by Norman Ohler
drug users in, 16
experiments on detainees, 199–205, 202, 204, 209–10, 255 n21, 257 nn36–37
extermination camps, 120
consciousness control, 209
Conti, Leo, 59–60, 62, 98–100, 119, 143–44
Corriere della Sera (Milan newspaper), 98
corticoids, 132
counterintelligence, 144, 249 n104
Crimea, 146
Crowds and Power (Canetti), 210
crystal meth, 1–2, 2n, 36n, 187
Czechoslovakia, defeat of, 38
D
D-Day, 151–52, 152n, 191
“D I” to “D X” (drugs), 194
“D IX” (drug), 193, 194, 196–97, 213
Dachau concentration camp, 209–10, 255 n21, 256 n36, 258 n41
DAF (German Labor Front), 90
Daladier, Édouard, 76
Darmstadt, 7. See also Merck Company
defense physiology, 44
Department Z, 144
Department ZF, 144
Desoxyn, 229 n1
The Devil’s General (Zuckmayer), 97
dextroamphetamine, 229 n1
diacetyl morphine. See heroin
Dicodid, 194
Dnieper River, 145
Döblin, Alfred, 10
doctors
drug use, 34, 136
drug use, penalties for, 15
in Nazi Party, 20, 231 n41
Pervitin’s advertising campaign, 31–32, 37
dolantin (opioid), 113
Dönitz, Karl, 150, 191, 197, 199, 205, 224
The Doors of Perception (Huxley), 210
dopamine, 29
Dr. Koester’s anti-gas pills, 169–71
Dresden, bombing of, 216
drugs, etymology of word, 15n
Dunkirk, 79–83
E
“Eagle’s Eyrie” (Adlerhorst), 212, 215
Eberle, Henrik, 104–5
Eisenhower, Dwight D., 213
Elser, Georg, 56, 209n
Engel-Apotheke, Berlin-Mitte, 90, 125, 126, 140, 243 n11, 248 n89
Engel-Apotheke, Darmstadt, 7
English Channel, 244 n30
ephedrine, 29, 232 n46
Ernst, Konrad, 242 n11
Eukodal
active ingredient, 136, 248 n84
addictiveness, 136, 163
availability, 248 n80, 248 n84
in “D I” to “D X” drugs, 194
in “D IX,” 193, 194
effects of, 136
Göring’s use of, 223n
history of, 136
Hitler’s use of, 135–36, 137, 138–43, 145, 151, 162–65, 164, 173, 175, 181–82, 184–85, 212–15, 217, 252 n147
side-effects, 182
therapeutic dose, 162, 252 n147
Eupaverin (anticonvulsive), 164, 173, 181, 212
euthanasia, of drug users, 17, 231 n31
exhaustion. See fatigue
Expert Group on Opium and Cocaine (Fachgruppe Opium und Kokain), 9–10
extermination camps, 120. See also concentration camps
F
Fachgruppe Opium und Kokain (Expert Group on Opium and Cocaine), 9–10
Fall Rot (operation Case Red), 83–84
Farmacija (company), 140
fatigue
cocaine for, 240 n126
in German Army, 40, 42, 46, 50, 63–64
in German Navy, 245 n30
Pervitin for, 40, 42, 50, 58, 63–64, 245 n30
Faust (Goethe), 5–6, 142–43, 163
fear, Pervitin for, 37
Fest, Joachim C., 104, 252 n138
1st Panzer Division, 69, 237 n64
First World War
cocaine use, 96, 240 n126
German defeat, reasons for, 10, 229 n11
Versailles Treaty, 8, 9
Flanders, battle for, 82
Fonck, René, 95
Foreign/Counter-Intelligence Office, 144, 249 n104
France
declaration of war on Germany, 55
French Army, strength of, 55
German invasion, of heartland, 83–85, 84
German invasion, speed of, 71–77
Germany’s plan of attack, 55–57
Franco-Prussian War (1870–71), 7
Frankfurt. See IG Farben
Freiburg Military Archive, 42, 44, 52
Funk, Walther, 149
G
Gable, Clark, 151
Gamelin, Maurice, 76
genocide of Jews, 114, 120, 121, 130
German Army
autoimmunological downfall, 133
Medical Academy, 44–45, 50–51, 189–90
methamphetamine use, 44–45, 223–24
number of soldiers, 37, 55
Paris, invasion of, 83, 85
speed of advance, 72–77, 85–86
supply lines, 131–32, 247 n68
German Army, Pervitin use
Ardennes offensive, 63, 69–72, 236 n49, 237 n64
concerns about, 54, 57–58, 60, 62
as crucial to the war, 101, 102
dependencies, 89
distribution, 73
dosage, 64, 84, 86, 88
8th Panzer Division, 53
factory order size, 65
for fatigue, 40, 42, 50, 53, 63–64
final phase of war, 187–89
IV Army Corps, 54
France, Battle of, 83–85, 84
by leaders, 143–44
by medical officers, 50–51
IX Army Corps, 53
ordered by officers, 88–89
Poland, invasion of, 51–54, 63–64
prophylactic use, 57–58
side-effects, 88–89
Soviet Union, attack on, 112, 118–19
“stimulant decree” (1940), 61, 63–64
Sudetenland, 234 n11
3rd Panzer Division, 52
to treat wounded, 188
German Labor Front (DAF), 90
German Navy
cocaine use, 206, 206–8
K-Verbände, 191–92, 194, 196–97, 225, 255 n18
miracle drug, quest for, 190–92, 194, 196–97, 198, 199, 203, 208
miracle drug, testing in concentration camp, 199, 201–5
miracle drug, use of, 206, 206–8
Pervitin use, 199, 244 n30
Scho-ka-kola use, 244 n30
Germany
1920s drug use, 8–9
declarations of war, 55, 119–20
economy, 10, 27–28, 37
foreign policy successes, 37
Pervitin use by civilians, 100, 100n, 254 n6
pharmaceutical industry, 6–10
Soviet advance toward, 151, 215, 221–22, 224
Versailles Treaty, 8, 9
Germany, attack on Soviet Union
attritional warfare, 119
German advance, 125
German headquarters, 110
goal, 113
Hitler’s division of forces, 122–23
Hitler’s “fanatical resistance,” 117–18
Kharkov, control of, 129–31
Kursk battle, 135
Moscow offensive, 116–17
Pervitin use, 112, 118–19
planning, 101, 110
Soviet defense and counteroffensives, 111–12, 117, 145, 146
Stalingrad, 134
Gestapo, 127n, 209, 238 n92
Giesing, Erwin, 157–62, 169–72, 251 n132, 252 n138
Der Giftpilz (“The Poisonous Mushroom”), 19
glucocorticoids, 132
glucose, Hitler’s injections of, 25–26, 112, 137, 141, 150, 156, 173, 179, 212, 213
glyconorm (steroid), 112–13
Gneisenau (battleship), 244 n30
Goebbels, Joseph
estate on Schwanenwerder Island, 27
on Hitler, 25, 120
on Hitler’s health, 116, 133–34, 141, 151–52, 214, 218
injections, 247 n75
letter to H
itler, 108
smoking habit, 152, 153
Wochenschau (newsreel), 80
Goebbels, Magda, 223
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 5–6, 142–43, 163, 227
Goldschmied, Wilma, 127n
Gone with the Wind (movie), 151
Göring, Hermann
appearance, 94–95
arrest by Allies, 223n
Britain, Battle of, 91–94
Cardiazol use, 127
Dunkirk plans, 81–82, 91
at Felsennest, 80
final days of war, 223
Germany’s economic independence, 28
Luftwaffe administration, 94–98
and Morell, 91, 139, 218
morphine addiction, 80–81, 91, 95, 223, 223n, 238 n92
Pervitin, as “decisive for the outcome of the war,” 101
Soviet Union, supply drops, 125
wife of, 149
Gorrissen (patient), 254 n6
Grass, Günter, 14
Great Britain
Battle of Britain, 91–98
bombing raids on German cities, 121, 146
declaration of war on Germany, 55
Dunkirk evacuation, 81–82
German penetration of English Channel, 244 n30
Greece, retreat from, 187
Greul, Emil, 194
Guderian, Heinz
Abbeville, occupation of, 80
Ardennes offensive, 56–57, 67–69, 72–73
Blitzkrieg, coining of term, 73
Dunkirk, 80, 82
on endurance, 83
France, Battle of, 84
on Hitler’s health, 178
Soviet Union, attack on, 117
speed of advance, 73–74, 85–86
“Think Big,” 237 n60
H
Hácha, Emil, 38
Haffner, Felix, 32, 242 n11
Haffner, Sebastian, 124, 220
Halder, Franz, 56, 69, 77, 119, 123
Hamburg, cocaine market, 9
Hamma Company, 127–29, 150, 239 n113
Handloser, Siegfried, 99
Hartmann, Volker, 189–90
Hartwig, Jürgen, 36
Hasselbach, Hanskarl von, 165, 172, 182
Hauschild, Fritz, 5, 28–29, 28n, 34, 36, 46
heart problems, as Pervitin side-effect, 88–89
Heikorn, Adolf, 127n
Heikorn, Friedrich, 127n
Heikorn, Hedwig, 127n
Heikorn, Wilma, 127n
Heikorn Company, 127–29
heroin, 7–8, 9–10, 144
Heubner, Professor Dr., 243 n11
Heusinger, Adolf, 153
Heye, Hellmuth, 193
and concentration camp experiments, 203, 255 n21
K-Verbände, 191, 192, 197, 208, 216, 225
miracle drug, quest for, 194, 196, 199, 203, 208
postwar life, 209
high blood pressure, as Pervitin side-effect, 89
Hildebrand Company, 34, 35, 233 n56
Himmler, Heinrich
arms conference at Wolf’s Lair, 191
concentration camps, breeding of herbs and drugs, 256 n36
Morell, suspicions about, 166, 170, 171, 172
as Morell’s patient, 149
and Skorzeny, 196
SS’s economic empire, 257 n36
SS’s Vitamultin use, 90–91, 239 n113
Hippke, Erich, 91
Hiropon, 29n
Hitler (Fest), 104
Hitler, Adolf, health of. See also Hitler, Adolf, Morell as personal physician to
on abstinence, 211
alcohol consumption, 134–35
anxiety, 77–78, 218
arteriosclerotic Parkinson’s disease, 178
assassination attempt, effects of, 154–60, 156
cocaine use, 159–63, 251 n138
decline (1941 onward), 106, 107, 112–13, 135, 177
distrust of doctors, 25
Dr. Koester’s anti-gas pills, 169–70
drug addiction, 104, 144, 163–64, 182–86, 217–19
final days, 223–24
final phase of war, 212–21
flu and conjunctivitis, 153
as Giesing’s patient, 157–62, 169–70, 251 n132, 252 n138
on health, 127
healthy image of, 14–15, 133–34, 140, 214, 249 n90
inferiority complex, 78
jaundice, 169, 170
narcotics use, 183, 243 n11
paranoia, 77–78, 218
psychological condition, 134–35, 157–58, 184–85
reality, severed relations with, 119–20, 121, 123, 124–25, 134, 174
research on, 103–4
sleepwalking, 77
speedball, 162–65
stimulation, need for, 124
stomach and intestinal pains, 23–24, 27, 125, 135–36, 137, 151, 163, 174, 182, 183, 184, 251 n138
suicide, 224–25
tremors, 148–49, 176, 178, 182, 214, 216
vegetarianism, 107, 114, 150
Hitler, Adolf, leadership of
absolute control, need for, 77–78, 120, 125, 134, 174
on abstinence, 211
Adlerhorst (“Eagle’s Eyrie”), 212, 215
Ardennes, first attack on, 62–63
Ardennes, second attack on, 184, 212–13, 215
assassination attempts, 56, 153–58, 209n
at Berghof, 145–46
Britain, Battle of, 92
bunker mentality, 120, 124, 134, 185
commanders, concerns about health of, 22–23, 143, 249 n98
commanders, relationship with, 76–78, 97, 108, 122–24, 196
coups against (planned), 56
Czechoslovakia, seizure of, 38
D-Day, 152, 152n, 191
desire to be the greatest, 222
Dunkirk plans, 81, 82
English Channel, retreat through, 244 n30
Felsennest (“cliff nest”) headquarters, 67, 77, 80
final phase of war, 211–21, 223
France, planned attack on, 55–57
infallibility, 82–83, 134
inferiority complex, 78
Jews, policies concerning, 18, 120
and Luftwaffe, 81, 97
Mein Kampf, 13, 185
miracle weapon, belief in, 191, 197, 216
as morale booster, 141–42
Mussolini, meetings with, 135, 136, 138–39, 155
Nazi putsch, failed (1923), 190
Nero decree, 221
popularity, 38
prewar, 37–38
Soviet Union, attack on, 110–13, 117–18, 120, 122–23, 125, 134
speed of advance, misunderstanding of, 86
successor, 191, 223
“Werwolf” (headquarters in Ukraine), 120–27
Western Front, 161
at Wolf’s Lair, 108–17, 120, 134
Wolf’s Lair arms conference, 191
Wolf’s Lair superbunker, 175, 183
Hitler, Adolf, Morell as personal physician to, 123, 166
absorption of injections, 125
analyses of, 104–5
appointment of, 22–25
assassination attempt on Hitler, 154–55
barbiturate-based narcotics, 183
bloodletting, 219, 243 n22
confidentiality, 165
drug withdrawal, 216–20
Eukodal use, 135–36, 137, 138–43, 145, 151, 162–65, 164, 173, 175, 181–82, 184–85, 212–15, 252 n147
Eupaverin use, 181, 212
as exhausting for Morell, 149
file cards, 137, 156
final phase of war, 216–17, 221
and Giesing, 158–59, 169–70