The Definitive FDR

by James Macgregor Burns

  Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, political development: heredity and environment, 6-9, 77-80, 480-83, 499; education for leadership, 14ff., 32-33, 60, 479-86; early views and political interest, 14-18, 20-21, 25, 79-80, 86, 89, 90, 93, 100, 123, 125; political effects of polio, 88-91, 500; influences of mother, teachers, wife, Theodore Roosevelt, 10-28 passim (see also under F.D.R., personal characteristics and development, above); socio-political philosophy, 20-21, 23, 43, 46, 52, 54, 68, 71, 78, 89-90, 117, 144, 150, 156, 179-80, 198, 237-38 (see also middle way below); as an economist, 123, 171, 177-78, 195, 206, 329-41; middle way approach, 139, 143-44, 148, 184ff., 219-22, 224-26, 234, 249ff., as a reformer, 42, 68, 243, 497; as a conservative, 234-41; as a progressive, 42, 47, 54, 70-71, 497; as a radical, 219-26, 234; as an administrator, 50, 52, 63, 67, 174, 188, 189, 264-65, 371-75; working methods, 32-34, 58-59, 63-64, 67, 68, 74-75, 103, 107, 113, 118-21, 126, 152, 155-56, 223, 264-65, 334; “brain trust” and advisers, 129, 140, 141, 148, 153-56, 172, 206, 265-66, 324-27, 333-36; staff, 101, 116, 117, 130, 140, 142, 150-56, 203, 227, 264-66, 300-1; political craft, tactics, strategy, 50, 52, 55-56, 64, 70, 98, 118, 125-126, 132, 284-87, 297, 306, 316-17; sense of timing, 284-85, 306, 455; historical sense, 488; straddling and compromise, 41-44, 71, 79, 93, 98, 121ff., 132-33, 142-46, 219-22, 238, 248-60, 322, 352-57, 476-77 (see also middle way, above; and “practical” man et seq. under F.D.R., personal characteristics and development, above); as a political leader, 146, 150-51, 164ff., 197ff., 397-404; as party leader, 375-80; as foreign policy maker, 164, 177-79, 262-63, 518; as a war leader, 62-67, 459-64; as a peace leader, 464; see also below

  Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, as writer and orator: as speaker, 33, 70-71, 93-94, 99, 103, 118, 143, 205, 227, 282-83, 455; as author, 89-90; letters, 488ff.; fireside chats, 118, 167-68, 176, 195, 203, 205, 300, 346, 360, 363, 460, 464; important addresses: 1919, League to Enforce Peace, 70; 1919, Democratic National Committee, 71; 1924, Democratic National Convention (Smith nomination—“Happy Warrior”), 93-94; 1926, Milton Academy, 90; 1928, Democratic State Convention, 98-99; 1928, Smith campaign speeches, 102-4; 1929, gubernatorial inauguration, 105, 110; 1930, gubernatorial re-election campaign, 121-22; 1932, Oglethorpe University (“Forgotten Man”), 133; nomination acceptance (“New Deal”), 139-40; 1932, campaign speeches, 142-44; first inaugural address (“Nothing to fear but fear …”), 161-64; 1936, State of Union, 227-28; 1936, renomination acceptance (“Economic royalists”), 273-75; 1936, Chautauqua (war dangers), 276-77; 1936, Harvard tercentenary, 278; 1936, campaign speeches, 279-83; 1937, second inaugural, 291-93; 1937, Democratic victory dinner (“One third of a nation”), 299-300; 1937, Chicago (“Quarantine the aggressor”), 318-19; 1938, Jackson Day dinner, 324; 1938 congressional election speeches, 365-66; 1938, University of North Carolina, 367; 1939, State of Union, 389; 1939, radio (war outbreak), 395; 1940, University of Virginia (“dagger in the back”), 421; 1940, renomination acceptance, 430; 1940, campaign replies to Willkie, 446-51

  Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, Jr. (third son of F.D.R.), 67, 107, 153, 166, 181, 421, 468, 478

  Roosevelt, Isaac (great-great-grandfather of F.D.R.), 7, 76, 161

  Roosevelt, Isaac (grandfather of F.D.R.), 7

  Roosevelt, Jacobus (ancestor; son of Nicholas), 7

  Roosevelt, James (great-grandfather of F.D.R.), 7, 161

  Roosevelt, James (father of F.D.R.), 3-10 passim, 11, 18, 25, 28, 32, 76

  Roosevelt, James (eldest son of F.D.R.), 35, 103, 107, 132, 153, 162, 181, 381, 386, 478; as presidential assistant, 300, 337, 382

  Roosevelt, James Roosevelt (half-brother of F.D.R.), 9

  Roosevelt, Johannes (brother of Jacobus; direct ancestor of Theodore), 7

  Roosevelt, John (youngest son of F.D.R.), 67, 107, 132, 153, 162, 166, 468, 478

  Roosevelt, Klaes Martensen van (first Roosevelt ancestor in America), 7

  Roosevelt, Nicholas R. (son of Klaes; last common ancestor, F.D.R, and Theodore), 7

  Roosevelt, Sara Delano (Mrs. James; mother of F.D.R.), 3-10, 18, 19, 26-30 passim, 67, 84, 87, 107, 200, 407, 496; opposes F.D.R.’s entrance into politics, 76-78, 90; on Russia, 190, influence on F.D.R., 476; death, 468; memoirs, 485n

  Roosevelt, Taddy (nephew of F.D.R.), 10-11

  Roosevelt, Theodore (fifth cousin of F.D.R.; uncle of Eleanor), 6-7, 9, 17-32 passim, 50, 51, 76, 79, 80, 108, 151, 176, 199, 203, 222, 424, 453, 480; influence on F.D.R., 24-25, 43, 57, 179, 182, 473; as a reformer, 38, 54, 365; Spanish-American War, 50; “New Nationalism,” 54; 1912 election, 45, 48, 49, 212; second term difficulties, 347; Bull Moose bolt (1916), 47, 49; World War I, 61, 62, 65; death, 73; ideas and vigor, 155, 156; power to evoke enthusiasm, 214; Steffens on his thinking, 475; quoted on presidency as a pulpit, 476

  Roosevelt, Theodore, Jr. (son of Theodore; distant cousin of F.D.R.), 76, 86, 95, 496

  Roosevelt Library, Franklin D., 491ff.

  Roosevelt and O’Connor (law firm), 90

  Root, Elihu, 32, 59, 108, 230, 251; quoted on the Roosevelts, 50

  Roper, Daniel C., 53, 149, 177, 269, 320, 368

  Rosenman, Samuel I., 101-3, 106, 113, 128; 1932 campaign, 139; 1936 campaign, 285; Supreme Court fight, 293; 1940 campaign, 428, 429, 436, 448-49, 450; party realignment plan (1944), 466-67; “little cabinet” (World War II), 465; quoted, 273

  Rumania, 384

  Russia, 260, 261, 280; U.S. recognition, 190; Czechoslovakia crisis, 384-85; Soviet-Nazi pact, 394, 416, 417; invasion of Finland, 408, 415; World War II, 462 (see also World War II); entry into war against Japan, 470; see also Stalin; Communism

  Ruthenia, 390

  Sachs, Alexander, 397

  St, James Episcopal Church (Hyde Park), 29, 237, 452

  St. Lawrence Power Development Commission, 114

  St. Lawrence power project, 108, 112-15, 190

  St. Lawrence Waterway Treaty (defeated, 1933), 190

  St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 441

  St. Louis Star-Times, 301, 302

  Santo Domingo, F.D.R. visit (1917), 62

  Saipan, 468

  Saito, Makoto, Viscount, 261

  Sakhalin, 469

  Saltonstall, Leverett, 365

  Sandburg, Carl, 423

  Sandoz, Jeanne, 10

  San Francisco Conference (UN), 471

  Saturday Evening Post, 337

  Schlesinger, Arthur, Jr., quoted, 371

  Schlosser, John F., 30, 32-34

  Schmedeman, A. G., 201

  Schuschnigg, Kurt von, 354

  “Scientific Management,” F.D.R. on, 52

  Scotland, 64

  Scripps-Howard newspapers, 184; see also Howard, Roy

  Seabury, Samuel, 128, 141, 153

  SEC. See Securities and Exchange Commission

  “Second front,” 464

  “Second Hundred Days,” 223-26

  “Section 7a.” See NRA; Collective bargaining

  Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), 325

  Securities regulation, 162ff., 170, 189, 325; see also Business regulation; Banking reforms

  Selective service, 439, 443, 445, 448, 452, 460; see also Compulsory military service

  Selective Service Act, 443, 445

  Seligman, Lester G., 484n; quoted, 484

  Senate, 22-23, 38; direct election, 36, 38, 42; see also Congress

  Senatorial courtesy, 370

  Separation of powers. See Checks and balances

  “Share-Our-Wealth” movement, 211, 213; see also Long, Huey L.

  Shaver, Clem, 95, 96

  Sheehan, William F., 36-41; see also Sheehan fight (below)

  Sheehan fight, 36-42, 79, 91, 92, 498-99

  Shepard, Edward M., 36

  Sherman, William T., 425

  Sherman Anti-Trust Act (1890), 22; see also Trusts and monopolies

  Sherwood, Robert, 373, 436, 448, 450; quoted on F.D.R., 145, 472

  Shipstead, Henrik, 202, 203, 306

  Shouse, Jouett, 135-36, 206, 242

  Sicily, 464

  Simon, Sir John, 250<
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  Sims, William S., 64

  Sinclair, Upton, 200-1, 203

  Slovakia, 390

  Smith, Adam, 240

  Smith, Alfred E., 5, 36-43 passim, 60, 64, 110-21 passim, 156; alliance with F.D.R. (1920-28), 72-73, 91-104 passim, 119; alliance ends, 105-6, 129, 452; 1932 campaign, 128-38 passim, 141; joins Liberty League, 206, 241-42, 246; 1936 campaign, 271, 272, 281; 1940 campaign, 452

  Smith, Cotton Ed, 188, 341, 363-64, 393

  Smith, Gerald L. K., 271

  Smith, Harold, on F.D.R. administrative ability, 373-74

  Smith, Jim (N. J. boss), 47

  Smith, Kate, 393

  Smoot-Hawley Tariff, 177; see also Tariff

  Snell, Bertrand H., 167, 324; quoted, 167

  Social security, 124, 164ff., 212-13, 219-22, 226, 242-43, 266-67, 305

  Social Security Act, 224, 226, 242-44, 267, 305

  Social Welfare Department, proposed by F.D.R., 344

  Socialism, 15; charge of New Deal as, 241-43; see also below

  Socialist party, 22-23, 49, 83, 144, 156, 200, 241-43, 356

  Soil Conservation and Domestic Allotment Act of 1936, 234, 342; see also AAA; Farm policies; New Deal

  Solomon Islands, 464

  South Africa, 250

  Southard, Jacob, 44

  Southern bloc, 96, 135, 137-38, 154, 175, 272, 321, 341-43; see also Democratic party; Congress

  Soviet Union. See Russia; Stalin

  Spanish-American War, 13

  Spanish civil war, 261, 318, 355-56, 390, 423

  Spanish Morocco, 261

  Spencer, Herbert, 240

  Sprague, O. W. M., 206

  Spratly Islands, 390

  Spring-Rice, Sir Cecil, 53

  “Square Deal,” 179

  Staff, F.D.R., 101, 116, 117, 150-56, 203, 227, 264-66; campaign staff, 130, 140, 142; advisers and “brain trust,” 129, 140, 148, 153-56, 172, 206, 265-66, 324-27, 333-36

  Stalin, Joseph, 6, 22, 373, 390, 393, 394, 400; Teheran Conference, 464-65; Yalta Conference, 469-70; see also Russia

  Stalingrad, 464

  Standard Oil Co. (N. J.), 28

  Stassen, Harold, 366

  State Department, F.D.R. relations with, 247, 352-57, 383; see also Hull, Cordell; Hopkins, Harry; Byrnes, James F.; Foreign policy

  Steagall, Congressman, 166

  Steffens, Lincoln, 15; quoted, 475

  Stetson, Francis Lynde, 39

  Stilwell, Joseph W., 483n

  Stimson, Henry L., 31, 34, 108, 122, 147; F.D.R. letter to (World Court), 251-52; Secretary of War, 424, 436, 438, 439, 458

  Stock market: (1929), 124; (1937), 319-20; see also Financial crisis; Securities regulation

  Stone, Harlan F., 230, 232, 233, 297, 302, 303; quoted on taxing power, 333

  Straus, Jesse I., 176, 259

  Strikes, 216, 351; see also Labor

  Sudetenland, 383-87

  Suiyuan, 260

  Sullivan, Big Tim, 35-36, 42

  Sullivan, Mark, quoted on F.D.R.’s “Happy Warrior” speech, 94

  Sulzer, William, 49, 56

  Sumners, Hatton, 294, 348

  Supreme Court, 19; NRA decision, 193, 219, 222, 224-25; F.D.R. attacks “Horse-and-Buggy Decision,” 222-23; Gold Clause Act decision, 226; political background (1936), 229-31; invalidates AAA and other New Deal legislation, 231-34, 269; F.D.R. reorganization plan, 271, 293-316; Wagner Act decision, 303-4; shift of viewpoint, 303-5, 314-16; F.D.R.’s speeches on, 299ff.; Black appointment, 312-13, 315; see also Checks and balances; Judicial review; Judicial reform

  Sutherland, George, 230

  Suzuki, Baron Kantaro, 261

  Swanson, Claude, 149, 177, 253

  Swope, Herbert Bayard, 241; quoted, 278

  Taconic State Park Commission, 98

  Taft, Robert A., 366; 1940 campaign, 422, 424, 434, 448

  Taft, William Howard, 31, 34, 47, 48, 75, 199, 213, 344, 424; Supreme Court appointments as President, 229; opposition to Brandeis appointment, 230; quoted, 230

  Talmadge, Eugene, 363, 364

  Tammany Hall, 21, 23, 31, 35, 72, 73, 77, 174, 364, 436, 453; F.D.R.’s early battles, 36-43 passim, 48-49, 55-60, 79; improved relations with F.D.R., 64-65, 74, 104; F.D.R.’s straddling, 80, 133; judgeship scandal (1930), 120-21; Seabury investigation, 127-28; support of Smith against F.D.R. (1931-32), 129-30, 136, HI; Walker case, 141; see also Democratic party

  Tarawa, 464

  Tariff, 31, 53, 71, 75, 126, 133, 142-44, 177, 179, 252, 311; see also Reciprocal trade program

  Tarkington, Booth, quoted on Willkie, 433

  Taxation, 39, 53, 71, 224, 269, 333; see also Deficit spending

  Taylor system, 52

  Teamsters Union, 409, 442, 468

  Teapot Dome, 83, 148

  Teheran Conference, 464

  Temporary Emergency Relief Administration (N. Y.), 124-25

  Temporary National Economic Committee, 328

  Tennessee Valley Authority. See TVA

  Terry, Edmund R., 37, 39

  Textile Workers Union, 216

  Third-term battle, 408-18, 422ff., 431-36, 442-51

  Third-term tradition, 412-13, 443, 465

  Thirty-hour bill, 180

  Thomas, Elmer, 361-62

  Thomas, Norman, 144, 242, 356

  Thoreau, Henry, 162

  Three Power co-operation. See Big Three

  Tilden, Samuel J., 108

  Time-Life-Fortune, 445

  Tobin, Dan, 213, 285, 409

  Tojo, Hideki, 460-61

  Townsend, Francis E., 212-13, 224, 271, 281

  Townsend Clubs, 212-13; see also Townsend, Francis E. (above)

  Trade unions. See Unions; Labor

  Trinidad, 388

  Tripartite Pact, 441

  Trade Agreements Act, 310

  Trade agreements program. See Reciprocal trade program

  Treaty of Washington, 319

  Truman, Harry S., 203, 309, 466, 478

  Trusts and monopolies, 22-34 passim, 54, 180-81, 326; see also NRA; Business regulation

  Tugwell, Rexford G., 153-54, 172, 177, 183, 188, 198, 510

  Tulane University, 211

  Tully, Grace, 152, 264, 318, 382, 388, 441, 491

  Tunney, Gene, 292

  Tunisia, 464

  Turner, Frederick Jackson, 20

  Tuttle, Charles H., 120-22

  TVA (Tennessee Valley Authority), 117, 179, 180, 196, 224, 233, 356; socialism question, 242-43; Willkie opposition, 433

  Tweedsmuir, Lord, 396

  Two-thirds rule, nominating conventions, 125, 131, 134-37, 270, 272, 505

  Tydings, Millard, 348, 363, 364, 369, 386, 428, 431

  Unemployment, 115-17, 121-25, 142, 162ff., 170-71, 219-21, 246, 266-67, 324; see also WPA; Civilian Conservation Corps; Recovery program; Labor

  Unemployment insurance, 124; see also Social security; and above

  Union College, 8

  Union of Democratic Clubs (N. Y.), 119

  Union party (1936), 271, 281; see also Coughlin, Father Charles E.; Townsend, Francis E.

  Unions, 215-21, 276, 350-51, 462; see also Labor and labor unions; American Federation of Labor; CIO; Wagner Labor Relations Act

  Unit rule, nominating conventions, 47, 72, 136

  United Mine Workers, 216; see also Lewis, John L.

  United Nations, 465, 471

  U.S. v. Butler, 231, 233

  United States Chamber of Commerce, 219, 222, 226, 239

  United States Steel Corp., 217

  United Textile Workers Union, 216

  Untermeyer, Samuel, 39

  Universal military training, 61, 70; see also Selective service

  Utility regulation, 103, 112-15, 117, 121, 142, 170, 224

  Van Buren, Martin, 108

  Vandenberg, Arthur H., 253, 270, 298, 392, 422, 490

  Van Devanter, Willis, 230, 295, 306, 312, 314

  Van Nuys, Frederick, 301

  Vassar College, 86

  Veblen, Thors
tein, 155, 240

  Vera Cruz, 60

  Verdun, 62

  Versailles Treaty, 70, 260, 384

  Veterans’ bonus, 167, 222, 234

  Veterans Bureau, 345

  “Veterans of Future Wars,” 254

  Vetoes, presidential, 186, 187, 190, 234; see also Congress; Checks and balances

  Vice Presidency, nominations, 73; see also Democratic party, nominating conventions; Republican party, nominating conventions

  Villard, Oswald Garrison, 133

  Virginia, University of, 421

  Volstead Act, 168; see also Prohibition

  Wadsworth, James W., 439

  Wages-and-hours legislation, 143, 171, 180, 215-19, 221, 233-34, 342-44, 462; see also Labor

  Wagner, Robert M., 108, 120; State Senator, 36, 39, 40, 43, 64; U.S. Senator, 198ff., 341, 365; collective bargaining bills, 198, 216, 219, 341 (see also Section 7a; Wagner Labor Relations Act); antilynching bill, 198, 321; housing bill, 311

  Wagner Act. See Wagner Labor Relations Act

  Wagner Housing bill, 311

  Wagner Labor Relations Act, 216, 224, 225-26, 242, 244, 350; sustained by Supreme Court, 303-4

  Wake Island, 462

  Wald, Lillian, 270

  Walker, Frank, 436

  Walker, James J., 128, 141

  Wallace, Henry A., 173, 222, 320, 321, 325, 327, 412, 465, 466; Secretary of Agriculture, 149, 150; AAA, 168, 193, 211; friction with Ickes, 371, 372, 374; F.D.R. vice-presidential choice (1940), 428-30, 432, 436; 1944 vice-presidential question, 466

  Wallace, Mrs. Henry A., 429

  Wallace, Schuyler, 154

  Walsh, David I., 131, 344, 421, 437-40, 445

  Walsh, Thomas J., 130, 135, 148

  Walsh-Healy bill, 234

  War debts, 145-46, 177, 179, 249

  War Production Board, 463

  Warburg, James P., 206

  Warm Springs, 88, 98-101 passim, 107, 147, 152, 203, 227, 328, 345, 362, 382, 471, 477

  Warren, George F., 154, 166, 195, 322

  Washington, George, 151

  Washington Conference (Churchill-F.D.R.), 464

  Washington Post, 381

  Washington Times-Herald, 381

  Watson, “Pa,” 227, 382, 429-30, 450

  Welles, Sumner, 494; Ambassador to Cuba, 253; Under Secretary of State, 353, 372, 383, 387-88, 390, 416, 420, 465; quoted on F.D.R. reaction to Pearl Harbor attack, 462