The Invitation-Only Zone

by Robert S. Boynton

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  Cumings, Bruce. Korea’s Place in the Sun: A Modern History. New York: W. W. Norton, 1997.

  ______. North Korea: Another Country. New York: The New Press, 2004.

  Dale, Peter H. The Myth of Japanese Uniqueness. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1986.

  Demick, Barbara. Nothing to Envy: Ordinary Lives in North Korea. New York: Spiegel and Grau, 2010.

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  ______. Embracing Defeat: Japan in the Wake of World War II. New York: W. W. Norton/The New Press, 1999.

  Dudden, Alexis. Japan’s Colonization of Korea: Discourse and Power. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2005.

  ______. Troubled Apologies Among Japan, Korea, and the United States. New York: Columbia University Press, 2008.

  Duke, Benjamin. The History of Modern Japanese Education. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2009.

  Duus, Peter. The Abacus and the Sword: The Japanese Penetration of Korea, 1895–1910. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995.

  Farrell, William R. Blood and Rage: The Story of the Japanese Red Army. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 1990.

  Funabashi, Yoichi. The Peninsula Question: A Chronicle of the Second Korean Nuclear Crisis. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institute Press, 2007.

  French, Paul. North Korea: State of Paranoia. London: Zed Books, 2014.

  Gluck, Carol. Japan’s Modern Myths: Ideology in the Late Meiji Period. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1985.

  Haggard, Stephan, and Marcus Noland. Famine in North Korea: Markets, Aid, and Reform. New York: Columbia University Press, 2007.

  Hanssen, Ulv Are Rynning. “Changes in Japanese Attitudes Toward North Korea Since ‘9/17,’” master’s thesis, University of Oslo, 2011.

  Hasuike, Kaoru. Rachi to Ketsudan [Abduction and decision]. Tokyo: Shinchōsha, 2012.

  Hirasawa, Katsuei. Rachi Mondai: Tai Kitachōsen Gaikō no Arikata wo tou [The abduction issue: Questioning diplomacy toward North Korea]. Tokyo: PHP, 2004.

  Hobsbawm, Eric. Age of Empire: 1875–1914. New York: Pantheon Books, 1987.

  Jang, Jin-sung. Dear Leader: Poet, Spy, Escapee; A Look Inside North Korea. New York: Atria, 2014.

  Jenkins, Charles Robert, and Jim Frederick. The Reluctant Communist: My Desertion, Court-Martial, and Forty-Year Imprisonment in North Korea. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2009.

  Kim Hyun-hui. The Tears of My Soul. New York: William Morrow, 1993.

  Kim Jong-il, On the Art of the Cinema (trans., 1989). Pyongyang, North Korea: Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1973.

  Kim, Mikyoung, and Barry Schwartz, eds. Northeast Asia’s Difficult Past: Essays in Collective Memory. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010.

  Kingston, Jeffrey. Contemporary Japan: History, Politics, and Social Change Since the 1980s. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010.

  Kowner, Rotem, and Walter Demel, eds. Race and Racism in Modern East Asia: Western and Eastern Constructions. Boston: Brill, 2012.

  Kuroki, Maiko. “Nationalism in Japan’s Contemporary Foreign Policy: A Consideration of the Cases of China, North Korea, and India.” Ph.D. dissertation. London School of Economics, 2013.

  Lankov, Andrei. From Stalin to Kim Il Sung: The Formation of North Korea. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2002.

  ______. The Dawn of Modern Korea. Seoul: EunHaeng NaMu, 2007.

  ______. North of the DMZ: Essays on Daily Life in North Korea. Jefferson, NC: McFarland and Company, 2007.

  ______. The Real North Korea: Life and Politics in the Failed Stalinist Utopia. New York: Oxford University Press, 2013.

  Lee, Jaehoon. “The Relatedness Between the Origin of Japanese and Korean Ethnicity,” Ph.D. dissertation. Florida State University, 2004.

  Lee Seung-hyok. “Missiles, Abductions, and Sanctions: Societal Influences on Japanese Policy Toward North Korea, 1998–2006.” Ph.D. dissertation. University of Toronto, 2011.

  Lie, John. Multi-Ethnic Japan. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2001.

  ______. Zainichi: Diasporic Nationalism and Postcolonial Identity. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2008.

  Martin, Bradley. Under the Loving Care of the Fatherly Leader: North Korea and the Kim Dynasty. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2004.

  McCargo, Duncan. Contemporary Japan. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004.

  Morris-Suzuki, Tessa. Re-inventing Japan: Time, Space, Nation. New York: M.E. Sharpe, 1998.

  ______. Exodus to North Korea: Shadows from Japan’s Cold War. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2007.

  Morse, Edward S. Japan Day by Day. New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1917.

  Myers, B. R. North Korea’s Juche Myth. Busan, South Korea: Sthele Press, 2015.

  ______. The Cleanest Race: How North Koreans See Themselves and Why It Matters. New York: Melville Books, 2010.

  Myers, Ramon H., and Mark R. Peattie, eds. The Japanese Colonial Empire, 1895–1945. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1984.

  Nakazono, Eisuke. Torii Ryūzō den: (A Life of Torii Ryuzo). Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten, 1995.

  NHK News. Yodo-go Rachi [The hijacking of Japan Airlines Flight 351 and the North Korean kidnapping problem]. Tokyo: NHK Publishing, 2004.

  Oberdorfer, Don. The Two Koreas: A Contemporary History. New York: Addison-Wesley, 1997.

  Oguma, Eiji. A Genealogy of Japanese Self-Images. Melbourne: Trans Pacific Press, 2002.

  Orr, James J. The Victim as Hero: Ideologies of Peace and National Identity in Postwar Japan. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2001.

  Pai, Hyung-il. Constructing “Korean” Origins: A Critical Review of Archaeology, Historiography, and Racial Myth in Korean State-Formation Theories. Cambridge, MA: Harvard East Asian Monographs, 2000.

  ______. Heritage Management in Korea and Japan: The Politics of Antiquity and Identity. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2013.

  Palmer, Brandon. Fighting for the Enemy: Koreans in Japan’s War, 1937–1945. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2013.

  Robinson, Michael E. Korea’s Twentieth-Century Odyssey: A Short History. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2007.

  Rozman, Gilbert, Kazuhiko Togo, and Joseph Ferguson. Japanese Strategic Thought Toward Asia. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007.

  Ryang, Sonia. North Koreans in Japan: Language, Ideology, and Identity. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1997.

  ______, ed. North Korea: Toward a Better Understanding. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2009.

  ______. Reading North Korea: An Ethnological Inquiry. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Asia Center, 2012.

  Scalapino, Robert A. The Japanese Communist Movement, 1920–1966. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1967.

  Seiler, Sydney A. Kim Il-song, 1941–1948: The Creation of a Legend, the Building of a Regime. Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1994.

  Seth, Michael J. A Concise History of Modern Korea: From the Late Nineteenth Century to the Present. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2009.

  Shin Gi-wook. Ethnic Nationalism in Korea: Genealogy, Politics, and Legacy. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2006.

  Shin Sang-ok, and Choi Eun-hee. Kim Jong Il wangguk [The kingdom of Kim Jong-Il]. Seoul: Tonga Il-bosa, 1988.

  Soderberg, Marie, ed. Changing Power Relations in Northeast Asia: Implications for Relations Between Japan and South Korea. New York: Routledge, 2013.

  Suh Dae-sook. Kim Il Sung: The North Korean Leader. New York: Columbia University Press, 2008.

  Takazawa, Koji. Shukumei: Yodogo Bōmeishatachi no Himitsu Kosaku [Destiny: The secret operations of the Yodo refugees]. Tokyo: Shinchōsha, 1998.

&nb
sp; Tanaka, Hitoshi. Gaikō no Chikara [The power of diplomacy]. Tokyo: Nihonkeizai Shinbunsha, 2009.

  Torii, Ryuzo. Watashi no miru Chosen [My view of Korea]. Chōsen 284, January 1939.

  Wada Haruki. Kin Nichisei to Manshu konichi senso [Kim Il-sung and the anti-Japanese war in Manchuria]. Tokyo: Heibonsha, 1992.

  Watt, Lori. When Empire Comes Home: Repatriation and Reintegration in Postwar Japan. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Asia Center, 2009.

  Wayman, Dorothy G. Edward Sylvester Morse: A Biography. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1942.

  Yamamoto, Yoshi. Taken! North Korea’s Criminal Abduction of Citizens of Other Countries. Committee for Human Rights in North Korea, 2011.

  Yao Megumi. Shimasu [I apologize]. Tokyo: Bungei-shunju, 2002.

  Yokota, Sakie. North Korea Kidnapped My Daughter: A Memoir. New York: Vertical Press, 2009.

  ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

  This book is dedicated to my mother, who didn’t live long enough to see it published but read and commented on the early drafts. Everyone needs one person who believes in him absolutely, and she was mine. I miss her. My father, who is thankfully still with us, also read early drafts with his usual intelligence.

  I am a freelancer by temperament, so it was a new experience for me to have to rely so completely on interpreters. I was extremely lucky to work with David d’Heilly and Shizu Yasua in Japan. More than simply interpreting, they helped me begin to understand the cultural context in which these encounters took place. They and their son, Sai, have become dear friends. I had a similarly productive and pleasurable experience in Seoul with Jisoo Chung, perhaps the foremost expert on South Korea’s abductions.

  My first trip to Japan, in 2008, was made possible by the Japan Society’s United States–Japan Media Fellows Program. In New York, Betty Borden helped my family and me prepare for our stay, and once we arrived in Tokyo Ruri Kawashima provided invaluable support.

  I also received funding from the Abe Fellowship Program, administered by the Social Science Research Council, with funds provided by the Japan Foundation Center for Global Partnership. Frank Baldwin and Takuya Toda-Ozaki guided me in Tokyo, and Nicole Restrick Levit and Fernando Rojas helped me in New York.

  Throughout the years I spent reporting in Japan, I was assisted by the people at the Foreign Press Center/Japan, then presided over by Terusuke Terada. I’d like to thank Kazuko Koizumi, Mari Yamauchi, and Kayoko Koga for indulging my American impulsiveness.

  The Fulbright Program also supported me, and I would like to thank David Satterwhite, Jinko Brinkman, Mizuho Iwata, and Hilary H. Watts. During my Fulbright, I was hosted by the National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies (GRIPS), and I want to thank my sponsor, Narushige Michishita, and GRIPS president Takashi Shiraishi.

  I workshopped a chapter of this book at the Banff Centre, where Ian Brown runs an extraordinary literary journalism program. Ian, Katherine Ashenburg, and Don Gilmour made many helpful suggestions.

  Many of the books, documents, and articles I needed were in Japanese or Korean, and I used several different translators. I’d like to thank Mee Christine Chang, Tsuneoka Chieko, Yoona Cho, Jae Won Chung, Sam Holden, Ben Karp, Ryo Kato, Clara Kim, Joel Matthews, Frank Mondelli, Jeesun Park, Hazumu Yamazaki, and Miyako Yoshida.

  The Atlantic published an article I wrote about North Korea, which helped my thinking on the subject. Thanks to Scott Stossel for assigning it, and to James Gibney for editing it.

  A number of people were generous enough to read parts of the book as it progressed. I’d particularly like to thank E. Taylor Atkins, Alexis Dudden, Ulv Are Rynning Hanssen, Hyung Il-pai, Jeffrey Kingston, Tessa Morris-Suzuki, Miwa Murphy, Susanna Sonnenberg, and my New York University colleagues Ted Conover, Brooke Kroeger, Adam Pennenberg, and Charles Seife.

  I received advice, recommendations, and assistance from dozens of people over the years. In Japan, I was helped by Kazuhiro Araki, Celeste Arrington, Fukie and Yasushi Chimura, Asger Rojle Christensen, Gregory Clark, Gerald Curtis, Robert Dujarric, Osamu Eya, Yoichi Funabashi, Yoji Gomi, Katsuei Hirasawa, Kenji Ishidaka, Jiro Ishimaru, Hajime Izumi, Kaoru Hasuike, Toru Hasuike, Tatsukichi Hyomoto, Charles Jenkins, Eric Johnston, Miyo Kai, Kang Sang Jung, Chikako Kashiwazaki, Kenichi Kawamoto, Tadashi Kimiya, Donald Kirk, Harunori Kojima, Ko Jong Mi, Hiroshi Koto, Min Jin Lee, Soo Im Lee, Kotaro Miura, Kinya Nakajima, Kyoko Nakayama, Eiji Oguma, Masao Okonogi, Park Jung-jin, Hiroko Saito, Hidenori Sakanaka, Katsumi Sato, Tamiko Sato, Toshimitsu Shigemura, So Chung On, Koji Takazawa, Masaru Tamamoto, Hitoshi Tanaka, Peter Tasker, Haruki Wada, Masahito Watanabe, Takesato Watanabe, Tsutomu Watanabe, Yuki Yakabe, Sakie and Shigeru Yokota, Takeshi Yokota, and Shito Yokoyama.

  In South Korea, I was helped by Choi Jini, Choi Sung-yong, Choi Uk-il, Choi Woo-young, Doe Hee-youn, Ha Tae-keung, Ho Jeong-kwong, Kang Cheol-hwan, Kim Dong-choon, Kim Eun-bok, Kim Heung-kwang, Kim Seung-chul, Kim Young-sam, Koo Byoung-sam, Kwon, Eun Kyoung, Andrei Lankov, Lee Chin-cheol, Lee Jae-geun, Lee Keum-soon, Lee Kwang-baek, Lee Sang-ho, B. R. Myers, Park In-ho, Park Myoung-kyu, Kay Seok, and Yi Munyol.

  As for those who helped me in the United States, I want to thank Robert Carlin Mike Chinoy, Steven Chung, John Delury, Paul Fischer, Bon Fleming, Jim Frederick, Donald Gregg, Kei Hiruta, Joscelyn Jurich, Tom Kellogg, Suki Kim, Ellis Krauss, Lynn Lee, John Lie, Hyung-Gu Lynn, Tony Namkung, Steven Noerper, Evans Revere, Rollo Romig, Sonia Ryang, and Patricia Steinhoff. And thank you to those who asked me not to mention them.

  NYU is a vast institution, but I have been fortunate to find support from several people in the administration and faculty. Throughout the university. I’d especially like to thank Dalton Conley, Henry Em, Dick Foley, Perri Klass, Michael Laver, Dawn Lawson, and Tom Looser.

  I’d like to thank my friend and agent Chris Calhoun for his support, and Ileene Smith and her colleague John Knight at FSG for bringing this book to fruition.

  My wife, Helen, and my son, Tyson, have been an essential part of this project from the very start. They’ve provided optimism when I’ve been down, and indulged my passion for the subject when it must have been excruciating to listen to me talk. I wouldn’t have finished this without their love and support.

  INDEX

  The index that appeared in the print version of this title does not match the pages in your eBook. Please use the search function on your eReading device to search for terms of interest. For your reference, the terms that appear in the print index are listed below.

  Abductee Family Group

  abduction project; adapting to North Korea; apology issue; arranged marriages; as breeding program; children of abductees; Consent Mission; cover stories; escapes; famine; fishermen; Japanese evidence of; Japanese–North Korean negotiations over; “leisure activities”; life in captivity; “lifestyle reviews”; location of abductions; media on (chap. 21); minders; motivations of; movie industry and; neighbors; payment of abductees; Pyongyang Declaration; reeducation; rescue movement; return of abductees to Japan; as statecraft; stolen childhoods; suicides; sushi chefs; unraveling of; Megumi Yokota. See also Invitation-Only Zone; Japanese abductees; specific abductees

  Abe, Shinzo

  Abshier, Larry

  Abu Dhabi

  Afghanistan

  Africa

  Agassiz, Louis

  agriculture

  Ahn Myung-jin

  Ahn Young Kyu

  Ainu

  airplane bombings

  airplane hijackings

  Akahata

  Akashi Man

  Akihito, Emperor

  Albright, Madeleine

  Alien Registration Law

  Al Qaeda

  anthropology

  Araki, Kazuhiro

  archaeology

  Arimoto, Kayoko

  Arimoto, Keiko

  Asahi Shimbun

  Asahi Broadcasting Company

  assimilation

  atheism

  Bangkok

  Bank of Japan

  Barcelona

&
nbsp; Beirut

  Bell, Alexander Graham

  Berlin Wall, fall of

  Between the Dark Waves: North Korea’s Espionage Project

  bin Laden, Osama

  black market

  Bonesteel, Charles

  Brazil

  breeding program

  Buddhism

  Bumbea, Doina

  Burma

  Bush, George W.

  business cards, exchange of

  Cabinet Order

  cannibalism

  capitalism

  Carter, Jimmy

  Castro, Fidel

  Center for Revolutionizing South Korea

  Charter Oath

  children, abductees’; breeding program; education; famine

  Chimura, Fukie

  Chimura, Yasushi

  China; Communism; Cultural Revolution; Sino-Japanese War; South Korea and; Tiananmen Square massacre

  Choi Eun-hee

  Choi Kwang-suk

  cholera

  Chongjin

  Chosen Soren

  Chuo University

  Clinton, Bill

  Clinton, Hillary

  coal

  Cold War

  colonialism

  comfort women

  common origins theory

  Communism; Chinese; fall of; Japanese; North Korean; repatriation movement

  Confucius

  Consent Mission

  Copenhagen

  Corliss, George H.

  corn

  Cuba

  Cumings, Bruce

  Czechoslovakia

  Dalian

  Darwin, Charles; The Descent of Man; On the Origin of Species

  “The Day to Commemorate the End of the War”

  demilitarized zone (DMZ)

  democracy

  Deng Xiaoping

  Denmark

  disease

  Dresnok, James

  electricity

  escapes

  ethnic groups

  ethnography

  Europe. See also specific countries

  Evans, Sir John

  evolution

  famine

  feudalism

  Fillmore, Millard

  fish and fishing; abducted fisherman; sushi industry

  Flames Spreading over the Land (movie)