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Notes
ABBREVIATION
AA-S Austin American-Statesman
AS Austin Statesman
CCC-T Corpus Christi Caller-Times
CR Congressional Record
DMN Dallas Morning News
DT-H Dallas Times-Herald
FWS-T Fort Worth Star-Telegram
HC Houston Chronicle
HP Houston Post
NA National Archives
NYT New York Times
OH Oral History
SAE San Antonio Express
USN&WR U.S. News & World Report
WP Washington Post
WSJ Wall Street Journal
LBJL Lyndon Baines Johnson Library
JHP Johnson House Papers
LBJA CF Congressional File
LBJA FN Famous Names
LBJA SF Subject File
LBJA SN Selected Names
PP President (Personal)
PPCF Pre-Presidential Confidential File
PPMF Pre-Presidential Memo File
WHCF White House Central File
WHFN White House Famous Names File
Introduction: Ends and Means
History of “We Shall Overcome”: Glazer, Songs of Peace, Freedom, and Protest, pp. 334–35; Dunaway, How Can I Keep from Singing: Pete Seeger, pp. 219–43; “Moment of History,” The New Yorker, Mar. 27, 1965; Gitlin, The Sixties, p. 75; Kaiser, 1968 in America, pp. 40, 41, 147; McAdam, Freedom Summer; Cagin and Dray, We Are Not Afraid; Sutherland, Letters from Mississippi; Belfrage, Freedom Summer, p. 55.
Sung after sit-in arrests: Cagin and Dray, pp. 71–72. “The buses all”: Ellen Lake letter to her parents, June 20, 1964, quoted in McAdam, p. 71. “We were sitting”: Sutherland, p. 117. “Tonight”: Sutherland, p. 119. Liuzzo was singing it: Manchester, The Glory and the Dream, p. 1061. “I know”: Lake letter, quoted in McAdam, p. 112. “Finally we stood”: Beifrage, p. 55. “And then”: Kay Rawlings journal, June 25, 1964, quoted in McAdam, p. 71. “Rarely in history”: “Civil Rights: The Central Point,” Time, Mar. 19, 1965.
Feelings of civil rights protesters: Richard B. Stolley, “Inside the White House: Pressures Build Up to the Momentous Speech,” Life, Mar. 26, 1965; Time, Mar. 19, 1965; Garrow, Bearing the Cross, particularly pp. 381–88; Fager, Selma 1965; Williams, Eyes on the Prize; Life, Time, Newsweek, NYT, WP, 1964–65.
Selma figures: Manchester, p. 1059.
“He was murdered”; “We didn’t think”: King, Young, on Eyes on the Prize: America’s Civil Rights Years television series, Part VI. Feelings of civil rights leaders about his long record: Garrow, pp. 381–88. Shaffer (p. 101) says, “Until Selma, the president had no intention of asking Congress to pass another civil rights bill.” NYT, WP, Feb. 1–Mar. 15, 1965.
Had voted against every civil rights bill: “Complete House Voting Record of Congressman Lyndon Johnson, By Subject, From May 13, 1937 to December 31, 1948,” pp. 85–92, Box 75, LBJA SF. Evans and Novak, p. 121. “An effort”: Johnson, quoted in Miller, Lyndon, p. 118. In this speech, he called Truman’s civil rights program “a farce and a sham—an effort to set up a police state.… I am opposed to the anti-lynching bill because the federal government has no more business enacting a law against one kind of murder than another. I am against the FEPC [Federal Employment Practices Commission].…” As Evans and Novak note (p. 120), the speech was “the straight party line of a Southern Democrat.” Maiden speech: CCC-T, Mar. 9, 1949; FW Press, Mar. 10; Miller, pp. 143–44. “We of the South”; Senators lining up: “Speeches—Filibuster 1,” Box 214, Senate papers, LBJL; Abilene Reporter News, CCC-T, Mar. 9–11, 1948; San Angelo Standard-Times, Mar. 10, 1948; Atlanta Constitution, Nov. 24, 1963; see also Kilgore News-Herald, Mar. 13, 1948, where Russell called Johnson’s speech “the best prepared presentation that has been made in the debate.” Tex Easley and Walter Jenkins interviews. On the morning of the speech, Russell had “gathered reporters around himself and urged them to hear Johnson’s maiden speech that afternoon if they were after a front-page story” (Steinberg, Sam Johnson’s Boy, p. 291). “One of the ablest”: Russell, quoted in Doris Kearns, Lyndon Johnson and the American Dream, p. 106.
Lafayette Park rally: WP, Mar. 15, 1965; Darden Jorden, Bryce Harlow, and Joseph L. Rauh, Jr., interviews. “President Johnson’s words”: Rev. Channing E. Phillips, quoted in WP, Mar. 15, 1965. “Same old story”: Rauh, quoted in WP, Mar. 15, 1965.
Trip in limousine: Goodwin, Remembering America, p. 330; Horace Busby and George Reedy interviews.
“He heard”: Busby interview. Johnson’s speech to Congress: NY Herald Tribune, NYT, WP, CCC-T, AA-S, FWS-T, Mar. 16, 1965; Shaffer, Chapter 6.
King crying: Cagin and Dray, p. 427. In a statement issued later that night, Dr. K
ing said: “In his address … last night, President Johnson made one of the most eloquent, unequivocal and passionate pleas for human rights ever made by a President of the United States. He revealed great and amazing understanding of the depth and dimension of the problem of racial injustice.… His power of persuasion has nowhere been more forcefully set forth” (King, quoted in NYT, Mar. 17, 1965). Pickets were gone: Stolley, “Inside the White House,” Life, Mar. 26, 1965; NYT, WP, Mar. 17, 1965.
Johnson-Celler conversation: Shaffer, p. 100; Newsweek, Mar. 29, 1965; Emmanuel Celler interview. “Cajoling, threatening”: Farmer, quoted in Miller, p. 434. Johnson’s protection of Selma-Montgomery march: Time, Mar. 26, 1965.
“Greatest accomplishment”: Bornet, The Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson, p. 221. “Thank you, Mr. President”: Marshall, quoted by Lady Bird Johnson, A White House Diary, p. 758.
“That horrible song”: Johnson to Doris Kearns, quoted in Kearns, Lyndon Johnson and the American Dream, p. 340.
“Some are eager”; “They call upon”: Johnson, speech to American Bar Association, Aug. 12, 1964, quoted in Evans and Novak, p. 531. “Those who say”; “We are not about”: Johnson, quoted in Evans and Novak, p. 532. Not a month: Johnson’s inauguration was Jan. 20. The first major air raid of Operation Rolling Thunder was Feb. 7.
Vietnam escalation: NYT, WP, Apr-Dec, 1965. 549,000: Manchester, p. 1124. 58,000: World Almanac and Book of Facts, 1988.
“The standing”: Eisenhower, unpublished draft of memoirs, quoted in Ewald, p. 120.
Whispers and lies: Berman, pp. 56–57, Halberstam, The Best and the Brightest, pp. 569–70, 585–87; Turner, Lyndon Johnson’s Dual War, pp. 134–46; White, The Making of the President 1968, pp. 121–23; Time, Newsweek, NYT, WP, Apr. 1–30, 1965. “The American People”: Editorial, NYT, June 9, 1965. See also June 10 editorial; Berman, pp. 56–57; White, pp. 21–23; Turner.
“American blood”: Johnson, quoted in Cormier, LBJ: The Way He Was, p. 187; Turner, p. 136. “Was talking to us”; 1500 murdered: Johnson, quoted in Miller, p. 427. But “Bennett said later that his office had never been attacked and that he had never talked to the President or anyone else from beneath his desk” (Miller, p. 427). Cormier (p. 188), giving a fuller Johnson quote, which shows the vividness of Johnson’s descriptive powers, states that the President said: “There has been almost constant firing on our American Embassy. As we talked with Ambassador Bennett, he said to apparently one of the girls who brought him a cable, ‘Please get away from the window, that glass is going to cut your hand,’ because the glass had been shattered, and we heard the bullets coming through the office where he had been sitting while talking to us.…