by Norman Ohler
glucose injections, 25–26, 112, 137, 141, 150, 156, 173, 179, 212, 213
Hitler’s decline, 135–36, 175–76, 178, 180–82
Hitler’s firing of, 222
Hitler’s request for stronger medicines, 127, 211–12
Hitler’s trust in, 171–73
Homoseran use, 114
Knight’s Cross of the War Merit Cross, 146
medications administered, list of, 115n
at military briefings, 122
Morell as prisoner of, 178–79
Morell, suspicions about, 107, 165–71, 168, 218
Morell’s civilian status, 78–79
Morell’s concerns (1944), 175–76, 178
Morell’s exit strategy, 250 n116
Morell’s influence, 104, 165, 242 n6
Morell’s notes on, 107–8, 137, 139, 139, 141, 142, 145, 156
Morell’s personal gain, 27, 127, 131–32, 140
morphine use, 184
Mutaflor use, 24, 183
nocturnal tea-drinking sessions, 139–40
Orchikrin use, 114
Parkinson’s disease, 178
Pervitin use, 213
Prostakrinum use, 114
syringes, disinfection of, 170, 252 n160
Testoviron use, 114
Tonophosphan use, 114
on train journey, 114–15
vein scarring, 180–81
Vitamultin use, 89–91, 112, 115, 146–47, 239 n109
at Wolf’s Lair, 110–11, 112–15, 153–54, 175–76
“x” use, 150, 152, 153, 154, 155
Hitler, Adolf, personal life of
Braun, relationship with, 23, 145–46, 147–48, 148, 224
favorite food, 23
fifty-fifth birthday, 150–51
Hitler Youth, 205–6
Hoechst (company), 114, 140
Hoffmann, Felix, 7–8
Hoffmann, Heinrich, 22, 67, 79, 112, 147
Holocaust, 120
Holt (Ranke’s driver), 85
Holzlöhner, Ernst, 255 n21, 257 n37
Homoseran (supplement), 114
Höss, Rudolf, 257 n36
Hoth, Hermann, 75
Hülphers, Arne, 83
Hungary, threatened break with Hitler, 146
Huxley, Aldous, 210
I
IG Farben, 9, 28, 140
Institute for Pharmacology and Army Toxicology, 45
intestinal conditions
Hitler’s, 23–24, 27, 125, 135–36, 137, 151, 163, 174, 182, 183, 184, 251 n138
treatment for, 24, 232 n42
Ironside, Edmund, 76, 79
Italy
alliance with Germany, 135, 138
Allied invasion, 135, 146
J
Japan, N-methylamphetamine, 28–29
Jews
equated with poison, 18, 19, 21
extermination of, 114, 120, 121, 130
property seized from, 127, 127n, 151
in Sachsenhausen concentration camp, 200
Jodl, Alfred, 67, 77, 113, 124
Jost (Engel pharmacy owner), 140, 243 n11, 248 n89
Junge, Traudl, 140
Jungnickel (criminal investigator), 243 n11
K
Kaltenbrunner, Ernst, 171
Kamianets-Podilskyi, Ukraine, 114
kamikaze pilots, 29n
Kampfzeit (period of struggle), 13
Keitel, Wilhelm, 83, 113, 122, 154
Kershaw, Ian, 104, 242 n6
Kharkov, Ukraine, 125n, 129–31
Kielmansegg, Johann Adolf Graf von, 69, 237 n64
Kleist, Paul von, 146, 146n
Klinische Wochenschrift (journal), 34, 36, 46
Knoll (company), 9
Koch, Erich, 129, 130, 142
Kosmehl, Erwin, 19
Krauch, Carl, 232 n45
Krebsstein, Theodor Benzinger von, 242 n11
Kretschmar, Otto, 84, 86, 88
Krummacher (doctor), 86
Krupp, Alfried, 149
Kulmhof (Chełmno extermination camp), 120
Kursk, 135
K-Verbände, 191–92, 194, 196–97, 225, 255 n18
L
Laboratory for Serum Conservation, 45
laudanum, 6
Law for the Prevention of Hereditarily Diseased Offspring, 17
laws
imprisonment of addicts, 15, 15 n22
Marital Health Law (1935), 17
Nuremberg Race Laws (1935), 18
Reich Opium Law (1941), 1, 100
League of Nations International Opium Convention (1925), 9
leeches, 243 n22
Lehmann, Günther, 202–3
Lemmel, Gerhard, 36
Linge, Heinz, 112, 135, 143, 154, 158–60, 170
Linz, Professor Dr., 243 n11
liver
Morell’s preparations, 132–33, 150, 216, 219, 248 n75, 250 n118, 258 n57
parasite and fluke livers, 150, 250 n118
substances produced by, 132–33, 247 n74
Loerzer, Bruno, 95
London, German bombings of, 92
Long, Tania, 225
Lübeck, Germany, 121
Luftwaffe
Britain, Battle of, 92–93
concentration camps, human experiments, 257 nn36–37, 258 n41
Dunkirk, 81
Göring’s administration of, 94–97
Hitler’s favoritism toward, 81
last mission, 214
Pervitin use, 92–94, 97, 98, 188, 214, 240 n119
M
Maginot Line, 85–86
Magische Gifte (“Magic Poisons”), 18–19, 231 n35
Main Medical Park, 73
Majdanek (extermination camp), 120
Mann, Golo, 37, 55
Mann, Klaus, 10, 136, 248 n80
Mann, Thomas, 136
Manstein, Erich von
Ardennes offensive, 56–57, 62, 236 n49
dismissal of, 146
on Dnieper River, 145
on Dunkirk, 82
on Eastern Front, 123
memoirs, 250 n110
war crimes, 250 n110
Manteuffel, Hasso von, 212
Mantey, Heinz, 206
Marital Health Law (1935), 17
Martelange, Belgium, 70
Maser, Werner, 252 n138
Medical Academy of the Bundeswehr, Munich, 44–45, 50–51, 189–90
medical confidentiality, 15, 165
Medical Journal for Lower Saxony, 18
Mein Kampf (Hitler), 13, 185
Mendel, Albert, 2
Merck Company. See also Eukodal
bombing of, 215
cocaine market, 9, 10, 145, 159
company growth, 28
founding, 7
opiates market, 7, 10
Psicain, 251 n137
Merck, Emanuel, 7
mescaline, 209–10
methadone, 140
methamphetamine. See also Pervitin
addiction process, 232 n49
amphetamine comparisons, 241 n133
as coffee substitute, 59
consumer demand for, 32, 34, 233 n53
crystal meth, 1–2, 2n, 36n, 187
in “D IX,” 194
dosage, 32, 232 n49
German Army’s use of, 72–77, 223–24
German Navy considering use of, 197
hallucinations, 52
inhibitions, reduction in, 52
medical indications for, 32
modern consumption, 1
as performance enhancer, 32, 34, 36, 233 n53
physiological effect, 29–31, 241 n133
prescription drugs based on, 229 n1
pure form, 2n
regulation of, 229 n1
suppressing sense of danger, 75
synthesis, 29, 232 n46
tolerance threshold, 232 n49, 245 n31
methylamphetamine, 29. See also Pervitin
N-methylamphetamine, 28–29
&nbs
p; Meuse, German crossing of, 71–73
Military Medical Academy, 44–45, 50–51
miracle drug
German Navy’s use of, 206, 206–8
quest for, 190–92, 194, 196–97, 198, 199, 203, 208
testing in concentration camp, 199, 201–5
MKUltra, 211
modafinil, 189–90
Mohr, Richard, 192
monasteries, production of medications, 6n
Montgomery, Bernard, 125
Morell, Hanni, 20, 24–25, 26, 146
Morell, Theodor
addiction, 149
as Braun’s personal physician, 147
business ventures, 127–33, 140, 247 n74
capture by Americans, 225
and Czechoslovakia’s defeat, 38
death, 226
on doctor-patient relationship, 103, 242 n1
estate on Schwanenwerder Island, 27
Farmacija (company), 140
final days of war, 222–23
Hamma Company, 127–29, 150
health of, 149, 150, 170–71, 173–74
Heikorn Company, 127–29
income, 79, 79n
joining Nazi Party, 20
liver preparations, 132–33, 150, 216, 219, 248 n75, 250 n118, 258 n57
meeting Hitler, 22–24
mistaken for a Jew, 20
patients, 254 n6
postwar investigations of, 106–7, 225–26
professional success, 20, 22–25
steroid preparations, 216, 258 n58
table manners, 150–51
treating top-ranking officials, 143, 149, 249 n99
Ukrainian Pharma-Works, 129–33, 247 n74
uniform, 78–79, 153
as vitamin pioneer, 22, 89–91
on Wolf’s Lair, 110
Morell, Theodor, as Hitler’s personal physician, 123, 166
absorption of injections, 125
analyses of, 104–5
appointment of, 22–25
assassination attempt on Hitler, 154–55
barbiturate-based narcotics, 183
bloodletting, 219, 243 n22
confidentiality, 165
drug withdrawal, 216–20
Eukodal use, 135–36, 137, 138–43, 145, 151, 162–65, 164, 173, 175, 181–82, 184–85, 212–15, 252 n147
Eupaverin use, 181, 212
as exhausting for Morell, 149
file cards, 137, 156
final phase of war, 216–17, 221
and Giesing, 158–59, 169–70
glucose injections, 25–26, 112, 137, 141, 150, 156, 173, 179, 212, 213
Hitler’s decline, 135–36, 175–76, 178, 180–82
Hitler’s firing of, 222
Hitler’s request for stronger medicines, 127, 211–12
Hitler’s trust in, 171–73
Homoseran use, 114
Knight’s Cross of the War Merit Cross, 146
medications administered, list of, 115n
at military briefings, 122
Morell as prisoner of, 178–79
Morell, suspicions about, 107, 165–71, 168, 218
Morell’s civilian status, 78–79
Morell’s concerns (1944), 175–76, 178
Morell’s exit strategy, 250 n116
Morell’s influence, 104, 165, 242 n6
Morell’s notes on, 107–8, 137, 139, 139, 141, 142, 145, 156
Morell’s personal gain, 27, 127, 131–32, 140
morphine use, 184
Mutaflor use, 24, 183
nocturnal tea-drinking sessions, 139–40
Orchikrin use, 114
Parkinson’s disease, 178
Pervitin use, 213
Prostakrinum use, 114
syringes, disinfection of, 170, 252 n160
Testoviron use, 114
Tonophosphan use, 114
on train journey, 114–15
vein scarring, 180–81
Vitamultin use, 89–91, 112, 115, 146–47, 239 n109
at Wolf’s Lair, 110–11, 112–15, 153–54, 175–76
“x” use, 150, 152, 153, 154, 155
Mormon tea, 29
Morocco, poppy fields, 140
morphine
in Berlin (1920s), 11–12
derivatives of, 209 (See also heroin)
for euthanasia, 17
Göring’s addiction, 80–81, 91, 95, 223, 223n, 238 n92
Hitler’s use of, 184
isolation of, 6, 163
Pervitin comparisons, 188
pharmaceutical industry, 7
synthetic substitutes, 140
wartime pain relief, 7
morphium. See morphine
Moscow, German attack on, 116–17
Müller-Hess, Professor, 243 n11
Mulli, Kurt, 132
Munich
Bundeswehr, 44–45, 50–51, 189–90
failed Nazi putsch (1923), 190
Mussolini, Benito
abduction of, 196
meetings with Hitler, 114, 135, 136, 138–39, 155
as Morell’s patient, 149
Mutaflor (medication), 24, 183, 232 n42
N
Nansen, Odd, 202
narcotics
addicts as mentally disturbed, 17
Hitler’s use of, 183, 243 n11
required reporting, 15–16
National Archives, Washington, DC, 105–8
National Socialist German Association of Doctors, 60
National Socialists. See Nazi Party
Naval Medical Research Institute, Washington, DC, 211
Nazi Party (NSDAP)
alcohol use, 13, 13n
chaotic structures of, 13, 230 n16
drug use, as systemic, 144–45
drugs, as taboo, 12–14, 15
economic independence, 27–28
failed putsch (1923), 190
founding, 13n
Office of Racial Policy, 19
Official Reich Photographer (See Hoffmann, Heinrich)
social intoxication, 13–14
Nazi War Crimes Disclosure Act, 106
Neger (mini-U-boat), 192, 194, 196
Nero decree, 221
Neubrandenburg, Germany, 225
Neustrelitz, Germany, 225
Nissle, Alfred, 24
N-methylamphetamine, 28–29
Nobel-Vitamultin, 89–90, 213, 239 n109
Nordmark (firm), 89
North Africa, German actions in, 125, 140, 145
NSDAP. See Nazi Party
Nuremberg, war crimes trials, 205
Nuremberg Race Laws (1935), 18
O
Obersalzberg. See Berghof
Odeonsplatz, Munich, 190
Office of Racial Policy, 19
Olympic Games (1936), 28
Operation Bagration, 151
Operation Barbarossa, 110
Operation Paperclip, 258 n41
Operation Reinhard, 121
Operation Sea Lion (Battle of Britain), 91–98
Operation Valkyrie, 153–56
opiates, defined, 113n
opioids
defined, 113n
oxycodone, 136, 248 n84
opium
availability in Germany, 140
in Berlin (1920s), 11–12
German laws concerning, 100
German production and export, 9–10
Sertürner’s experiments with, 6
Oranienburg, 199–201
Orchikrin (medication), 114
Orzechowski, Gerhard, 192, 194–98, 195, 198, 255 n14
Oshima, Hiroshi, 149
oxycodone, 136, 248 n84
Oxycontin, 248 n84
Oxygesic, 248 n84
P
Paderborn, Westphalia, 6
Panzer Ersatz Division 1, 88–89
Panzer Group von Kleist, 63, 67–68, 73, 88