 J.L. & Econ. 1, 2 (1964).
8 Id. at 324.
9 Ibid.
10 Letter from Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. to William James (Mar. 24, 1907), reprinted in R. Perry, The Thought and Character of William James: As Revealed in His Unpublished Correspondence and Notes Together With His Other Writings, 2 Philosophy and Psychology 459 ( 1935 ). Also reprinted in E. Sergeant, “Oliver Wendell Holmes: Justice Touched with Fire,” in Fire Under the Andes: A Group of Literary Portraits 318-19 (1927).
11 B. Siegan, supra note 1, at 324.
12 Ibid.
13 R. Epstein, Takings: Private Property and the Power of Eminent Domain (1985); Epstein, Toward a Revitalization of the Contract Clause, 51 U. Chi. L. Rev. 703 (1984).
14 U.S. CONST. amend. V.
15 U.S. CONST. art. I, § 10, cl.1.
16 R. Epstein, Takings, supra note 13, at 19-31.
17 Id. at 20-25.
18 Id. at 19-20, 29-31.
19 U.S. CONST. amend. V.
20 R. Epstein, Takings, supra note 13, at 99-100, 295-303.
21 Id. at 314-24.
22 Id. at 328.
23 Id. at 41-46.
24 198 U.S. 45 (1905).
25 236 U.S. 1 (1915).
26 Merrill, Review Essay on Takings: Private Property and the Power of Eminent Domain, by Richard A. Epstein, 80 NW. U.L. Rev. 1561, 1578 (1986).
27 367 U.S. 497 (1961).
28 367 U.S. at 522 (Harlan, J., dissenting).
29 Id. at 541.
30 Id. at 542.
31 Ibid.
32 Ibid.
33 Id. at 543 (citations omitted).
34 Id. at 545-47.
35 Id. at 548.
36 Id. at 549.
37 Ibid.
38 Id. at 552.
39 Id. at 554.
40 J. Ely, Democracy and Distrust 181-83 (1980).
41 Id. at 60, quoting G. Wills, Inventing America xiii (1978) (paraphrasing Willmoore Kendall).
42 Id. at 60.
43 Id. at 62.
44 57 U.S.L.W. 4691 (U.S. June 15, 1989).
45 Id. at 4691-96.
46 Compare plurality op. at 4695-96 n.6 with concurring op. at 469697.
47 Id. at 4698.
48 Id. at 4697.
49 Id. at 4698.
50 Ibid.
51 Ibid.
52 Ibid.
53 Ibid.
54 Id. at 4699.
55 Ibid.
56 Ibid.
11. OF MORALISM, MORAL RELATIVISM, AND THE CONSTITUTION
1 J. Ely, Democracy and Distrust 58-59 (1980). See also R. Dahl, Democracy in the United States 24 (3d ed. 1976) (“After nearly twenty-five centuries, almost the only people who seem to be convinced of the advantages of being ruled by philosopher-kings are …a few philosophers.”).
2 J. Ely, supra note 1, at 59.
3 “Federalism and Gentrification,” Speech before The Federalist Society at Yale University, Apr. 24, 1982.
4 E. Ladd, Jr. & S. Lipset, The Divided Academy: Professors and Politics 14 (1975) citing R. Hofstadter, Anti-intellectualism in American Life 39 (1963).
5 J. Schumpeter, Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy (1942); Holland, A Hurried Perspective on the Critical Legal Studies Movement: The Marx Brothers Assault the Citadel, 8 Harv. J.L. Pub. Pol’y 239, 245 (1985) citing L. Trilling, Beyond Culture: Essays on Literature and Learning (1965).
6 Holland, supra note 5, at 245.
7 W. Donohue, The Politics of the American Civil Liberties Union (1985). See also Vigilante & Vigilante, Taking Liberties: The ACLU Strays from its Mission, POLICY REVIEW, Fall 1984, at 28.
8 Rabkin, Class Conflict Over Civil Liberties, THE PUBLIC INTEREST, no. 77 Fall Books Supp., Fall 1984, at 119.
9 Id. at 120.
10 Ibid.
11 Id. at 121.
12 438 U.S. 265 (1978).
13 Id. at 319-20 (opinion of Powell, J.).
14 Johnson v. Transportation Agency, Santa Clara County, 480 U.S. 616 (1987); United Steelworkers of America v. Weber, 443 U.S. 193 (1979).
15 Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113 (1973); Griswold v. Connecticut, 381 U.S. 479 (1965).
16 Bowers v. Hardwick, 478 U.S. 186, 199 (1986) (Blackmun, J., joined by Brennan, Marshall, and Stevens, JJ., dissenting).
17 406 U.S. 205 (1972).
18 403 U.S. 15, 25 (1971).
19 Nash v. United States, 229 U.S. 373, 377 (1913).
20 403 U.S. at 25.
21 See G. Himmelfarb, On Liberty and Liberalism: The Case of John Stuart Mill (1974).
22 P. Devlin, The Enforcement of Morals 89 (1965).
23 Rostow, The Democratic Character of Judicial Review, 66 Harv. L. Rev. 193, 208 (1952).
24 Bowers v. Hardwick, 478 U.S. 186 (1986).
12. THE IMPOSSIBILITY OF ALL THEORIES THAT DEPART FROM ORIGINAL UNDERSTANDING
1 A. MacIntyre, After Virtue 51 (2d ed. 1984).
2 Id. at 6.
3 Id. at 232.
4 Griswold v. Connecticut, 381 U.S. 479 (1965).
13. IN DEFENSE OF LEGAL REASONING: “GOOD RESULTS” VS. LEGITIMATE PROCESS
1 Speech, “The Profession of the Law,” reprinted in Speeches by Oliver Wendell Holmes 22 (1st ed. 1913).
2 Griswold v. Connecticut, 381 U.S. 479 (1965).
3 Id. at 485.
4 Eisenstadt v. Baird, 405 U.S. 438 (1972).
5 Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113 (1973).
6 R. Frost, Address at Milton Academy, Milton, Massachusetts (May 17, 1935).
7 Dred Scott v. Sandford, 60 U.S. (19 How.) 393 (1856).
III. THE BLOODY CROSSROADS
1 President’s Remarks Announcing the Nomination of Robert H. Bork to be an Associate Justice, 23 Weekly Comp. Pres. Doc. 761 (July 1, 1987).
2 133 Cong. Rec. S9188-S9189 (daily ed. July 1, 1987) (statement of Sen. Kennedy).
3 L. Trilling, The Liberal Imagination 10 (1979).
14. THE NOMINATION AND THE CAMPAIGN
1 The New York Times, May 12, 1989, at B8.
2 Boston Globe, Oct. 11, 1987, at 22.
3 Ibid.
4 Ibid.
5 The New York Times, July 9, 1987, at A24.
6 The New York Times, July 2, 1987, at A22.
7 Taylor, “Robert Heron Bork: A Committed Conservative with a Rare Opportunity,” The New York Times, July 2, 1987, at A22.
8 Philadelphia Inquirer, Nov. 16, 1986, at A13.
9 The New York Times, July 9, 1987, at Al.
10 The Washington Post, July 9, 1987, at Al; The New York Times, July 9, 1987, at Al.
11 The New York Times, July 13, 1987, at A12.
12 Ibid.
13 The New York Times, July 9, 1987, at A24.
14 The Washington Post, Aug. 5, 1987, at A20.
15 Ibid.
16 Ibid.
17 Ibid.
18 The Washington Post, Oct. 24, 1987, at A16.
19 The New York Times, Aug. 18, 1987, at A16.
20 The New York Times, Sept. 11, 1987, at A20.
21 Letter from Arthur J. Kropp, on behalf of People for the American Way Action Fund, at 3.
22 Id. at 4.
23 Id. at 45.
24 The New York Times, Sept. 11, 1987, at A20.
25 The Washington Post, Oct. 24, 1987, at A16.
26 The Washin
gton Post, Oct. 4, 1987, at Al.
27 Biden Report, 9 Cardozo L. Rev. 219, 231 (1987).
28 Id. at 253.
29 Business reply letter from ACLU Foundation (Aug. 31, 1987), reprinted in Myers, Advice and Consent on Trial: The Case of Robert H. Bork, 66 Den. U.L. Rev. 201, 215 n.68 (1989).
30 The Washington Post, Sept. 26, 1987, at A6.
31 133 Cong. Rec. S14721 (daily ed. Oct. 21, 1987).
32 The text of this commercial is reprinted in Dowd, Winning One from the Gipper, FORTUNE, vol. 116, Nov. 1987, at 125, 128.
33 The New York Times, Oct. 8, 1987, at Al.
34 Ibid.
35 The Washington Post, Aug. 5, 1987, at A20.
36 Biden Report, 9 Cardozo L. Rev. at 246.
37 Id. at 247.
38 The New York Times, Sept. 13, 1987, at 7.
39 The Washington Post, Sept. 14, 1987, at A9.
40 Ibid.
41 431 U.S. 494 (1977).
42 See Rotunda, The Confirmation Process for Supreme Court Justices in the Modern Era, 37 Emory L.J. 559, 581 (1988) citing Sullivan, “The Bork Screw,” THE NEW REPUBLIC, vol. 197, Oct. 1987, at 16.
43 The New York Times, Sept. 15, 1987, at A21.
44 Ibid.
45 Nomination of Robert H. Bork to be Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States: Hearings Before the Senate Comm. on the Judiciary, 100th Cong., 1st Sess. 467 (1987).
46 381 U.S. 479 (1965).
47 The New York Times, July 23, 1987, at A21.
48 The Washington Post, Sept. 14, 1987, at A9.
49 Biden Report, 9 Cardozo L. Rev. at 264-66.
50 R. Bork, The Antitrust Paradox: A Policy At War With Itself (197S).
51 Biden Report, 9 Cardozo L. Rev. at 259.
52 Public Citizen Report, 9 Cardozo L. Rev. 297, 310 (1987).
53 Id. at 338.
54 Allen, Judgment Day for a Judging Panel, INSIGHT, Mar. 20, 1989, at 46.
55 “Screen Test for Judges,” The Detroit News, Apr. 2, 1989.
56 “Screening New Judges,” The Washington Post, Apr. 17, 1989, at A18.
57 “Lest Ye Be Judged,” The Wall Street Journal, Jan. 28, 1988 at 22.
58 Ibid.
59 Jenson, “Churchly Honor and Judge Bork,” DIALOG, vol. 27, Winter 1988, at 3.
15. THE HEARINGS AND AFTER
1 Nomination of Robert H. Bork to be Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States: Hearings Before the Senate Comm. on the Judiciary, 100th Cong., 1st Sess. 33 (1987) [hereinafter Hearings] (opening statement of Senator Edward M. Kennedy).
2 Ibid.
3 Ibid.
4 Ibid.
5 Id. at 34.
6 Ibid.
7 Ibid.
8 Hearings at 36 (opening statement of Senator Orrin G. Hatch).