The Definitive FDR

by James Macgregor Burns

  Cairo: The Generalissimo. Drew Pearson incident: PC 915, Aug. 31, 1943; Hull, p. 1253; Hull to Roosevelt, Aug. 30, 1943, Hull Papers, Box 52, LC. Stalin’s pique: Stalin to Roosevelt and to Churchill, Aug. 22, 1943, Correspondence2, p. 84; Correspondence1, pp. 138 ff. I have discussed with Soviet historians why Stalin did not meet with Roosevelt and Churchill to press his second-front demands, rather than complaining about exclusion, but the explanation remains elusive. Diminished Soviet interest in the second front: Long, pp. 320-322, 331; Sherwood, p. 734; Stimson Diary, Nov. 10, 1943; Matloff, pp. 285-286, 303, and references therein; Leahy Diary, Oct. 7, 1943, LC; Werth, p. 747. Realpolitik attitude in the War Department: Matloff, pp. 287-288. Reports of peace feelers: Nicolson, pp. 277, 309, 345; Leahy Diary, Aug. 11, 1943, LC; see also Ulam, p. 333; McNeill, p. 324 and citations. Bullitt’s strategic alternative: Bullitt to Roosevelt, May 12, 1943, PSF, Bullitt Folder. For a different (and somewhat later) view, see Kennan1, pp. 211, 218ff. Mackinac Island conference: Vandenberg, pp. 55-61. Proposed foreign ministers’ and Big Three meetings: Roosevelt to Stalin, Sept. 6, 1943; Stalin to Roosevelt, Sept. 8, 1943; Roosevelt to Stalin, Sept. 11, 1943; Stalin to Roosevelt and to Churchill, Sept. 12, 1943; Roosevelt to Stalin, Oct. 14, 1943; Correspondence1, pp. 89, 90-91, 92-93, 94, 100-101; Hull, pp. 1292-1296. Hull mission to Moscow, including Chinese adherence to the four-nation declaration: FRUS, 1943, Vol. I, pp. 513-781; Hull, chaps. 92-94; Eden, chap. 10. Stalin’s statement about Soviet intervention against Japan following defeat of Germany: FRUS, 1943, Vol. I, p. 686; Hull, pp. 1310-1311; FRUS, Cairo-Teheran, p. 147; PMRP, Box 210; text also in Hull Papers, Box 52, LC. Previous Soviet indications of willingness to join war against Japan: Harriman statement, Congressional Record, Vol. 97, Pt. 14, Aug. 27, 1951, pp. 5410-5416; Deane, p. 226; Leahy, p. 147.

  Roosevelt’s trip to Cairo: FRUS, Cairo-Teheran; Leahy Diary, LC. Torpedo incident: FRUS, ibid., pp. 279-280; King and Whitehill, p. 501; Sherwood, p. 768; NYT, March 16, 1958, p. 52 (recollections of the erring destroyer’s officer of the deck at the time). Roosevelt to Eleanor Roosevelt en route, Nov. 18, 1943: PL, p. 1469. Precautions for the trip: Churchill5, pp. 326-327; Eisenhower, pp. 220-221; Green to Matthews, Nov. 18, 1943, PMRP, Folder 3, Box 17. Churchill on Cairo: Churchill5, p. 316. Roosevelt’s exchanges with Chiang: FRUS, Cairo-Teheran, Nov. 23, 1943, pp. 322-325; Leahy Diary, Nov. 23, 1943, LC; see also Elliott Roosevelt, pp. 142, 163-166. The Chinese and the CCS: FRUS, ibid., pp. 305-307, 325, 337 379-380, 390, 748. The theater view: FRUS, ibid., pp. 316-322; Stilwell, p. 245. The strategic dilemma: Churchill5, p. 328; Matloff, pp. 347-352. Roosevelt to Eleanor Roosevelt on the conference, Nov. 21, 1943: PL, p. 1470. Roosevelt’s promise to Chiang on Bay of Bengal operations: Matloff, p. 350. Thanksgiving dinner: Churchill5, p. 341; Elliott Roosevelt, pp. 159-160.

  Teheran: The Marshal. Roosevelt’s trip from Cairo to Teheran: “Log,” FRUS, Cairo-Teheran, pp. 459-460; Leahy, p. 202; Reilly, pp. 176-177; Leahy Diary, Nov. 27, 1943, LC. Arrangements in Teheran: FRUS, ibid., pp. 463-464; Reilly, pp. 177-179. Assassination plot: Laslo Havas, Hitler’s Plot to Kill the Big Three (Cowles, 1969); Viktor Yegorov, “The Plot Against Eureka,” in Soldiers of Invisible Battles (Moscow: 1969); Yakovlev, Pt. II; Berezhkov, Pt. I. Roosevelt’s first meeting with Stalin: FRUS, ibid., pp. 483-486; Elliott Roosevelt, p. 176; see also PPA, 1943, p. 558. First plenary session: FRUS, ibid., p. 487; Arnold, p. 465. The bulk of the remainder of this section is drawn from FRUS, Cairo-Teheran; Ehrman1, chaps. 4-5; Yakovlev; Bryant1, pp. 68-101; and Berezhkov, Pts. II-V. The FRUS minutes were drawn from two prime sources: a record kept by Bohlen, the interpreter; and Joint Chiefs of Staff Minutes. FRUS, Cairo-Teheran, pp. xi-xxi, explains the scope and limitations of the official records of Cairo and Teheran. Stalin on future Soviet intervention against Japan: FRUS, ibid., pp. 489, 499-500; Ehrman1, p. 173. Roosevelt’s interest in operations at the head of the Adriatic: FRUS, ibid., pp. 489, 499, 503; Sherwood, p. 780. Turkish situation: FRUS, ibid., 505; Churchill5, p. 355. Roosevelt’s illness after first dinner: Eden, p. 427; Leahy Diary, Nov. 28, 1943, LC; Moran, p. 150. Stalin on unconditional surrender: FRUS, ibid., p. 513; Sherwood, p. 783; the Minutes suggest that Roosevelt may have left the after-dinner discussion by the time Stalin mentioned unconditional surrender; Roosevelt later stated to Hull that the matter had not been raised at Teheran in his presence: Roosevelt to Hull, Dec. 23, 1943, PSF, Hull Folder, pp. 2-43. Churchill quoting Hopkins on Roosevelt: Moran, p. 150. Roosevelt’s private meeting with Stalin: Churchill5, p. 363; Sherwood, p. 784; Moran, p. 146. Sword of Stalingrad ceremony: King and Whitehill, pp. 519-520; Arnold, pp. 467-468; Elliott Roosevelt, pp. 180-182; Perkins, p. 85. Roosevelt’s toast: FRUS, ibid., p. 585; Arnold Papers, Box 42, LC; Yakovlev, Pt. II.

  Roosevelt to Perkins on playing up to Stalin: Perkins, pp. 83-85; Berezhkov emphasizes Roosevelt’s rapport with Stalin and popularity with the Soviet delegation. Roosevelt to Stalin on Polish situation: FRUS, ibid., pp. 594-596; later discussion of Poland: ibid., pp. 596-604, 837-838. Teheran in summary: Smith, chap. 4. Teheran communiqué and declaration: PPA, 1943, p. 533; drafts are in OF 4675 (Teheran Conference). Roosevelt on Turkish point of view: FRUS, ibid., p. 698, 713. Change of plans for Bay of Bengal: FRUS, ibid., p. 706; Ehrman1, pp. 183-193; Stilwell, pp. 251-255; Sherwood, p. 801; Elliott Roosevelt, p. 207. Chiang’s response: Chiang to Roosevelt, received Dec. 9, 1943, in Romanus and Sunderland1, pp. 74-75; also in PMRP, Box 210, Sextant. Eisenhower’s appointment: Sherwood, p. 803; Stimson Diary, Dec. 16, 17, 1943; Churchill5, pp. 413 ff. ; Eisenhower, pp. 235-236. Visit to Sphinx: Churchill5, p. 419; Film 208 UN 82, NA. Churchill’s rendition of “Barbara Fritchie”: Sherwood, p. 729; Churchill4, pp. 795-796. Churchill on Russians: Arnold, p. 474. Roosevelt’s return trip: Stimson Diary, Dec. 17, 1943; Film 208 UN 82, NA; Rosenman, p. 411. Roosevelt’s Christmas Eve address: PPA, 1943, pp. 553-562. Roosevelt on lack of civilization: Roosevelt to Frankfurter, Dec. 23, 1943, Freedman, p. 709.

  CHAPTER FOURTEEN

  Quotations and references are, respectively, to Smith Diary, Dec. 11, 1943, FDRL; leading politician, Time, Dec. 20, 1943, pp. 13-15; The Nation, Dec. 18, 1943, pp. 720-723. Max Lerner, PM, Dec. 20, 1943, p. 2; TRB, The New Republic, Dec. 27, 1943, p. 914. A Second Bill of Rights. Roosevelt’s mood on returning from Teheran: Rosenman, p. 421. Roosevelt’s post-press conference remark on no need for a New Deal: Time, Jan. 3, 1944, p. 14; his remarks at the next press conference on Dr. New Deal and Dr. Win-the-War: PC 929, Dec. 28, 1943; PPA, 1943, pp. 569-575 (checked against PC transcripts, indicating only slight differences). State of the Union address, Jan. 11, 1944: preparation: Rosenman, pp. 417-427; Freedman, pp. 715-717; text: PPA, 1944, pp. 32-42 (checked against recording of radio address as given, which varied slightly in wording and emphasis). The economic bill of rights as culminating concept in American ideological development: James MacGregor Burns, Presidential Government (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1965), chap. 7, and works cited therein.

  Wheeler on the barons: cited in Burns, Roosevelt, pp. 341-342. State Department planning on postwar security organization: Harley Notter, Postwar Foreign Policy Preparation (Washington, D.C.: Department of State, 1949), chaps. 8-10. Fulbright Resolution: Fulbright to Roosevelt, June 26, 1943, SD, NA; Hull, pp. 1262-1263. Roosevelt’s cautiousness on postwar security planning: Hull to Roosevelt, Sept. 9, 1943; Roosevelt to Hull, Sept. 16, 1943, PSF, Hull Folder, 2-43. Roosevelt’s colloquy with reporters, Oct. 29, 1943: PC 924; PPA, 1943, pp. 460-461. Vandenberg on Mackinac conference: Vandenberg, p. 59. United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration: PPA, 1943 (Nov. 9, 1943), p. 503; see also PC 926, Nov. 9, 1943. Go-ahead to Hull on planning: Hull, p. 1649.

  The Revolt of the Barons. Roosevelt and the servicemen’s vote: message to Congress, Jan. 25, 1944, PPA, 1944-45, pp. 53-60; congressional reaction: Drury, pp. 45, 60-61; Congressional Record, Vol. 90, Pt. 1, Jan. 26, 1966, pp. 706-740, 745ff.; Time, Feb. 7, 1944, p. 13. Legislative action: PPA, 1944-45, pp. 111-116. Lilienthal’s trials: Lilienthal, pp. 627, 630, 632. Nat
ional service law: Stimson and Bundy, pp. 483-484; PPA, 1944-45, p. 39 (State of the Union message, Jan. 11, 1944); Rosenman, pp. 421-424.

  Background of tax bill: Paul; Blum2, chap. 2; J. M. Burns, “Congress and the Formation of Economic Policies,” chap. 5, “The Revenue Act of 1943” (Ph.D. dissertation, Harvard University, 1947). Byrnes quoted in Blum2, p. 75. Barkley’s role: Barkley, chap. 12; interview with Alben W. Barkley, Reel 5, Side 1, HSTL. Roosevelt’s veto message, Feb. 22, 1944: PPA, 1944-45, pp. 80-83. Congressional reaction: Drury, pp. 87-91. Barkley’s speech: Congressional Record, Vol. 90, Pt. 2, Feb. 23, 1944, pp. 1964-1966. Roosevelt’s reaction: Roosevelt to Mackenzie King, Feb. 28, 1944, PSF, Canada, 1-44; Byrnes, pp. 111-212; Hassett, pp. 235-236; Roosevelt to Sherman Minton, March 1, 1944, PSF, Box 52. Roosevelt’s letter to Barkley: PSF, Senate Folder, 4-40. Barkley’s resignation and redesignation: Drury, pp. 91-93. Roosevelt’s timber-cutting and taxes: Hassett, p. 237. On the considerable comment at the time on Roosevelt’s approach to Congress, see, especially, James Wechsler, PM, Feb. 27, 1944, p. 3. Bob Hope’s comment: Time, March 13, 1944, p. 12.

  The Suction Pump. Roosevelt on the long road ahead, March 8, 1944: PPA, 1944-45, pp. 99-100. The strategic situation in the Mediterranean: Ehrman1, chaps. 6-7; Matloff, chap. 18. Churchill’s view: Churchill5, pp. 426-427, source of quotation, p. 429. Roosevelt-Churchill exchange on Anzio, Dec. 28, 1943: Churchill5, pp. 440-441. General developments in Italy: W. G. F. Jackson, The Battle for Italy (Harper, 1967), pp. 182-201. German reaction to Anzio: Marshall to Roosevelt, Jan. 28, 1944, PMRP, Naval Aide’s File, Box 13. Roosevelt on Anzio situation: PC 935, Feb. 11, 1944. Churchill on same: Churchill5, p. 488. Question of abandoning or postponing ANVIL: Matloff, pp. 416-426; Ehrman1, pp. 241-242. Unconditional surrender: Matloff, pp. 428-432; retrospective statement by Eisenhower, NYT, Dec. 21, 1964, p. 6; Hull, pp. 1574-1582; Roosevelt to Joint Chiefs of Staff, April 1, 1944, quoted in Matloff, p. 431. Roosevelt to Hull on not making exceptions, April 5, 1944: Hull, p. 1577. Roosevelt to Hull on Germans, April 1, 1944: Hull, p. 1576. Roosevelt and the plight of the Jews: Blum2, pp. 220-221; cf. Hull, pp. 1538-1540; Long, pp. 334-337. Roosevelt on Long: quoted by Morgenthau in Blum2, p. 221; see also Arthur D. Morse, While Six Million Died (Random House, 1967), pp. 90-97 (Morse later interviewed Pehle). Creation of War Refugee Board, Jan. 22, 1944: PPA, 1944-45, pp.48-50. Roosevelt on Palestine: Blum2, pp. 224-227. Emergency refugee shelters: Roosevelt to Congress, June 12, 1944. PPA, 1944-45. pp. 168-171.

  The Pacific plan is well laid out in Ehrman1, pp. 421-423. Army operations in Makin and Kwajalein are described in Philip A. Crowl and Edmund G. Love, Seizure of the Gilberts and Marshalls (Washington, D.C.: Office of the Chief of Military History, 1955); also American Forces in Action Series, Makin (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1946). Tarawa: Robert Sherrod, Tarawa (Duell, Sloan & Pearce, 1944); James R. Stockman, The Battle for Tarawa (Washington, DC: Historical Section, Marine Corps, 1947). Admiralties: American Forces in Action Series, The Admiralties: Operations of the 1st Cavalry Division (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1945). Churchill on the Pacific plan: Ehrman1, pp. 439, 448. Roosevelt’s position: Roosevelt to Churchill, Feb. 25, 1944, Churchill5, pp. 561-562; Leahy draft is in PMRP, Box 14. Chennault’s views: Chennault to Roosevelt, Jan. 26, 1944; Chennault to Hopkins, Feb. 8, 1944, Pacific File, FDRL. Roosevelt’s response: Roosevelt to Chennault, March 15, 1944, Pacific File, FDRL. Background of development of air power and operations in Europe: Craven and Cate, Vol. II, chaps. 20-21; Vol.III, chaps. 2-3; Arnold, chap. 26. Inflated reports: Craven and Cate, Vol. II, p. 711; Arnold Papers, Boxes 43, 45, LC; Noble Frankland, The Bombing Offensive Against Germany (London: Faber and Faber, 1965), chap. 2. British intelligence reports: Craven and Cate, Vol. II, p. 708; see also United States Strategic Bombing Survey, cited in Fuller, p. 225.

  CHAPTER FIFTEEN

  Noel F. Busch, What Manner of Man? (Harper, 1944), pp. 12-17, describes the President in the White House in early 1944. The President’s health during this period and earlier and later: main source is a detailed and informed manuscript by Dr. Howard G. Bruenn (the heart specialist who attended Roosevelt during the last year of the President’s life), “Clinical Notes on the Illness and Death of President Franklin D. Roosevelt,” pp. 1-30, based on Dr. Bruenn’s records and observations. Also consulted: W. G. Eliasberg, “How Long Was Roosevelt Ill Before His Death?,” Diseases of the Nervous System, Nov. 1953, pp. 323-328; Noah D. Fabricant, “Franklin D. Roosevelt’s Nose and Throat Ailments,” The Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Monthly, Feb. 1957, pp. 103-106; Rudolph Marx, “FDR: A Medical History,” Today’s Health, April 1961, pp. 54 ff.; James A. Halsted, “F.D.R.s ‘Little Strokes’—A Medical Myth,” Today’s Health, Dec. 1962, pp. 53 ff.; Ross McIntire, White House Physician (Putnam, 1946); review of Hugh L’Etang, The Pathology of Leadership (London, 1969), in Medical World News (especially on Roosevelt’s rumored malignant melanoma). On Roosevelt’s health, see, generally, Hassett; Tully; Reilly; Perkins; Jonathan Daniels interview, HSTL; Edith Helm Papers, LC; Herman E. Bateman, “Observations on President Roosevelt’s Health during World War II,” Mississippi Valley Historical Review, June 1956, pp. 82-102; see also John T. Flynn, pp. 368, 412. On Roosevelt’s health especially during 1944: Hassett, pp. 233, 242; Perkins, pp. 389-390; Tully, pp. 273-274. Roosevelt at his press conference: Drury, pp. 107-108. Roosevelt at Hobcaw, and afterward: Roosevelt to Hopkins, May 18, 1944, Sherwood, pp. 6-8; Hassett, p. 241; Roosevelt and Shalett, p. 347. Curacao incident: Eleanor Roosevelt to Roosevelt, April 4, 1944; Roosevelt to Eleanor Roosevelt, April 5, 1944, PPF 1063.

  Secrecy and “Sedition.” Stimson’s comment: Stimson Diary, March 15, 1944, May 23, 1944. White House arrangements: Jonathan Daniels interview, pp. 16, 22, 23, 35, 63, HSTL. Blair House: Roosevelt to Hull, Aug. 28, 1942, FW 110.12/326 SD. Byrnes office: Somers, pp. 51-60; Byrnes. Leahy office: Leahy, p. 97. Budget Bureau: Smith Diary, FDRL. Roosevelt-Marshall channels of communication: Cline, pp. 105-106. Hopkins on his condition: Sherwood, p. 805. Roosevelt on Hopkins’s return to Washington: Sherwood, p. 6. Administration “backgrounders” (or “seminars”) for reporters: Clapper Papers, LC. Publication of “secret” war information: Biddle, pp. 248-251. Background of sedition trial: Biddle, chap. 15; the trial itself is vividly described in Time (especially May 1, 1944, pp. 17-18) and in PM. Montgomery Ward episode: Stimson Diary, April 4, 1944, May1, 2, 1944; Biddle, pp. 311-324; PPA, 1944-45, May 9, 1944, pp. 122-125, Dec. 27, 1944, pp. 446-452; Timmons, pp. 343-345.

  The White House visitor: interview with Jonathan Daniels, April 13, 1969; see also Moore, p. 323; Hewlett and Anderson, p. 203. Secrecy: Tully, pp. 265-266; Davis; Groves. Keeping atom secret from Congress: Bush to Bundy, Feb. 24, 1944; transcript of telephone conversation, Stimson and Representative Andrew J. May, Nov. 27, 1943, Stimson Papers. Sharing atomic information with Britain: Gowing, chaps. 4-5; Groves, pp. 125-137; Sherwood, p. 704; with Russia: Hewlett and Anderson, pp. 268, 329-330. Bohr’s views: Moore. Bohr to Roosevelt, July 3, 1944: Freedman, pp. 728-735. Frankfurter to Roosevelt, Sept. 8, 1944: ibid., pp. 735-736. Frankfurter’s views: ibid., pp. 723-728; Freedman cited, p. 724. Bohr’s interview with Churchill: Gowing, pp. 354-355; Moore, pp. 342-344; with Roosevelt: Moore, pp. 348-350. Roosevelt-Churchill conference: Leahy, p. 266; Moore, pp. 351-353. Aide-memoire of Sept. 19, 1944: Moore, p. 353; text is from Gowing, p. 447. Indications that Germans were not building the bomb: Churchill6, p. 148; Stimson Diary, Dec. 13, 1944. Stimson’s notes on meeting with President: Stimson Papers, Aug. 23, 1944.

  The Mobilized Society. The author and Douglas D. Rose collaborated in research and writing for this section. Roosevelt on building planes: PC 956, June 9, 1944; PPA, 1944-45, pp.165-166. Data and description of social and economic changes is drawn largely from research conducted by Douglas D. Rose at the Franklin D. Roosevelt Library and at the University of Minnesota. Urban crowding: Davis McEntire, Residence and Race (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1960), chap. 3. Whites’
attitudes toward Negro job opportunity: Cantril, p. 510. Racial stoppages: FEPC statement, n.d., OF 4245 G, Box 5. OWI report, Dec. 9, 1942: OF 4245 G O, OWI Box 13. Ickes on discrimination as a national question: Ickes to Roosevelt, July 7, 1943, OF 6, 1943. Suppression of FEPC report: Cramer to Roosevelt, July 3, 1942; Patterson to Roosevelt, July 14, 1942; Roosevelt to McIntyre, July 17, 1942; McIntyre to Cramer, July 17, 1942; OF 4245 G, Box 3. FEPC Mexican-American hearings stopped: Welles to Roosevelt, June 20, 1942, continued to July 31, 1942; McIntyre to Roosevelt, OF 4245 G, Box 3. Jackson Daily News is quoted in PM, March 20, 1944, p. 3. South Carolina legislature declaration, March 31, 1944: OF 93. Hoover report on Communism: FBI report sent to Daniels, Aug. 22, 1944, OF 4245 G, F-H-L Box 10. Hershey on requisitioning and discrimination: Hershey to Roosevelt, Oct. 4, 1941, OF 93; War Department communication, Selective Service 6142, see OF 93 B, Sept. 18, 1944. Visit of members of the Negro Newspaper Publishers Association: PC 933, Feb. 5, 1944; PPA, 1944-45, pp. 66-70. Roosevelt on Negroes at Warm Springs: Ross to Eleanor Roosevelt, Jan. 25, 1944; Roosevelt to Eleanor Roosevelt, Jan. 31, 1944; Roosevelt to Daniels, Feb. 7, 1944, OF 93. Roosevelt promise of Japanese-American return: press letter to the President of the Senate, Sept. 10, 1943, OF 4849, 1942-1944, Box 1. Japanese-American situation: Stimson Diary, May 17, 1944, May 26, 1944; Roosevelt to Stettinius and Ickes, June 12, 1944; PL, pp. 1517-1518; Hull to Roosevelt, June 16, 1944, OF 4849; Fortas to Roosevelt, Aug. 25, 1944, OF 4849.

  School attendance: I. L. Kandel, The Impact of the War Upon American Education (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1948), pp. 85-88. Roosevelt requests schools as service centers: Roosevelt message to National Institute on Education and the War, Aug. 28, 1942, OF 6 G. On curriculum: What the Schools Should Teach in Wartime, NEA pamphlet, OF 107, Box 8. On idle colleges: report to Roosevelt, July 30, 1943, OF 5182; Bush, p. 7. ASTP and V-12 programs and cuts: OF 25 NN, 1943-45, especially Patterson to Rosenman, Jan. 27, 1944; Rosenman to Roosevelt, Feb. 21, 1944; Marshall to Roosevelt, Feb. 22, 1944. Roosevelt on limited federal school participation: Roosevelt to Pepper, Nov. 12, 1942, OF 107, Box 8. Roosevelt’s request of War and Navy Departments for a study of use of colleges for war purposes: PPF 7886, Oct. 15, 1942. Roosevelt’s request of Bush for postwar science program: PPA, 1944-45, Nov. 17, 1944, and note; Cox Diary, Oct. 24, 1944, FDRL; draft letter to Hopkins, Oct. 18, 1944; Cox to Hopkins, Nov. 9, 1944, with proposed Roosevelt letter to Bush; Smith Diary, Daily Record, March 19, 1945, FDRL. See Kandel on war and education in general. Roosevelt on planning for future: Roosevelt to Embree, March 16, 1942, OF 93. Union and labor changes: Executive Order 9240, OF 15. E. J. Burtt, Labor Markets, Unions, and Government Policies (St. Martin’s, 1963), pp. 15, 94, 99, 273. Ann Arbor housing segregation: Emmerich to McIntyre, Feb. 16, 1943; McIntyre to McNutt, March 4, 1943; McIntyre to Blandford, March 29, 1943, OF 63, Box 16.