Overruled
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11.Alexander Hamilton, Federalist 17, in The Federalist Papers, ed. Rossiter, 118.
12.Wickard v. Filburn, 317 U.S. 111, 125 (1942).
13.The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010, 42 U.S. Code § 18091 (2010).
14.Roger Pilon, email to the author, March 17, 2010.
15.Glenn Harlan Reynolds, “Kids, Guns, and the Commerce Clause: Is the Court Ready for Constitutional Government?” Cato Institute Policy Analysis, no. 216, October 10, 1994, 1.
16.Richard A. Epstein, “The Proper Scope of the Commerce Power,” Virginia Law Review 73 (1987): 1388.
17.Pilon, email to author.
18.United States v. Lopez, 514 U.S. 549 (1995). Audio of the November 8, 1994 oral argument is available at http://www.oyez.org/cases/1990-1999/1994/1994_93_1260.
19.United States v. Lopez, 514 U.S. 549, 567-568 (1995).
20.Interview with Randy Barnett, March 2012.
21.Randy E. Barnett, Restoring the Lost Constitution: The Presumption of Liberty (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2004), x-xi.
22.Barnett interview.
23.United States v. Morrison, 529 U.S. 598, 613 (2000).
24.Randy Barnett, Nathaniel Stewart, and Todd Gaziano, “Why the Personal Mandate to Buy Health Insurance Is Unprecedented and Unconstitutional,” Heritage Foundation Legal Memorandum, no. 49, December 9, 2009. See also Josh Blackman, Unprecedented: The Constitutional Challenge to Obamacare (New York: Public Affairs, 2013).
25.Barnett interview.
26.Complaint at 4, Florida v. Department of Health and Human Services, no. 3:10-cv-91, N.D. Fla., March 23, 2010.
27.Florida v. Department of Health and Human Services, 780 F. Supp. 2d 1256 (N.D. Fla. 2011).
28.Department of Health and Human Services v. Florida, 648 F.3d 1235 (11th Cir. 2011).
29.Thomas More Law Center v. Obama, 651 F.3d 529, 566 (6th Cir. 2011).
30.The Anti-Injunction Act, 26 U.S.C. § 7421(a) (1867).
31.David Weigel, “Into the Void: How the Democrats Gave a Conservative Judge an Opening to Invalidate the Health Care Law,” Slate, January 31, 2011. Available at http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/politics/2011/01/into_the_void.html.
32.Time, June 18, 2012.
33.Confirmation Hearings on the Nomination of John G. Roberts, Jr. to be Chief Justice of the United States, Hearing Before the Senate Judiciary Committee, 109th Cong., 1st Sess. (2005), 145 [hereinafter Roberts Hearings].
34.Roberts Hearings, 284-285.
35.Roberts Hearings, 285-286.
36.Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission, 130 S. Ct. 876, 917 (2010).
37.Citizens United, 130 S. Ct. at 919.
38.Citizens United, 130 S. Ct. at 921.
39.Damon Root, “Strict Scrutiny,” Reason.com, August 18, 2011. Available at http://www.reason.com/archives/2011/08/18/strict-scrutiny.
40.Dept. of HHS v. Florida, transcript, no. 11-398, transcript of oral argument, March 26, 2012, 3.
41.Dept. of HHS v. Florida transcript, March 26, 2012, 31-32.
42.Dept. of HHS v. Florida transcript, March 26, 2012, 44-45.
43.Jason DeParle, “In Battle to Pick Next Justice, Right Says, Avoid a Kennedy,” New York Times, June 27, 2005.
44.Raich, 545 U.S. at 1. That same year, Justice Kennedy also voted against the libertarian Institute for Justice in Kelo v. City of New London, 545 U.S. 469 (2005). For the argument that Kennedy practices a “modestly libertarian jurisprudence,” see Helen J. Knowles, The Tie Goes to Freedom: Justice Anthony Kennedy on Liberty (Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefied, 2009), 3.
45.Dept. of HHS v. Florida transcript, March 27, 2012, 31.
46.Dept. of HHS v. Florida transcript, March 27, 2012, 104.
47.Dept. of HHS v. Florida transcript, March 27, 2012, 39-40.
48.Dept. of HHS v. Florida transcript, March 27, 2012, 12-13.
49.Dept. of HHS v. Florida 648 F.3d at 1235.
50.Dept. of HHS v. Florida transcript, March 27, 2012, 15-16.
51.Dept. of HHS v. Florida transcript, March 27, 2012, 30.
52.Dept. of HHS v. Florida transcript, March 27, 2012, 39.
53.Roberts Hearings, 162.
54.Dept. of HHS v. Florida transcript, March 27, 2012, 46.
55.Dept. of HHS v. Florida transcript, March 27, 2012, 47-48.
56.Dept. of HHS v. Florida transcript, March 27, 2012, 50.
57.Dept. of HHS v. Florida transcript, March 27, 2012, 52-53.
58.Dept. of HHS v. Florida transcript, March 27, 2012, 54.
59.Dept. of HHS v. Florida transcript, March 27, 2012, 81.
60.Dept. of HHS v. Florida transcript, March 27, 2012, 108-109.
61.Dept. of HHS v. Florida transcript, March 27, 2012, 110-11.
62.Dept. of HHS v. Florida transcript, March 27, 2012, 111.
63.Florida v. Department of Health and Human Services, no. 11-400, transcript of oral argument, March 28, 2012, 81.
64.Florida v. Dept. of HHS transcript, March 28, 2012, 82.
65.Florida v. Dept. of HHS transcript, March 28, 2012, 83.
66.Franklin D. Roosevelt, “Press Conference,” May 31, 1935. Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, The American Presidency Project, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=15065.
67.Jake Tapper and Mary Bruce, “President Obama Seems to Prepare Arguments for a Supreme Court Defeat,” ABC News, April 2, 2012. Available at http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/politics/2012/04/president-obama-seems-to-prepare-arguments-for-a-supreme-court-defeat/.
68.Statement of Senator Patrick Leahy (D-Vt.), Chairman, Senate Judiciary Committee, On the Supreme Court’s Review of the Affordable Care Act, May 14, 2012. Available at http://www.leahy.senate.gov/press/on-senate-floor-leahy-shares-observations-about-scotus-arguments-on-affordable-care-act.
69.Jeffrey Rosen, “Second Opinions,” The New Republic, May 4, 2012. Available at http://www.newrepublic.com/article/politics/103090/magazine/conservative-judges-justices-supreme-court-obama.
70.George Will, “Liberals Put the Squeeze to Justice Roberts,” Washington Post, May 25, 2012.
71.Jan Crawford, “Roberts Switched Views to Uphold Health Care Law,” CBS News, July 2, 2012. Available at http://www.cbsnews.com/news/roberts-switched-views-to-uphold-health-care-law/.
72.Jeffrey Rosen, “Are Liberals Trying to Intimidate John Roberts?” The New Republic, May 28, 2012. Available at http://www.newrepublic.com/article/politics/103656/obamacare-affordable-care-act-critics-response.
73.Audio of the June 28, 2012 opinion announcement in National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius 132 S. Ct. 2566 (2012) is available at http://www.oyez.org/cases/2010-2019/2011/2011_11_400. All quotes from the opinion announcement are taken from my transcription.
74.National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius, 132 S. Ct. 2566, 2593 (2012).
75.Blodgett v. Holden, 275 U.S. 142, 148 (1927).
76.NFIB v. Sebelius, 132 S. Ct. at 2594.
77.NFIB v. Sebelius, 132 S. Ct. at 2579.
78.Oliver Wendell Holmes to Harold Laski, March 4, 1920, in Holmes-Laski Letters: The Correspondence of Mr. Justice Holmes and Harold J. Laski, 1916-1935, vol. 1, ed. Mark De Wolfe Howe (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1953), 249.
Epilogue
1.Video of the Yale conference is available at http://www.law.yale.edu/intellectuallife/constinterp12.htm.
2.Clint Bolick, Changing Course: Civil Rights at the Crossroads (New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Books, 1988), 122.
3.St. Joseph Abbey v. Castille, 712 F.3 215, 226 (5th Cir. 2013).
In
dex
The index that appeared in the print version of this title does not match the pages in your e-book. Please use the search function on your e-reading device to search for terms of interest. For your reference, the terms that appear in the print index are listed below.
abolitionism and abolitionists, 11–13, 17–20, 25–6, 58, 60, 202
abortion. See reproductive rights cases
activism. See judicial activism
Adamson v. California, 95
Adkins v. Children’s Hospital, 62–3, 73–4, 93
Affordable Care Act. See Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA)
Agricultural Adjustment Act (1933), 71, 73
Agricultural Adjustment Act (1938), 211
Agricultural Marketing Agreement Act (1937), 133
Ah Kow v. Nunan, 37
Alito, Samuel, 3, 202, 224–5, 239
Allen v. Tooley, 15
Allgeyer v. Louisiana, 39, 47
American Civil Liberties Union, 116
American Civil Rights Union, 197–8
American Home Missionary Society, 22
American Revolution, 116, 187
amicus briefs, 106, 197, 209
Anthony, Susan B., 63
Anti-Federalists, 187
Anti-Imperialist League, 58
Anti-Injunction Act (1867), 220–1, 224–5
Articles of Confederation, 210
Ashcroft, John, 178, 184
Auld, Thomas, 11–12
Baker v. Carr, 88–9
Bakeshop Act (1895), 45–8
Barnett, Randy, 130–1, 205–8, 214–19, 225, 235, 237, 239
Restoring the Lost Constitution, 215
Barron v. Baltimore, 25
Bartels v. Iowa, 57
Benedict, Jeff, 168
Berman v. Parker, 150–1, 156–7, 160–1, 163, 166
Bernstein, David, 46
Bickel, Alexander, 96–7
Least Dangerous Branch, The, 97
Biden, Joseph, 78–80, 123
Bill of Rights, 85, 88, 91, 234
Fourteenth Amendment and, 28, 30
proposal and original application of, 25, 187, 189–90
substantive due process and, 189–90, 193
See also individual amendments
Bingham, John, 12–13, 26–9
birth control. See reproductive rights cases
Black, Hugo, 82, 94–6
Black Codes, 20–3, 25–7, 31, 202–3
“Black Monday” (May 27, 1935), 67, 72
Blackmun, Harry, 99–100
Blackstone, William: Commentaries on the Laws of England, 28
Blackwell, Ken, 198
Blakely, Clayton B., 59–60
Blodgett v. Holden, 4
Boggs, Danny, 147
Bolick, Clint, 141–4, 154, 158
Changing Course: Civil Rights at the Crossroads, 144, 195
Unfinished Business, 141, 144, 149, 195, 204
Bork, Robert, 8, 104, 223
education and early career, 96–7
and Federalist Society, 106, 108–9
on Griswold v. Connecticut, 96–9, 111–13
and judicial restraint/activism, 5, 77–9, 96–7, 112–13
and majoritarianism, 5, 109–10, 112, 118–19, 121–2, 131
on Roe v. Wade, 100–1, 113
on Slaughter-House Cases, 195–6
Supreme Court nomination and hearings, 77–9, 109
Tempting of America, The, 5, 109, 195
Bowers v. Hardwick, 114–17, 128
Bradwell, Myra, 35
Bradwell v. Illinois, 35
“Brain Trust” (of FDR), 69
Brandeis, Louis, 53, 63–4, 67–70, 72, 74
Curse of Bigness, The, 69
Brennan, William, 89, 92
Breyer, Stephen, 127, 159–60, 164–5, 185, 187, 227
Brooks, Preston, 58
Brown, Janice Rogers, 133–5
Brown, John, 19
Brown v. Board of Education, 8, 83–6, 142
Brownback, Sam, 222
Buchanan, Charles H., 59
Buchanan v. Warley, 57–61, 84
Buck, Carrie, 44
Buck v. Bell, 44, 53, 73
Bullock, Scott, 154–66
Bush, George H. W., 104
Bush, George W., 4, 103–4, 169, 183–4, 206, 208, 220
Butchers Benevolent Association, 13
Butler, Pierce, 73
Calabresi, Steven, 104, 107
Calhoun, John C., 17
Cardozo, Benjamin, 2, 62, 68, 74
Carolene Products Company, 80–1, 83, 92–3, 111, 130, 135, 150, 166
Carr, Joseph Cardell, 88–9
Carvin, Michael, 230
Case of the Tailors of Ipswich, 15
Casino Reinvestment Development Authority v. Coking, 151–2, 154
Cato Institute, 119, 121, 158, 170, 175–6, 189, 196
Center for Constitutional Studies, 116, 123–4, 154, 174, 209, 212
founding of, 116
and Lawrence v. Texas, 124–5, 128
New Right v. The Constitution, The (Macedo), 121
and United States v. Lopez, 213
Center for Applied Jurisprudence (Pacific Research Institute), 139–41
Center for Civil Rights (Landmark Legal Foundation), 154
Center for Constitutional Studies (Cato Institute), 116, 123–4, 154, 174, 209, 212
Chase, Salmon P., 31
Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission, 223, 235
Civil Rights Act of 1866, 24–6, 29, 31, 143
civil rights cases
Brown v. Board of Education, 8, 83–6, 142
Dred Scott v. Sandford, 19–20, 24, 60, 70
Plessy v. Ferguson, 142
See also sexual orientation cases
civil rights movement, 83–6, 141–4
Civil War, American, 20, 27, 38–9, 41–4
Clement, Paul, 183–4, 199, 206–8, 230
Cleveland, Grover, 58
Clinton, Bill, 3, 181
Coburn, Tom, 1
Coke, Sir Edward, 15–16
Coking, Vera, 151–2
Colfax massacre, 191–2
Commerce Clause, 67–8, 70, 75–6, 205–18, 224–39
common law, 15, 56, 94
Compassionate Use Act (California, 1996), 205, 216. See also Gonzales v. Raich
Concerned Women for America, 116
conservative legal movement
and D.C. v. Heller, 169
and Federalist Society, 103–9, 114, 122
and judicial activism, 106–8, 117, 121
and judicial restraint, 8, 52, 108, 112, 119–20
and libertarianism, 110–25, 168, 195–9
and Mountain States Legal Foundation, 137–42
Constitution. See individual amendments; Bill of Rights; U.S. Constitution
contraception. See reproductive rights cases
Controlled Substances Act, 205–6. See also Gonzales v. Raich
Coolidge, Calvin, 73
Cooper, Charles, 176
Coors, Joseph, 138–9
Corcoran, Thomas, 69
Corfield v. Coryell, 28–9, 31, 57
Coyle, Marcia, 193
Craigmiles, Nathaniel, 147
Craigmiles v. Giles, 147
Crane, Ed, 119
Crawford, Jan, 233–4
Croly, Herbert, 52, 84
Progressive Democracy, 52
Curtis, Michael Kent: No State Shall Abridge, 27–8
Darrow, Clarence, 137
Davis, Jefferson, 41
Day, William, 60
Days, Drew, 214
Debs, Eugene, 44, 55
Declaration of Independence, 17, 27
deference. See judicial deference
DeLay, Tom, 166
Dellinger, Walter, 181–3
Democratic Party, 78–9. See also National Democratic Party (Gold Democrats)
Department of Health and Human Services v. Florida, 223. See also National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius and related cases
Department of Justice (DOJ), 178–9, 184
Dery, Wilhelmina, 157
Dewey, John, 61
District of Columbia v. Heller, 169–70, 173–4, 181–93, 196–7, 199–202, 234
Dole, Bob, 78–9
Dorn, James, 119
Douglas, William O., 80, 82, 91, 93–5, 113, 151, 161, 163
Douglass, Frederick, 11–13, 18–20, 202
My Bondage and My Freedom, 12
Dred Scott v. Sandford, 19–20, 24, 60, 70
Du Bois, W. E. B., 60
Due Process Clause
Fifth Amendment, 62–3
Fourteenth Amendment, 7, 12, 26–7, 33, 36, 52–3, 56, 59, 62–3, 85–6, 90–5, 98–100
See also substantive due process
Dunlap, Alexander, 23
economic rights cases
Adkins v. Children’s Hospital, 62–3, 73–4, 93
Allgeyer v. Louisiana, 39, 47
Kelo v. City of New London, 152–68, 222
Lochner v. New York, 45, 47–51, 57, 59, 62, 71, 79, 84–5, 93–5, 98–100, 112, 119, 129, 227
Munn v. Illinois, 35–7, 64–5
Nebbia v. New York, 64–5, 73
Powell v. Pennsylvania, 32–7
Slaughter-House Cases, 13–15, 29–33, 37, 39, 47, 57, 142, 144, 194–8, 200–1, 204
U.S. v. Carolene Products Co. (Footnote Four), 83, 86, 90, 92–3, 111, 150–1, 166
West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish, 93
Wickard v. Filburn, 206, 211–12, 214
Williamson v. Lee Optical Inc., 82, 135
Eisenstadt v. Baird, 115
Elshami, Nadeam, 209
eminent domain, 122, 150–60, 165, 222
Epstein, Richard, 119–22, 131, 196
“Proper Scope of the Commerce Power, The,” 213
Takings: Private Property and the Power of Eminent Domain, 121–3