The Definitive FDR

by James Macgregor Burns

  GI, culture of the, 470-471

  GI Bill of Rights, 362, 465, 509

  Gibraltar, 14, 64, 78, 291, 294

  Gibraltar, Strait of, 288, 403

  Gila, 267

  Gilbert Islands, 202, 443, 444, 445, 485

  Gillette, Guy, 532

  Giraud, Henri, 291, 293, 294, 295, 319, 320, 321, 322. 323, 389, 480

  Glass, Carter, 37, 48, 258, 426, 604

  Gneisenau (German battle cruiser), 89

  Godwin, Earl, 428

  Goebbels, Joseph P., 15, 70, 372, 384, 386, 548, 601

  Goering, Hermann, 70, 76, 384, 446

  Gold Beach, 474

  Good Neighbor policy, 307, 378, 604

  Graham, Frank P., 196, 264

  Grand Council (of Italy), 383

  Granger, Lester, 123

  Great Britain: accused of colonialism by Hitler, 17; aid to, 11-12, 13, 15, 23, 24-25, 28, 33, 38, 41, 42, 46, 51, 69, 84, 87. 88, 98, 100, 103, 112, 115, 133, 134, 153, 211, 234, 247, 513, 549; and the Allied invasion force, 473, 474; American-British exchange of secret scientific information, 344; armies in France, 80, 482; armies in Germany, 519, 595; assault on Caen, 477; and the Atlantic war, 160; and the atomic bomb, 251, 456-457; beats Vichy in Syria, 77; bombing of, 9, 29, 33, 78, 79, 558; bomber offensive against Germany, 325; British and Russian colonial rivalry in the 19th century, 373; British intelligence, 446; British pilots trained on Ameri­can airfields, 88; British prisoners of war in Italy, 391; British ships re­paired in American docks, 41, 64, 88; capacity to wage war doubted in U.S., 88; casualties, 546; and China, 79, 204-205, 375; and colonialism, 17, 596; considered finished by Hit­ler, 16, 17; defeats Italians in Africa, 77; diplomacy of, 551; destroys French warships, 285; exchange of emissaries with the U.S., 73-74; and economic policy, 514; fears postwar supremacy of dollar, 514; and France, 566; gift of destroyers, 11-12, 13, 15, 33; and Greece, 74, 75-76, 77, 314, 365, 395, 484, 537; hard-pressed by war losses, 88; heavy needs of, 98; Hitler’s opinion of the British people, 310; and Hong Kong, 79, 575; in 1941, 68, 72; and India, 79, 219-222, 231, 238-239, 240-242, 375, 379-381, 422, 549; and Indo-china, 128, 592, 593; invasion threat­ened, 10, 14, 15, 19, 33, 45, 64, 73, 79; investment in, 84; invites Prince Paul to form common Balkan front, 711 and Italy, 315, 318, 319, 369, 391, 393, 401; and Japan, 80, 137, 171-172, 400; and the Jews, 395, 442; and the League of Nations, 567; mission to Moscow, 153; occupies Crete, 15; offensive in northern Burma, 445; opposition in left-wing circles to the Darlan deal, 295; and the Pacific war, 79, 519; and Poland, 570, 583; policy toward Vichy, 65; possessions in Far East threatened by Japan, 80; postpones general elections during World War II, 497; and postwar set­tlements, 364; reaction to F.D.R.’s death, 610; refuses friendship with Germany, 14; refuses to agree to Andaman operation, 415; F.D.R.’s commitment to, 84, 88-89; routs Mussolini’s forces in Africa, 68, 72, 180, 311; and Russia, 94, 102, 111, 232, 248, 283, 373; safety of, 180; seen as fighting mainly to keep its power and wealth, 559; siege of, 93; as signatory of Declaration of Allied Unity, 185; and Singapore, 79; social security boom, 361; and Spain, 14, 65, 77, 127; stands to gain economically from deindustrialized Germany, 520; strength in Mediterranean area, 73; suspected of imperialist aims by France, 290; surrenders extraterritorial rights in China, 375; takes over Iceland, 104; twenty-year peace treaty with Russia, 232; unable to pay for American war aid, 24-25; and the U.N., 515, 567, 568; War Cabinet, 10-11; war crisis, 88; war effort, 559; war situation summarized by Church­ill in letter to F.D.R., 12-13. See also British Empire; Churchill, Winston S.; Convoys; Eighth Army; Joint Chiefs of Staff, British

  Great Lakes Naval Training Station, 268-269

  Great Smoky Mountains National Park, 143

  Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere, 78, 79, 217, 218

  Greater East Asia War, 217

  Greece: aid to, 65; and Allied advance in Italy, 395; and Churchill, 74, 75-76, 77, 484, 537, 538-539, 579, 583; conquest of, by Germany, 65, 71, 74, 88, 94, 204; counteroffensive in, 314; and Great Britain, 74, 75-76, 314, 365, 395, 484, 537, 538, 583, 586; invasion of, by Italy, 14-15, 71; liberation of, 534; F.D.R. and Eden discuss, 365; and Russia, 484, 537, 538, 583, 586; F.D.R. wires Churchill condolences on loss of, 77; as signa­tory of Declaration of Allied Unity, 185; and the U.S., 77, 88, 314, 395, 484, 538-539, 586

  Green, Theodore Francis, 48, 427

  Green, William, 55, 177, 260, 264, 521

  Greenland, 57, 88

  Greer, U.S.S., 139, 140, 147

  Grew, Joseph C, 19, 20, 21-22, 29, 62, 78, 84, 110, 135, 135, 144, 146, 159, 552-553

  Gromyko, Andrei A., 398, 516, 517-518, 565, 584

  Groton, 4, 6-7, 604

  Ground Controlled Approach system, 346

  Groves, Leslie R., 456, 558

  Gruening, Ernest, 266

  Guadalcanal, 255, 256, 282, 283-285, 302, 337, 382

  Guam, 164, 165, 172, 175, 201, 202, 486, 487

  Guantanamo, 493

  Guatemala, 185

  Guffey, Joseph, 421

  Gulick, Luther, 355

  Gunther, John, 56-58

  Gustav Line. 438, 439

  GYMNAST, 179-181

  Haakon, King of Norway, 62

  Hackmeister, Louise (“Hackie”), 200

  Hague, Frank, 276

  Hahn, Otto, 249

  Haile Selassie, 578, 579

  Hainan, 78

  Haiti, 57, 185, 316, 341

  Haider, Franz, 496

  Halifax, Canada, 392

  Halifax, Lord, 11, 74, 179, 365, 457, 484, 581, 591

  Halsey, William F. (“Bull”), 224, 443, 444, 540

  Hanford, atomic bomb project at, 456

  Hangö, 365, 412

  Hankow, 541

  Hannegan, Robert E., 276, 503, 504, 505, 506, 524

  Hannover, 595

  Hara, Yoshimichi, 138

  Harbin, 574

  Harbors, artificial, 477

  Harriman, W. Averell, 73, 88, 153, 163, 237-238, 406, 536, 537, 539, 564, 566, 572, 573, 574, 577, 583, 601

  Hart, Thomas C, 206

  Harvard Crimson, 491

  Harvard University, 4, 189, 344, 604

  Hassett, William D., 22, 199, 200, 208, 224, 253, 298, 350, 390, 436, 437, 447, 493, 530, 552, 553, 595, 599, 600, 601

  Hastie, William, 471

  Hawaii, 78, 80, 86, 90, 110, 159, 160, 164, 166, 172, 176, 177, 203, 222, 225, 226, 266, 403, 488-489, 507. See also Honolulu; Honolulu Conference; Pearl Harbor

  Hayes, Roland, 265

  Health, in the U.S., 54, 355, 560

  Hearst, William Randolph, 212, 421, 497, 498, 500

  Heavy water, 252

  Henderson, Leon, 51, 116, 197, 257, 258, 301, 340, 350

  Henderson Field, 284

  Henry Browne, Farmer (documentary film), 271

  Hershey, Lewis B., 337, 463, 528

  Hess, Rudolf, 102

  Hickam Field, 489

  Higgins, Trumbull, 549

  Higgins Yard, New Orleans, 270

  Hill, Lister, 532

  Hillman, Sidney, 51, 52, 55-56, 117, 123, 263, 524, 525

  Hilton, James, 224

  Himmler, Heinrich, 70, 72, 554

  Hindus, in India, 219

  Hirohito, Emperor of Japan, 18, 19, 137, 138, 146, 158, 160, 558-559

  Hiss, Alger, 565

  Histories of the war, 389

  Hitler, Adolf: and the Allied invasion of France, 474-475; anxiety to divert U.S. efforts to the Pacific, 20; as­sesses the African situation as hope­less, 330; attempts to divert F.D.R. from giving aid to Britain, 16; avoid­ance of showdown with U.S., 13, 105, 106; bent on conquering the world, 109; bomb plot, 496; character of, 66-68; as commander in chief, 496; desires friendship with England, 14; dominates U.S. politics, 6; dream of the “New Order,” 18; drives thou­sands of scientists from Europe to America, 343; fall of, 366, 545; fear and contempt for the U.S., 16, 174, and hatred of the Russians, 70, 309-310; and Franco, 14, 64, 73; hatred 310; hatred of Jews, 70, 310, 387; in hi
s last days, 557; infuriated by F.D.R.’s escalation of the war, 141; interpretation of Freedom, 387; learns of F.D.R.’s death, 601; letter to Mussolini on Russian invasion, 96; as a master propagandist, 386; meet­ing with Laval, 295; meeting with Matsuoka, 80; meeting with Molotov, 16-17; meetings with Mussolini, 15, 330, 383, 394; meeting with Pétain, 14; meeting with Rommel, 477; Mein Kampf, 68, 70; as a mili­tary commander, 228; military strategy of, 308-309; opinion of the British, 70, 310; opinion of Churchill, 309; opinion of F.D.R., 15, 67-68, 174, 309, 475; opinion of Stalin, 15, 68-69, 309; opposed by his generals, 71; order of the day not to withdraw in Italy, 439; personal power in 1941 almost total, 70; and Pétain, 14, 15, 64, 287, 288; ponders his strategic situation, 68-70; postpones invasion of England, 10; postpones invasion of Russia, 72; propaganda campaign to the workers of the world, 17; promises to Stalin, 94; reaction to F.D.R.’s re-election, 13-14; refrains from provocative acts against the U.S., 69; resistance to, 548; as seen by F.D.R., 67, 68, 140-141; as seen by the Russians, 67; as seen by Stalin, 113, 409; speech on Fascism and the New Order, December 1940, 17-18; speech on seventeenth anni­versary of Beer Hall Putsch, 14; “stand or die” military policy, 309, 477, 482; statement of opposing worlds quoted by F.D.R., 28; strategic decision of a two-front war, 15-16, 17, 68, 69, 97; strategy in Poland as ex­ample of military genius of, 15, 68, 80; strategy of, 13-18, 64; sum­mons Prince Paul to secret meeting, 71; supreme gamble in West, 553-554; typical gesture, 606; and the U.S. gift of destroyers to British, 12; wants Japan to attack the Russians, 108; wins support of his generals, 554; in world opinion, 66-67; world strategy, 66; would declare war on U.S., 173; xenophobia and racism, 17, 70, 174, 310, 387

  “Hobcaw” (plantation), 449, 450, 455, 507, 509

  Ho Chi Minh, 593

  Hochschule für Politik, 386

  Hodges, Courtney H., 482

  Holland. See Netherlands

  Hollandia, 444

  Holman, Rufus C, 431

  Holmes, Oliver Wendell, 611

  Homma, Masaharu, 202, 206

  Honan, 541

  Honduras, 185

  Hong Kong, 79, 149, 165, 175, 201, 203, 404, 575

  Honolulu, 161, 162, 166, 507

  Honolulu Conference, 488-489, 490, 496, 507

  Honshu, 590

  Hood, H.M.S., 99

  Hoover, Herbert, 38, 111, 356, 426, 528, 542

  Hoover, J. Edgar, 217, 463

  Hopkins, Harry, 57, 88, 104-105, 182, 416, 524; accompanies F.D.R. on Caribbean cruise, 24; advises F.D.R. on China, 377; at Argentia Con­ference, 126, 129; and James Byrnes, 262; at Cairo Conference, 402, 406, 409; at Casablanca Conference, 316, 322; character, 60-61; Chennault’s plea to, for supplies, 445; and Madame Chiang Kai-shek, 376; as chief aide to F.D.R., 8, 22, 33, 39, 50, 60-61, 85, 89, 91, 126, 129, 136, 161, 162, 178, 182, 183, 185, 194, 200, 232, 248, 297, 350, 353, 453, 465, 495, 561; Churchill’s confidence in, 183; Churchill’s letter to, urging assault on Algiers, 289, 290; criticism of, 60, 211; discusses plans with Eden and F.D.R., 365, 366; distrusts Bernard Baruch, 340; dubbed by Churchill “Lord Root of the Matter,” 60; in England, as F.D.R.’s emissary, 73, 112, 221, 230-231, 236, 244; extols “open door” policy in China, 375; favors inclusion of “freedom of re­ligion” clause in Declaration of Allied Unity, 183; favors naval escort for merchant ships, 101; favors postwar security organization, 359; friend­ship with F.D.R., 62; at Hyde Park, 3, 8, 199, 392; ill-health, 60, 73, 74, 112, 392, 447. 451, 453, 479, 495, 579; influence on F.D.R., 60-61; as a liberal and internationalist, 59; liked by F.D.R., 60-61; at meeting with Farouk, Haile Selassie, and Ibn Saud, 578; meetings with Churchill, 73, 126, 129, 178, 179, 182, 187, 190, 221, 230-231, 236; meeting with Stalin, 113-114, 189; opinion of F.D.R., 50, 608; opinion of Stalin, 189; prompts F.D.R. to reshuffle re­search agencies, 344; put in charge of Lend-Lease, 61, 114; reports from London on need for ships, 244; rooms of, in White House, 58, 178; F.D.R. plans fishing retreat for him­self and, 143; F.D.R. writes to, from Hobcaw, 450; on F.D.R.’s evolvement of Lend-Lease program, 25; in Russia, 112-114, 127, 189; sees neces­sity of including Russia and China in four-power organization, 238; sen­sitive to F.D.R.’s moods, 60; at Shangri-La, 291; speech writer for F.D.R., 140; studies production needs for defense, 133; suggests set­ting for F.D.R.’s Bremerton speech, 508; uncertain on advisability of aid to Britain, 91; urges suppression of reports of F.D.R.’s ill-health, 507; at White House conferences with Churchill and F.D.R., 178, 179, 182, 187, 190, 368; at Yalta Conference, 565, 567, 578, 579

  Hopkins, William, 451

  Hornet, U.S.S., 224, 226

  House of Representatives: and the Office of War Information, 385; and the price-control bill, 196-197; and the soldiers’-vote bill, 431; special investigating committee of, 455. See also Banking and Currency Committee; Congress; Dies Committee; Foreign Affairs Committee; Labor Com­mittee: Rules Committee; Tolan Committee; Ways and Means Committee

  Housing, 54, 355, 466

  Howard, Roy, 212

  How New Will the Belter World Be? (Becker), 516

  Hudson River, 3, 4, 22, 92, 530, 610, 611, 612

  Hughes, Charles Evans, 37, 122, 534

  Hull, Cordell: advocate of free world trade, 39, 107; allowed by F.D.R. to stall the Japanese, 144-145; asked by F.D.R. to postpone publication of Wilson notes, 428; atomic project kept secret from, 456; attitude of, toward Japan, 107, 136, 144, 145, 150; character, 23; consulted on possibil­ity of Axis attack on U.S., 86; criti­cism of Darlan policy aimed at, 286; criticized for cautiousness, 65; declines role as F.D.R.’s running mate in 1944, 504; dubbed “gallant old eagle” by Churchill, 400; favors re­lease of interned Japanese-Americans, 464; foresees danger of spheres of interest in postwar Europe, 483; and the Greer incident, 139; ill-health, 107; informed of Japanese attack, 162-163; informed of F.D.R.’s pres­tige in India, 221; international diplomacy deplored by, 551; as an internationalist, 40; meeting with Churchill, 179, 184; meeting with Eden, 364-366; meeting with Molotov, 232; meetings with Russian Am­bassador Oumansky, 102; mission to Moscow, 400-401; negotiations of, with Japanese Ambassador, 89, 107-109, 134-136, 144-146, 157-158, 162-163; notes on F.D.R.’s insistence on necessity for unity of command in Europe, 381; notes F.D.R.’s liking for title of Commander in Chief, 490; as one of F.D.R.’s “assistant presidents,” 452; opinion of Matsuoka, 21; op­posed to shifting Pacific fleet units, 89-90, 92, 99; plans for postwar se­curity, 359 427, 429, 516, 539; plays down likelihood of war, 48; political influence of, 23; presses for nondiscriminatory postwar economic poli­cies, 129; public disaffection with, 286, 467; repudiates charge of being “anti-Russian,” 398; resents retention of Welles as Undersecretary, 350; re­tirement of, 552; F.D.R. defines un­conditional surrender principle to, re Germany, 441; at F.D.R.’s 1940 address on national security, 27; F.D.R.’s note to, outlining proposals for Japanese truce pact, 156; Secre­tary of State, 23; sends coded message to F.D.R. on Stalin’s willingness to fight Japan, 401; as spokesman for the South, 39; takes Willkie to see F.D.R., 43; telephones F.D.R. about imminent Japanese attack, 158; testimony of, on Lend-Lease bill par­tially written by F.D.R., 45; threatens to resign, 184; on treatment of Germany after surrender, 519, 520, 521; urges F.D.R. to include review of Japanese-American relations in war message, 164; urges strong mea­sures against labor agitators, 117; worries about isolationists on issue of postwar organization, 359

  Hungary, 365, 518, 537

  Hurley, Patrick J., 542, 543, 544, 588-590, 591, 592

  Hu Shih, Dr., 156, 271

  Hyde Park, 3-9, 58, 143, 199-201, 224, 235, 253, 260, 280, 299, 300, 302, 389, 390, 392, 394, 436, 437, 450, 458, 503, 505, 521, 550, 559, 604, 606, 607, 612; Christmas at, 416-417, 554

  Ibn Saud, King of Saudi Arabia, 339, 578-579

  Iceland, 104-105, 127, 139, 140, 141, 142, 147, 368

  Ickes, Harold L.: advocates American intervention in the Atlantic, 65, 90-91, 99, 105; advocates forceful action against Japan, 23, 107, 109, 114-115, 159; advocates tackling discrimination on
a national scale, 462; attacks “lords of the press” for their hatred of F.D.R., 421; battles with col­leagues, 23, 65, 562; bickers with War Labor Board over mine strikes, 337; character, 23; at Democratic convention of 1944, 505, 506; dis­cusses future government of Pacific islands, 560; favors releasing in­terned Japanese-Americans, 464; fa­vors support of China, 159; fishing companion of F.D.R., 23, 60; has jurisdiction of War Relocation Au­thority, 464; irked by F.D.R.’s aloof­ness in election campaign, 509; lib­eralism of, 40; maneuvers for trans­fer of Forest Service to the Interior, 23, 62, 143; objects to F.D.R.’s re­shuffling of research agencies, 344; opinion of Hopkins, 60; ordered by F.D.R. to repossess striking mines, 337; potential ally of Attorney Gen­eral Biddle, 215; representative of Bull Moose reform, 39; F.D.R. ap­praises Japan’s position in July 1941 in letter to, 108; F.D.R. considers ap­pointment of, as Secretary of Labor, 334; F.D.R. writes to, on designation for his Hyde Park property, 390; Secretary of the Interior, 23; Solid Fuels Administrator, 337; threatens to bring his own food as lunch guest of F.D.R., 299; unpopularity of, 301; at White House correspondents’ din­ner, 594

  I’d Rather Be Right (play), 33