Operation Gladio
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American Federation of Labor, 55
“American Holocaust,” 23
American International Group. See AIG
American International Underwriters Corp. (AIUC), 19, 147
American Mafia. See Mafia
American Telephone and Telegraph (AT&T), 157
American War Machine, The (Scott), 147
Ames, Aldrich, 256
Amin, Hafizullah, 169
Amincor Bank, 138, 141
Anastasia, Albert, 35–36, 39, 80
Anastasio, Tony “Tough Tony,” 35–36
Andreatta, Beniamino, 185, 236
Andreotti, Giulio, 13, 17, 61, 73, 76, 89, 103, 104, 115, 183, 228, 235, 247, 251, 260, 265
Andropov, Yuri, 209
Angelini, Fiorenzo, 61, 65, 265, 281
Angioletti, Thomas, 184
Angleton, Hugh, 27, 32
Angleton, James Jesus, 13, 15, 27, 28, 31, 32, 33, 41, 44, 49, 51, 98, 204
ANSA. See Agenzi Nazionale Stampa Associata
Anslinger, Harry “Hank,” 42, 48, 84
anti-Communist efforts, 23, 27, 31, 33, 100, 141, 245–46
stay-behind units developed to fight Communism, 23–29, 62–63. See also Grey Wolves; P2
in the Vatican, 46, 46–47, 49–51, 71, 165
efforts to fight Italian Communist Party. See Partito Comunista Italiano
Antonov, Sergei Ivanov, 209, 213, 214, 215
Apalachin Conference, 15, 80
Aran Investment (shell company), 87
“Arc of Crisis,” 271
Argentina
attacks on Jewish citizens, 121
CIA and Gladio/Operation Condor in, 110, 111, 114–16, 132, 157
Dirty War (1976–1983), 16, 120–25
and Falklands war, 181, 217, 230
as a Nazi and criminal haven, 71–72, 102
P2 in, 76, 109, 110, 115, 181, 217
Vatican and Vatican Bank relations with, 121–23, 181, 188, 217, 230
fears of liberation theology, 116, 117
Pope Francis I as Bergoglio in, 122–27
Argentine Anticommunist Alliance (AAA), 115
Arico, William, 251
Arkansas as hub of international drug smuggling, 16, 221–22
Arkansas Development Finance Authority, 221
Armao, Robert, 224
Armed Forces Information Service. See Servizio Informazioni Forze Armate (Italy)
Armed Revolutionary Nuclei. See Nuclei Armati Rivoluzionari (Italy)
Armenian Holocaust, 278
Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia (ASALA), 202
Armitage, Richard L., 150
arms trafficking, 170, 172, 174–76, 181, 184, 188, 196, 207, 214, 216, 217, 223, 257
arms dumps of Gladio, 99, 100, 106, 109, 194, 200, 203, 208
and the CIA, 21, 31, 56–57, 74, 129, 149, 170, 174–75, 188, 199, 203, 207, 208, 211, 218, 219, 220, 257, 259, 267
drugs-for-arms trades, 31, 167, 174–75, 194, 197, 203, 220, 268
in Latin America, 259
and the Mafia, 60, 61, 174–75, 195, 219
and P2, 181, 188
Stibam International (company), 175, 176, 184, 195, 217, 218, 219
and the Vatican/Vatican Bank, 181, 229, 289
See also Bank of Credit and Commerce International (BCCI); World Commerce Corporation (WCC)
Arsan, Henri, 16, 175, 176, 204, 210, 214, 217, 218, 219, 223, 253
Artoc (financial institution), 186
Aryan Integral Nationalist Fatherland (Argentina), 121
ASALA. See Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia
Asia Foundation (CIA front), 169
Asiaín, José Sánchez, 254, 255
Associated Press, 59
Association for Responsible Dissent, 23
Asta, Barbara Rizzo, 219
Astolfine SA, 179, 225
Atocha massacre, 112
Auchi, Nadhmi, 91
Australia, CIA in, 148–49, 151, 176, 206
Austrian Sports Club, 66–67
autopsy, lack of for John Paul I, 163–64, 165
AV. See Avanguardia Nazionale
Avanguardia Nazionale [National Vanguard] (AV), 75, 100, 111
Avrakotos, Gust, 112
Azerbaijan, 202, 266, 268
Azzam, Abdullah, 258
Baggio, Sebastiano, 156, 159, 160, 281
Bahamas, 30, 85, 94, 119, 140, 146, 147, 250
Bahçelievler Massacre, 267
Bakshi-Doron, Eliyahu, 273
Balci, Bayram, 277–78
Baldassari, Salvatore, 64
Balkan route. See Golden Crescent, drugs in
Ballesteros, Juan Matta, 259
Banca Cattolica del Veneto, 60, 158, 243
Banca Commerciale Italiana, 86
Banca del Fucino, 288
Banca del Gottardo, 179, 237
Banca di Messina, 84
Banca di Roma, 137–38, 157
Banca d'Italia, 251
Banca Nazionale dell'Agricoltura, 95, 96
Banca Nazionale del Lavoro (BNL), 171, 222
Banca Popolare, 96
Banca Privata Finanziaria [Bank of Private Finance] (BPF), 16, 60, 82, 83, 84, 86–87, 91, 137–38, 139, 143, 187, 195
Banca Privata Italiana, 141
Banca Unione (Italy's national union bank), 137
Banco Ambrosiano, 10, 50, 93–94, 175, 198
Ambrosiano Group Banco Commercial, 182
Ambrosiano Overseas, 140, 186
Banco Ambrosiano de America del Sud, 185, 196
Banco Ambrosiano Holding, 119, 140
Banco Ambrosiano Overseas, 140
and the Bank of Italy, 158, 185, 197, 227, 228, 229, 236–37
and Calvi, 94, 134, 140, 158, 173, 176, 180, 182–83, 184, 188, 196, 197, 228, 230, 232
collapse of, 16, 188, 222, 228–29, 236, 237, 249
attempted bailouts, 226, 229, 243, 253
becoming Nuovo Banco Ambrosiano, 243
deaths related to, 229, 234–35, 236
efforts by Pazienza to solve problems, 223–24, 226, 229
kidnapping related to, 239–40, 241
and “letter of patronage” from Marcinkus, 225
and the Vatican Bank, 119, 140, 146, 158, 173, 176, 179, 180, 181–83, 184–86, 188, 196, 197, 208, 225, 229, 230, 236, 243, 249, 253
Banco Andino, 237
Banco Bilbao, 254
Banda della Magliana [Band of the Magliana] (Italy), 14, 157, 196, 208, 226–27, 232, 234, 237, 239, 240, 241
Banerjee, Ben, 172
Banim, Seamus, 164
Bankers Association of New York, 157
Bankers Trust, 90
Bankhaus Herstatt, 138
Bankhaus Wolff, 138
Bank of America, 280
Bank of Boston, 177, 280
Bank of Credit and Commerce International (BCCI), 16, 57, 129, 170–72, 177, 221–22
Bank of Italy, 50
and Banco Ambrosiano, 158, 184–85, 197, 227, 228, 229, 236–37
imposing tighter restrictions on foreign holding companies, 187–88
and the Vatican Bank, 187, 196–97, 227, 228, 236
Bank of New York, 33, 177
Bank of Randolph, 82
Bank Secrecy Act of 1970 (US), 280
Banque de Financement (Finabank), 84, 86, 87
Banque de Paris et des Pays-Bas, 84, 91
Banzer Suárez, Hugo and the Banzer Plan, 16, 72, 118–19, 181
Barbie, Klaus, 72, 73, 118–19
Barnard, Christiaan, 164
Barnes, Tracy, 41
Barone, Mario, 143
Bartholomeos (Greek Orthodox patriarch), 273
Bartholomeus, Eugene, 176
Basque separatist movement, 105, 112, 200
Bath, John R., 171, 221
Bay of Pigs invasion, 129
BCCI. See Bank of Credit and Commerce International
Bea, Augustin, 61, 64
Beam, J
acob D., 132
Beaty, Jonathan, 249
Beazley, Donald, 85
Begon, Jack, 134–35
Belgium, 286
CIA in, 200, 261
Bellatrix SA, 179, 181, 225
Bellochio, Antonio, 77
Bellucci, Cleto, 281
Belrose SA, 179, 225
Benedict XVI (pope), 66, 288
as Josef Ratzinger, 286
resignation of, 289
Benelli, Giovanni, 155, 156–57, 158, 159, 165
Bergoglio, Jorge Mario. See Francis I (pope)
Berio, Duccio, 105
Berlusconi, Silvio, 109, 265
Bernstein, Carl, 287
Bethlehem Steel, 90
Bicchierai, Giuseppe, 49
“Billygate,” 223
Bingham, Barry, Sr., 59
bin Laden, Osama, 170, 258
Bissell, Richard, 41
Black, Edwin Fahey, 150
Blackfriars Bridge, 16, 231, 234
See also Calvi, Roberto
“black funds,” 15, 52, 60, 70, 76, 90, 101, 102, 115, 144, 192, 197, 198, 206, 273, 287
See also money laundering
Black Prince. See Borghese, Junio Valerio (prince)
Blond Ghost (Corn), 212
Bluhdorn, Charles, 92
Blum, William, 23
BND. See Bundesnachrichtendienst
BNDD. See Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs (US)
BNL. See Banca Nazionale del Lavoro
Boccia, Ferdinand, 39
Bodio, Giovanni, 254
Bolivia, 72, 76, 111, 114, 115, 116, 118–19, 181
CIA in, 115, 118
Bologna (Italy) bombing, 16, 107–110, 200, 208, 219, 223
Bonamico, Joseph (name used by Sindona), 189
Bonamín, Victorio, 117, 122
Bonanno, Joseph “Joe Bananas,” 34–35, 79, 80
Bonarelli, Raul, 239
Bonicelli, Gaetano, 281
Bontade, Stefano, 183, 216, 234, 247, 248
Bordoni, Carlo, 86–87, 143
Borghese, Junio Valerio (prince), 13, 15, 27–28, 98
Borghese Coup. See Golpe Borghese
Bormann, Martin, 73
Bowie, Robert R., 131
Bozkurt (newsletter of Grey Wolves), 202
BPF. See Banca Privata Finanziaria
Brabant Massacre (in Belgium), 200
Braden, Spruille, 71
Braden, Thomas “Tom,” 40, 54–55
Brazil, 117, 149, 181
CIA in, 113–14
Brazzi, Rossano, 218
Bregman, Myriam, 126
Brennan, Earl, 37
Brescia (Italy) bombing, 16, 101
Brewster, Kingman, Jr., 132
British Security Coordination, 31
Brod, Mario, 41
Brown, Irving, 55
Bruce, David K. E., 32
Brzezinski, Zbigniew, 14, 103, 108, 131, 167, 169, 182, 201, 202, 269
Bucak, Sedat, 266
Buckley, William F., Jr., 9, 41, 51, 131
Bugnini, Annibale, 65
“Bulgarian thesis” for the murder of John Paul II, 209, 213, 214, 215
Bundesnachrichtendienst (BND), 51, 175, 210, 211
Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs (US) (BNDD), 42, 48, 89
Burma, 30, 31
CIA/OSS in, 32, 53, 56, 57, 151, 167
Burns, Arthur F., 132, 135, 137
Bush, George H. W., 16, 51, 171, 193–94, 207, 221, 255, 264
Bush, Prescott, Jr., 255
Buzzonetti, Renato, 161–62, 163, 164
Byrne, Malcolm, 264
Byrne, Terence Charles, 220
Cabral, Amilcar, 111
Cacciavillan, Agostino, 65
Calderone, Giuseppe “Pippo,” 64, 175
Cali, Frank, 177
Calò, Giuseppe “Pippo,” 157, 184, 208, 210, 223, 233, 234
Caloia, Angelo, 254
Calvi, Anna, 231
Calvi, Nino, 229
Calvi, Roberto, 10, 14, 16, 93, 109, 119, 156, 157, 166, 179–88, 206, 240
and Banco Ambrosiano, 94, 134, 140, 158, 173, 176, 180, 182–83, 184, 188, 196, 197, 228, 230, 232
end of financial power of, 223–31
murder of, 16, 222, 223, 230–31, 232–34, 242
removed from position at Banco Ambrosiano, 229
and the Vatican Bank, 224, 225, 228, 229–30, 253
Calvini, Gian Roberto (name used by Roberto Calvi), 230
Cambora, Héctor, 114
Camillian (religious order), 234
Camorra of Naples (branch of the Mafia). See Mafia
Cantellops, Nelson, 81
Cappiello, Mario, 218
Caprio, Giuseppe, 192, 193
Carboni, Flavio, 183, 218, 226–27, 228, 230, 231, 234, 237
Carboni, Gianfranco, 240
Caridi, Settimio, 45
Caritas Italiana (Vatican charity), 72
“Caroline” (torture machine), 123
Carone, Albert, 42, 51
Carrett, David, 98
Carter, Billy, 223
Carter, Jimmy, 103, 108, 120, 130, 131, 182, 194, 201, 221
Carter, J. Michael, 137
Casa Circondariale Femminile (maximum-security prison), 250, 252
Casadilla (subsidiary of United Trading Corporation), 181
Casariego, Mario, 117
Casaroli, Agostino, 61, 65, 73, 159, 163, 183, 185, 192, 193, 236, 239, 241, 243, 281
Casey, William, 51, 170, 172, 193, 207, 211, 220, 221, 244, 255
Casilo, Vincenzo, 233
Cassini, Angelo, 240
Casson, Felice, 110, 256, 260
Castellano, Paul, 80, 177
Castelo Branco, Humberto, 114
Castle Bank and Trust, 15, 30, 85, 129, 146–48, 177
CAT. See Civil Air Transport (US)
Catholic Action, 46, 49, 61, 70, 117
Catholic Black Nobility, 27
Catholic Condor. See Operation Condor
Catholic Democratic Party (Italy), 73
Catholic Gladio, 15, 61–62, 70
Catholicism
author's Catholic upbringing, 9–10
condemning Freemasonry, 63
decline of number of Catholics, 285–86, 290
Diem as devout Catholic, 58
Medellin Conference calling for aid to the oppressed (liberation theology), 116
Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 211
Çatlı, Abdullah, 14, 204, 205, 210–11, 214, 266–69, 271, 272, 279
Çatlı, Meral Aydoğan, 268
Cauchi, Augusto, 101–102
CBS (Columbia Broadcasting System), 59, 130
CDP. See Christian Democratic Party (Italy)
Çelenk, Bekir, 173, 174, 176, 210–11, 214, 217
Çelik, Oral, 204, 210, 214
Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS), 108
Central Intelligence Agency (US) (CIA), 23, 40, 117, 216
arms trafficking, 21, 31, 56–57, 74, 129, 149, 170, 174–75, 188, 199, 203, 207, 208, 211, 218, 219, 220, 257, 259, 267
becoming focused on Afghanistan, 256–60
condemnations of, 129–30, 262–64
domestic spying, 151
and drugs, 15, 16, 21, 30–44, 48, 52, 53–60, 72, 73, 88–89, 118–19, 145–53, 167–78, 180, 216–22, 278–80. See also Helliwell, Paul E.
efforts to resolve Banco Ambrosiano problems, 223–31
ending of Gladio in Europe, 259–64
establishment of, 15, 40
fighting Communism, 66–68, 68, 85. See also “stay-behind armies”
efforts to destabilize Soviet Union, 170
funding P2, 76. See also P2 (Propaganda Due)
in Italy, 43–44, 61, 69–70, 74–75, 105, 106
using terror attacks and coup attempts, 95–102
in Latin America, 72, 73–74, 85, 113–27, 179–82
and money laundering, 129, 170–71. See also Castle Bank an
d Trust; Helliwell, Paul E.; Nugan Hand Bank; Sindona, Michele
use of shell and holding companies, 146–47, 148, 149, 150, 151, 169, 170, 171–72, 177, 220
Office of National Estimates, 69
Office of Policy Coordination, 44, 56
precursors of, 19
recruiting rich and elite, 57
and the Sicilian coup, 16, 142–44, 145, 191
and the Vatican/Vatican Bank, 42, 45–52, 69–70, 160
attempted shooting of Pope John Paul II, 206–215
funding Opus Dei, 16, 245
rigging papal elections, 70, 126, 154–56, 165, 198
See also Gladio and other CIA operations, i.e., Operation Condor, Operation Mockingbird, etc.; names of specific countries where CIA operated
Central Intelligence Group (US) (CIG), 40
Ceramica Pozzi (company), 91
CFR. See Council on Foreign Relations
Chaing Kai-shek, 31, 32, 56, 57, 88
Chase Manhattan (bank), 14, 85, 90, 92, 132, 133, 136, 244, 280
Chavez, Hugo, 127
Chemical Bank, 280
Chennault, Claire L., 31
Chile, 111, 112, 116–17, 118, 136, 157, 181
CIA in, 117, 129, 206, 245
Chi l'ha Visto [Who Has Seen Them] (current-events program), 242
Christian Democratic Party (Italy) (CDP), 37, 46–47, 49, 61, 69, 74, 75, 89, 94, 97, 98, 101–102, 103, 149, 176, 197, 198, 235
and the CIA, 50, 51, 76, 142
Christian Science Monitor (newspaper), 131
Christians for Socialism (Chile), 117
Chrysler (company), 115, 157
Church Committee (US Senate Committee), 16, 129–30
CIA. See Central Intelligence Agency (US)
CIA and the Cult of Intelligence, The (Marchetti), 53
CIC. See Counter-Intelligence Corps (US)
Çiftçi, Ibrahim, 202
CIG. See Central Intelligence Group (US)
Ciglieri, Carlo, 75
Cil, Cevdet, 173, 174
Cil, Huseyn, 173, 174, 217
Çiller, Tansu, 267, 268
Cisalpine Overseas Bank (shell company), 119, 140
Citibank, 136, 177, 280
Civella, Nick, 80
Civic Front of National Liberation (Argentina), 115
Civil Air Transport (US) (CAT), 31, 57, 58
Clark, William P., 255
Clarke, Carter W., 39
Clarridge, Duane “Dewey,” 174, 204, 259
Clean Hands (political kickback scheme), 255
Clifford, Clark M., 221
Clines, Thomas G., 88, 150, 212
Clinton, Bill, 221, 275
Clinton Correctional Facility, 35, 36, 37
cocaine. See drug trafficking
Cockburn, Alexander, 30
Cocke, Erle, 150
Cody, John, 14, 155, 156, 166
Cohen, Ariel, 276
Colby, William, 13, 17, 41, 49, 51, 52, 71, 85, 128, 148, 151–52
Coless, Gabriel, 9
Colgate (company), 92