Wild Bill Donovan
Page 48
Donovan inspects an OSS propaganda office overseas. Many of his senior aides were skeptical of the value of psychological operations. But Donovan was enthusiastic about them and fought bitter bureaucratic battles with other agencies to control wartime propaganda. U.S. Army Military History Institute
Francis Cardinal Spellman, an old friend, pins the Order of Saint Sylvester on Donovan after the war. Donovan enlisted the Catholic Church and its emissaries overseas to feed him intelligence in places his OSS agents could not penetrate. Donovan also thought he had a prized source within the Vatican, who slipped him purported transcripts of papal conversations, but the man turned out to be a fabricator. U.S. Army Military History Institute
Allen Dulles, who would one day lead the CIA, headed the OSS station in Bern, Switzerland, one of Donovan’s most successful intelligence operations. But Donovan considered Dulles a poor administrator and did not promote him. Dulles believed he was more qualified than Donovan to run the OSS. CIA Photo
Harry Hopkins (left), Roosevelt’s closest adviser, stands with White House press secretary Stephen Early (center) and Charles “Chip” Bohlen (right), a U.S. diplomat in Moscow, at the Livadia Palace during the Yalta Conference. Hopkins, the second most powerful man in the country after FDR, was irritated with Donovan’s secretiveness and became one of his political enemies. Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library
Roosevelt gave J. Edgar Hoover (shown second from the left during the signing of a 1934 crime bill) wide latitude to battle Axis agents in the United States and spy on FDR’s political enemies. Hoover and Donovan were intense bureaucratic enemies—the FBI director thought the OSS was a band of amateurs—and each fought the other for control of espionage operations. National Archives
Thrust into the presidency after Roosevelt’s death, Harry S. Truman knew he needed a central intelligence service after the war. But he did not want Donovan heading it. Truman closed down Donovan’s OSS after Japan surrendered and parceled its functions out to other agencies. Truman finally created the CIA in 1947, modeled after Donovan’s proposal for a postwar service. National Archives
Donovan doted on granddaughter Patricia, named after his daughter who died in a car crash. Patricia spent a lot of time with Donovan, but for the most part the other grandchildren saw him only when he showed up at the family’s Virginia farm for holidays. U.S. Army Military History Institute
Dwight Eisenhower (pinning the National Security Medal on Hoover in 1955) thought highly of the work the OSS did in his European theater during the war. But he made Allen Dulles CIA director, which disappointed Donovan, who wanted the job. As a consolation prize, Ike made Donovan ambassador to Thailand. Donovan thought Richard Nixon (to the right of Eisenhower) was a ruthless and charmless man and John Foster Dulles (right of Nixon) was a weak secretary of state. National Archives
Donovan, shown here at a George Polk Award Dinner with George Marshall (left) and columnist Walter Lippmann (right), became a staunch anticommunist after World War II. But his hawkish views clouded his objectivity when Lippmann, who led a reporters’ group, commissioned him to monitor Greece’s investigation of the 1948 murder of Polk, a CBS correspondent. Donovan accepted the Greek government’s verdict that communists had killed Polk when the more likely culprits were Greek rightists. U.S. Army Military History Institute
Colleagues were struck by Donovan’s mental and physical deterioration after he returned from his Thailand ambassadorship in 1954 at age seventy-one. In 1957, Admiral Jack Bergen (left), an old friend, took him to the Mayo Clinic, where doctors discovered Donovan suffered from a severe form of dementia. He died two years later at Walter Reed Army Medical Center. U.S. Army Military History Institute
Selected Bibliography for Source Notes
MANUSCRIPT COLLECTIONS
Abbreviations are used for manuscript collections in the source notes.
BCA Buffalo Cavalry Association Archives
BECPL Buffalo Erie County Public Library
BEH Buffalo and Erie County Historical Society, William J. Donovan Collection
CA Churchill Archives Centre
CHAR Chartwell Papers
CHUR Churchill Papers
COR Cornell University Law Library, Donovan Archive
CU Columbia University Archives
DP Manuscript Collection, Donovan Project
DDEL Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library
AWF Ann Whitman File
AWP Albert C. Wedemeyer Papers
CF Central File
ELP Edward P. Lilly Papers
JFDP John Foster Dulles Papers
NSCP White House Office, National Security Council Staff Papers,
NSC Registry Series
PF Principal File
PPP Pre-Presidential Papers
WHCF White House Central Files
WSP Walter Bedell Smith Papers
WSPWWII Walter Bedell Smith Collection of World War II Documents
FBI Federal Bureau of Investigation, Freedom of Information Act, File on William J. Donovan, Parts 1a-d, 2a-c, http://foia.fbi.gov/foiaindex/donovan.htm
FDRL Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library
ABP Adolf Berle Papers, Adolf Berle Diaries
ECP Ernest Cuneo Papers
HHP Harry L. Hopkins Papers
HMD Henry Morgenthau Jr. Diaries
HSP Harold Smith Papers
HSD Harold Smith Diaries, Conferences with President Roosevelt Files, 1941–45, and Conferences with President Truman File, 1945
HWP Henry Wallace Papers
OF Official File
PPF President’s Personal File
PSF President’s Secretary File
SEP Stephen T. Early Papers
SF Safe File
SWP Sumner Welles Papers
WSP Whitney H. Shepardson Papers
GU Georgetown University Library Special Collections Division, Anthony Cave Brown Papers
HLHP Harry L. Hopkins Papers
HHL Herbert Hoover Presidential Library
JM James MacLafferty Papers
HIA Hoover Institution Archives
ADP Arthur Duff Papers
AWP Albert C. Wedemeyer Papers
CEP Carl F. Eifler Papers
GSP George E. Sokolsky Papers
HGP Hermann Göring Papers
JDP James B. Donovan Papers
JRFP J. Russell Forgan Papers
MMP Milton E. Miles Papers
MPGP M. Preston Goodfellow Papers
PGP Perrin C. Galpin Papers
RMP Robert D. Murphy Papers
TGP T. T. C. Gregory Papers
HSTL Harry S. Truman Presidential Library
CF Confidential File
EAP Eban A. Ayers Papers
GF General File
HSTP Harry S. Truman Papers Pertaining to Family, Business, and Personal Affairs
OF Official File
PPF President’s Personal File
PSF President’s Secretary’s File
SMOF Staff Member and Office Files
SRP Samuel I. Rosenman Papers
VF Vertical file
WHCF White House Central Files
LOC Library of Congress
CHP Cordell Hull Papers
CLP Clare Booth Luce Papers
CS Charles P. Summerall Papers
EBP Edward L. Bernays Papers
EC Edward T. Clark Papers
EKP Ernest J. King Papers
EMP Edgar A. and Lillian T. Mowrer Papers
FKP Frank Knox Papers
GMP George C. Marshall Papers
HIP Harold L. Ickes Papers
HVP Hoyt S. Vandenberg Papers
JP General John J. Pershing Papers
KRP Kermit and Belle Roosevelt Papers
LRP Lessing J. Rosenwald Papers
RJP Robert H. Jackson Papers
RPP Robert Porter Patterson Papers
TCP Thomas G. Corcoran Papers
WDP Wallace R. Deuel Papers
WLP
William D. Leahy Papers
MHI U.S. Army Military History Institute, Army War College
CHP Chester B. Hansen Papers
IYP Ivan D. Yeaton Papers
RDP Richard Dunlop Papers
WJDP William J. Donovan Papers
WVHD William vanden Heuvel Diary, last unnumbered box in the Donovan collection
WQP William W. Quinn Papers
NA National Archives and Records Administration
M1270 Reports, Interrogations, and Other Records Received from Various Allied Military Agencies, 1945–48
RG59 General Records of the Department of State, 1763–2002
RG65 Records of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, 1896–2008
RG117 Records of the American Battle Monuments Commission
RG120 Records of the American Expeditionary Forces (World War I), 1848–1928
RG165 Records of the War Department and General and Special Staffs 1860–1952
RG226 Record Group 226, Records of the Office of Strategic Services
A-3304 Original Microfilm of Washington Director’s Office Administrative Files held by the Donovan-Leisure law firm
M1642 Microfilm of Washington Director’s Office Administrative Files
RG263 Records of the CIA
GP Records of the Grombach Organization (“the Pond”)
TTP Thomas Troy Papers
RG319 Records of the Army Staff, 1903–2009
RG407 Records of the Adjutant General’s Office, 1909–81
RG457 Records of the National Security Agency/Central Security Service, 1917–88
T-77 Records of the OKW, German Armed Forces High Command
T-78 Records of the OKH, Germany Army High Command
T-84 Miscellaneous German Records Collection
T-120 Records of the German Foreign Office Received from the Department of State
NAUK The National Archives United Kingdom
CAB Records of the Cabinet Office
FO Foreign Office Records
HS Records of the Special Operations Executive
PREM Records of the Prime Minister’s Office
NPRC National Personnel Records Center, David Rumsey Donovan Official Military Personnel File
NU Niagara University Archives
PU Public Policy Papers, Department of Rare Books, Princeton University Library
ADP Allen W. Dulles Papers
AKP Arthur Krock Papers
DLP David Lawrence Papers
HAP Hamilton Fish Armstrong Papers
WEP Walter E. Edge Papers
SJCI Saint Joseph’s Collegiate Institute Archives
VHS Virginia Historical Society
YU Yale University Library
HSP Henry L. Stimson Papers
PERSONAL COLLECTIONS
DGD David G. Donovan Personal Collection
EMC Elizabeth McIntosh Personal Collection
KNP Kay Nelson Personal Collection
MMP Molly Mugler Personal Collection
REMINISCENCES
Abbreviations are used for the oral history collections in the source notes. Only the last name will be listed, preceded by the abbreviation for the oral history collection. For example, the reminiscences of Edwin Putzell in the OSS Oral History Project will be listed in the source notes as “Putzell, OHP, page number.”
FAOH: Foreign Affairs Oral History Collection of the Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training, American Memory from the Library of Congress, http://memory.loc.gov. Interviews with Samuel D. Eaton, James J. Halsema, Kempton B. Jenkins, and William W. Thomas Jr.
OHC: Columbia University Oral History Research Office Collection. Reminiscences of the Donovan, Leisure, Newton, and Irvine Oral History Project: Judge Joseph Edward Lumbard, Thomas J. McFadden, John Lord O’Brian, Frank G. Raichle, Jane Smith, Harold C. Train, Bethuel M. Webster, and James T. Williams. Also reminiscences of Sidney S. Alderman, Mary Bancroft, Adolf A. Berle Jr., F. Trubee Davison, Bernard L. Gladieux, Averell Harriman (Arnold Project), Robert H. Jackson, Alan Goodrich Kirk (Columbia University Sesquibicentennial Oral History Project), Grayson L. Kirk, Mary Lasker, Judge Joseph Edward Lumbard (New York Bar Foundation Project), Marya Mannes, William Phillips, Samuel I. Rosenman, Frank Stanton, Admiral Harold C. Train, James W. Wadsworth, and Henry A. Wallace.
OHP: OSS Oral History Project, National Archives and Records Administration, Record Group 263, Records of the CIA. Interviews with Charlotte Bowman, Frederick Burkhardt, David Crockett, Roger Gorian, Samuel Halpern, August Heckscher, Richard Helms, H. Stuart Hughes, Charles P. Kindleberger, Gertrude Legendre, Elizabeth McIntosh, Donal McLaughlin, Eloise Page, Barbara Podoski, Edwin Putzell, and Arthur Schlesinger Jr.
OTHER ABBREVIATIONS USED
AB Adolf Berle
AWD Allen W. Dulles
B Box for an entry or collection
CC Charles Cheston
CH Cordell Hull
CIA Central Intelligence Agency
DB David K. E. Bruce
DDE Dwight D. Eisenhower
E Entry for a collection
EB Edward G. Buxton
EH Ellery C. Huntington
EP Edwin Putzell
ES Edward Stettinius
EW Edwin M. “Pa” Watson
FK Frank Knox
Fr Frame on a microfilm reel
FDR Franklin Delano Roosevelt
GCM George C. Marshall
HH Harry Hopkins
HS Henry L. Stimson
HST Harry S. Truman
JCS Joint Chiefs of Staff (U.S.)
JEH J. Edgar Hoover
JFC John Franklin Carter
JFD John Foster Dulles
JM John Magruder
NSC National Security Council
OCD Otto C. “Ole” Doering
R Microfilm reel
RG Record Group for a collection
RRD Ruth Rumsey Donovan
SW Sumner Welles
WBS Walter Bedell Smith
WC Winston Churchill
WJD William Joseph Donovan
WL William L. Langer
WS Whitney Shepardson
AUTHOR INTERVIEWS
In the source notes only the last name of the interviewee will be listed followed by the date of the interview. For example, author interview with Patricia Gilbert on October 29, 2007, will appear in the source notes as “Gilbert, Oct. 29, 2007.”
Cicely Angleton, Margot Rumsey Banta, Judy Beecher, Joseph F. Bieron, Armando Chacon, David G. Donovan, Tippaparn Weam Donovan, Mary Jean Eisenhower, George Elsey, Robert H. Ferrell, John R. Friant, Curt Gentry, Patricia Gilbert, Lucia Henderson, Cordelia Hood, Fisher Howe, Mary Gardiner Jones, Gordon Joost, Rolfe Kingsley, Sal Martoche, Elizabeth McIntosh, Louise McKay, Margot Mugler, Kay Nelson, Henry Putzell Jr., David Robarge, Charles Schulte, Susan Spaulding, Marsha Joy Sullivan, Thomas F. Troy, William J. vanden Heuvel, Michael Warner, Betty Wise, and James R. York.
BOOKS, PERIODICALS, DISSERTATIONS, AND GOVERNMENT REPORTS
To avoid repetition, the full citation of the work is given here, but in the source notes it will appear in second reference form.
Aid, Matthew M. “‘Stella Polaris’ and the Secret Code Battle in Postwar Europe,” Intelligence and National Security 17, no. 3 (Autumn 2002): 17–86.
Allen Welsh Dulles as Director of Central Intelligence: 26 February 1953–29 November 1961. Monograph. Vol. 1, Allen Dulles, The Man, DCI-2, July 1973, Series B, Central Intelligence Agency.
Alvarez, David. “Tempest in an Embassy Trash Can,” World War II. January/February 2008, pp. 55–59.
Atkinson, Rick. An Army at Dawn: The War in North Africa, 1942–1943. New York: Henry Holt, 2002.
———. The Day of Battle: The War in Sicily and Italy, 1943–1944. New York: Henry Holt, 2007.
Bancroft, Mary. Autobiography of a Spy: Debutante, Writer, Confidante, Secret Agent. The True Story of Her Extraordinary Life. New York: Morrow, 1983.
Batvinis, Raymond J. The Origins of FBI Counter-Intel
ligence. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2007.
Belmont, Eleanor Robson. The Fabric of Memory. New York: Farrar, Straus, 1957.
Bennett, Gill. Churchill’s Man of Mystery: Desmond Morton and the World of Intelligence. New York: Routledge, 2007.
Bess, Demaree. “Our Frontier on the Danube: The Appalling Story of Our Meddling in the Balkans,” Saturday Evening Post, May 24, 1941, pp. 9, 118–21.
Bischof, Günter, and Anton Prelinka, eds. Austrian Historical Memory and National Identity: Contemporary Austrian Studies, vol. 5. New Brunswick, Conn.: Transaction, 1979.
Bishop, Jim. FDR’s Last Year: April 1944-April 1945. New York: Morrow, 1974.
Blair, Anne. There to the Bitter End: Ted Serong in Vietnam. Australia: Allen & Unwin, 2001.
The Blue Book Buffalo 1905. Buffalo: Dau Publishing Co., 1905.
Boll, Michael M. Cold War in the Balkans: American Foreign Policy and the Emergence of Communist Bulgaria, 1943–1947. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1984.
Bower, Tom. The Red Web: MI6 and the KGB Master Coup. London: Mandarin, 1993.
Braden, Tom. “The Birth of the CIA.” American Heritage 28, no. 2 (February 1977): 4–13.
Bratzel, John F., and Leslie B. Rout, Jr. “FDR and the ‘Secret Map,’” Wilson Quarterly, New Year’s 1985, pp. 167–73.
Brinkley, David. Washington Goes to War: The Extraordinary Story of the Transformation of a City and a Nation. New York: Knopf, 1988.
Brown, Anthony Cave. The Last Hero: Wild Bill Donovan. New York: Vintage, 1982.
Brunner, John W. OSS Weapons. 2nd edition. Williamstown, N.J.: Phillips, 2005.
Buffalo City Directory 1891. Buffalo: Courier Company, 1891.
Caldwell, Oliver J. A Secret War: Americans in China, 1944–1945. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1973.
Casey, William. The Secret War Against Hitler. Washington: Regnery Gateway, 1988.