by Robert Bryce
6. Organic Trade Association, “Industry Statistics and Projected Growth,” undated, http://www.ota.com/organic/mt/business.html.
7. Verena Seufert, Navin Ramankutty, and Jonathan Foley, “Comparing the Yields of Organic and Conventional Agriculture,” Nature, 485, 229–232, May 10, 2012, http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v485/n7397/full/nature11069.html.
8. James E. McWilliams, “Organic Crops Alone Can’t Feed the World,” Slate, March 10, 2011, http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/green_room/2011/03/organic_crops_alone_cant_feed_the_world.html.
9. Steve Savage, “Today’s Organic, Yesterday’s Yields,” Biofortified, February 10, 2011, http://www.biofortified.org/2011/02/todays-organic-yesterdays-yields/.
10. Earth Policy Institute data, http://www.earth-policy.org/data_center/C24.
11. International Food Policy Research Institute, “Investing in Agriculture to Reduce Poverty and Hunger,” 2012, http://www.ifpri.org/publication/investing-agriculture-reduce-poverty-and-hunger.
12. Earth Policy Institute data, “World Grain Production, Area, and Yield, 1950–2011,” http://www.earth-policy.org/data_center/C24/.
13. Greenpeace data, http://www.greenpeace.org/international/en/campaigns/agriculture/problem/genetic-engineering/.
14. The Scientist, “AAAS: Don’t Label GM Foods,” October 30, 2012, http://www.the-scientist.com/?articles.view/articleNo/33057/title/AAAS—Don-t-Label-GM-Foods/.
15. Henry Miller, “Gold Rice, Red Tape,” Guardian, October 17, 2008, http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/cifamerica/2008/oct/17/gm-crops-golden-rice.
16. WHO data, http://www.who.int/nutrition/topics/vad/en/.
17. Greenpeace.org, “Golden Illusion: The Broken Promises of ‘Golden’ Rice,” September 2012, http://www.greenpeace.org/seasia/ph/PageFiles/462570/Golden%20Illusion.pdf.
18. See: http://www.greenpeace.org/usa/en/campaigns/.
19. Dan Charles, “In a Grain of Golden Rice, A World of Controversy over GMO Foods,” NPR.org, March 7, 2013, http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2013/03/07/173611461/in-a-grain-of-golden-rice-a-world-of-controversy-over-gmo-foods.
20. Jesse H. Ausubel, Iddo K. Wernick, and Paul E. Waggoner, “Peak Farmland and the Prospect for Land Sparing,” Rockefeller University Program for the Human Environment, 2012, http://phe.rockefeller.edu/docs/PDR.SUPP%20Final%20Paper.pdf, 19.
Notes to Chapter 14
1. See: http://www.netindex.com/download/allcountries/.
2. CIA World Factbook, https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2004rank.html.
3. James Fallows, “Can China Escape the Low-Wage Trap?” New York Times, May 27, 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/27/opinion/sunday/can-china-escape-the-low-wage-trap.html?pagewanted=all.
4. Economist Intelligence Unit, “Democracy Index 2011: Democracy Under Stress,” December 2011, http://www.eiu.com/Handlers/WhitepaperHandler.ashx?fi=Democracy_Index_Final_Dec_2011.pdf&mode=wp&campaignid=DemocracyIndex2011, 3–8.
5. Committee to Protect Journalists, “10 Most Censored Countries,” May 2, 2012, http://www.cpj.org/reports/2012/05/10-most-censored-countries.php.
6. Alexander Martin, “Mobile Phones Proliferate in North Korea,” Wall Street Journal, July 28, 2012, http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702304458604577487572176127932.
7. CIA World Factbook, https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2119.html.
8. See: http://www.indexmundi.com/world/gdp_per_capita_(ppp).html.
9. Marc Frank, “More Cubans Have Local Intranet, Mobile Phones,” Reuters, June 15, 2012, http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/06/15/net-us-cuba-telecommunications-idUSBRE85D14H20120615.
10. Committee to Protect Journalists, http://www.cpj.org/reports/2012/05/10-most-censored-countries.php.
11. Electronic Frontier Foundation, “This Week in Internet Censorship: India, Iran, Brazil, Russia, and More,” May 15, 2012, https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2012/05/week-internet-censorship-iran-censors-internet-censorship-decree-indian-government.
12. ONI is a collaborative partnership of three entities: the Citizen Lab at the Munk School of Global Affairs at the University of Toronto; the SecDev Group, an Ottawa-based consulting firm; and the Berkman Center for Internet and Society at Harvard University.
13. CIA World Factbook, https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2004rank.html.
14. Https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2004rank.html.
15. World Bank press release, “Maximizing Mobile,” July 17, 2012.
16. Andrew Pollack, “City’s Mobile Phone Battle,” New York Times, March 3, 1984, 29.
17. Associated Press, “First Cell Phone a True ‘Brick,’” April 11, 2005, http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/7432915/ns/technology_and_science-wireless/t/first-cell-phone-true-brick/#.UEV__Wie5M4.
18. Retrobrick.com data, http://www.retrobrick.com/moto8000.html.
19. Northern Voices Online, “Samsung Galaxy Note 2 Vs Galaxy S3,” September 2, 2012, http://nvonews.com/2012/09/02/samsung-galaxy-note-2-vs-galaxy-s3-comparison-of-specs-features/.
20. Amazon data, http://www.amazon.com/Samsung-Galaxy-Unlocked-Smart-Marble/dp/B0080DJ6CM.
21. Jonathan Charles, “Samsung Galaxy S3 Gets Cheaper: Sub-$200 Price May Be Arriving,” Mobilenapps.com, September 2, 2012, http://www.mobilenapps.com/articles/4034/20120902/samsung-galaxy-s3-gets-cheaper-sub-200.html.
22. Http://smartphones.techcrunch.com/l/245/Samsung-Galaxy-S3.
Notes to Chapter 15
1. Matt Hinton, “Johnny Manziel, Big Man on Campus, Avoiding Campus in Web-only Classes,” CBSsports.com, February 18, 2013, http://www.cbssports.com/collegefootball/blog/eye-on-college-football/21727707/johnny-manziel-big-man-on-campus-avoiding-campus-in-web-only-classes.
2. Tamar Levin, “Instruction for Masses Knocks Down Campus Walls,” New York Times, March 4, 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/05/education/moocs-large-courses-open-to-all-topple-campus-walls.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0.
3. Http://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/16/science/16stanford.html?_r=1.
4. For more, see: http://clep.collegeboard.org.
5. Jeff Denneen and Tom Dretler, “The Financially Sustainable University,” Bain & Company, July 6, 2012, http://www.bain.com/publications/articles/financially-sustainable-university.aspx.
6. Jasmine Evans, “The Rising Cost of Tuition Surpasses the Rate of Inflation,” Diverseeducation.com, February 11, 2013, http://diverseeducation.com/article/51243/#.
7. Cameron McWhirter and Douglas Belkin, “Student Drought Hits Smaller Universities,” Wall Street Journal, July 26, 2013, A3.
8. Mark Suster, “In 15 Years from Now Half of U.S. Universities May Be in Bankruptcy. My Surprise Discussion with @ClayChristensen,” Bothsidesof thetable.com, March 3, 2013, http://www.bothsidesofthetable.com/2013/03/03/in-15-years-from-now-half-of-us-universities-may-be-in-bankruptcy-my-surprise-discussion-with-claychristensen/.
9. Wikipedia.org, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_de_La_Salle.
10. Wikipedia.org, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salman_Khan_(educator).
11. Wikipedia.org, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salman_Khan_(educator).
12. Wikipedia.org, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khan_Academy.
13. Khan Academy data, http://www.khanacademy.org/about.
14. Scienceexchange.com, “MOOCs and Khan Academy: Opening up Science Education,” December 12, 2012, http://blog.scienceexchange.com/2012/12/moocs-and-khan-academy-opening-up-science-education/.
15. A.J. Jacobs, “Two Cheers for Web U,” New York Times, April 21, 2013, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/21/opinion/sunday/grading-the-mooc-university.html?src=recg.
16. Ibid.
17. David Brooks, “The Practical University,” New York Times, April 4, 2013, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/05/opinion/Brooks-The-Practical-University.html?ref=todayspaper&_r=2&.
Notes to Chapter 16
1. Foxnews.com, “Real-life ‘St
ar Trek’ Tricorder Project Raises $1 Million,” http://www.foxnews.com/science/2013/06/25/real-life-star-trek-tricorder-project-raises-1-million/#ixzz2ZQ1vPkJV.
2. Indiegogo.com data, http://www.indiegogo.com/projects/scanadu-scout-the-first-medical-tricorder?c=home.
3. Data collected and analyzed by author based on Kenneth J. Nazinitsky and Burton M. Gold, “Radiology—Then and Now,” American Journal of Roentgenology, August 1988, http://www.ajronline.org/content/151/2/249.full.pdf, as well as inflation-adjusted cost data published by New Choice Health, http://www.newchoicehealth.com/X-Ray-Cost.
4. For more on this, see DMXworks.com.
5. Eliza Strickland, “The Gene Machine and Me,” IEEE Spectrum, February 29, 2013, http://spectrum.ieee.org/biomedical/devices/the-gene-machine-and-me.
6. Amy Dockser Marcus, “The Future of Medicine is Now,” Wall Street Journal, December 31, 2012, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424127887323530404578205692226506324.html.
7. Nicholas Wade, “Decoding DNA with Semiconductors,” New York Times, July 20, 2011, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/21/science/21genome.html.
8. American Diabetes Association data, http://www.diabetes.org/diabetes-basics/diabetes-statistics/.
9. Eric Topol, The Creative Destruction of Medicine: How the Digital Revolution Will Create Better Health Care (New York: Basic Books, 2012), 65–66. See also: http://www.medtronicdiabetes.com/products/guardiancgm.
10. Ben Coxworth, “Next-Generation Camera Pill Could Transmit HD Video from Inside the Body,” Gizmag.com, November 28, 2011, http://www.gizmag.com/next-generation-camera-pill/20640/.
11. Joseph Walker, “PillCam Maker Given Imaging to Be Bought by Covidien,” Wall Street Journal, December 8, 2013, http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702304014504579246692001240318.
12. Camilla Andersson, “3-D Printer Redefines Reconstructive Surgery,” European Medical Device Technology, January 15, 2013, http://www.emdt.co.uk/article/3-d-printer-redefines-reconstructive-surgery.
13. Jason Kane, “Health Costs: How the U.S. Compares with Other Countries,” PBS NewsHour, October 22, 2012. In 2011, US GDP was $15 trillion.
Notes to Chapter 17
1. Cactus Drilling has a good primer that describes the jobs on the rig. See: http://cactusdrilling.com/careers.
2. The numbers vary every year, but in 2010, the Daily Beast reported that oil and gas drillers were experiencing 24 fatalities per 100,000 workers. Fishermen, loggers, and ranchers all had higher fatality rates. Daily Beast, “Dangerous Jobs,” April 7, 2010, http://www.thedailybeast.com/galleries/2010/04/07/dangerous-jobs.html#slide14.
3. National Oilwell Varco, “Iron Roughnecks,” undated, http://www.nov.com/Drilling/Iron_Roughnecks.aspx.
4. The operating cost for land rigs varies widely. But the rental rate for a top-drive rig is about $25,000 per day. When all other costs, including fuel, consulting firms, and other items, like drill bits, are added in, the total cost can reach $100,000 per day, or $4,166 per hour.
5. Transcript of State of the Union address, http://www.npr.org/2011/01/26/133224933/transcript-obamas-state-of-union-address.
6. BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2012.
7. Bloomberg New Energy Finance, “New Investment in Clean Energy Fell 11% in 2012,” January 14, 2013, http://about.bnef.com/2013/01/14/new-investment-in-clean-energy-fell-11-in-2012–2/.
8. IHS, “Total 2012 Upstream Oil and Gas Spending to Reach Record Level of Nearly $1.3 Trillion; Set to Exceed $1.6 Trillion by 2016, IHS Study Says,” April 30, 2012, http://press.ihs.com/press-release/energy-power/total-2012-upstream-oil-and-gas-spending-reach-record-level-nearly-13-tri.
9. EIA data, http://www.eia.gov/dnav/ng/ng_enr_wellend_s1_a.html.
10. Ibid.
11. Guinness World Records, http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/records-11000/largest-drillship/.
12. Personal communication by the author with Norman Naill, Devon’s drilling superintendent, on January 23, 2013.
13. Southwestern Energy investor presentation, August 2013, http://www.swn.com/investors/LIP/latestinvestorpresentation.pdf.
14. EIA data, “Short-term Energy Outlook,” February 14, 2013, http://www.eia.gov/forecasts/steo/special/pdf/2013_sp_02.pdf?scr=email.
15. Boston Company Asset Management, “End of an Era: The Death of Peak Oil,” February 2013, http://www.thebostoncompany.com/assets/pdf/views-insights/Feb13_Death_of_Peak_Oil.pdf, 3.
16. In March 2013, Anadarko Petroleum Corp. and four partner companies announced another major discovery of oil in a formation known as the Lower Tertiary Trend. The well was drilled to a depth of 31,000 feet below the ocean floor in 5,800 feet of water. See: Dow Jones Newswires, “Anadarko, Partners Announce U.S. Gulf of Mexico Oil Find,” March 19, 2013, http://m.foxbusiness.com/quickPage.html?content=91014937&page=32811&pageNum=-1. Tudor, Pickering, Holt & Co., a Houston-based investment banking firm estimates the Shenandoah-2 discovery has 3.7 billion barrels of oil equivalent. A few days after Anadarko announced its find, Chevron announced a find of similar magnitude in the Lower Tertiary. See: Zain Shauk, “Chevron Strikes Oil More Than 6 Miles Below Sea Level,” FuelFix, March 25, 2013, http://fuelfix.com/blog/2013/03/25/chevron-finds-oil-more-than-6-miles-below-sea-level/?utm_source=twitterfeed&utm_medium=twitter.
17. Boston Company Asset Management, “End of an Era: The Death of Peak Oil,” 3.
18. BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2012.
19. Abbott Payson Usher, A History of Mechanical Inventions (New York: Dover, 1982), 9.
20. Richard Heinberg, The Party’s Over: Oil, Water and the Fate of Industrial Societies, (Gabriola Island, BC, Canada: New Society, 2003), 105.
21. Los Angeles Times, “U.S. Warned Oil Shortage Due in 20 Years,” August 18, 1946, 6.
22. Heinberg, The Party’s Over, 106.
23. Robert L. Bradley Jr., and Richard W. Fulmer, Energy: The Master Resource (Dubuque: Kendall/Hunt Publishing, 2004), 81.
24. Quoted in ibid, 81.
25. Ibid.
26. Matt Ridley, “Apocalypse Not: Here’s Why You Shouldn’t Worry About End Times,” Wired, August 17, 2012, http://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2012/08/ff_apocalypsenot/all.
27. Ibid.
28. Robert A. Hefner, The GET: The Grand Energy Transition (Oklahoma City, GHK Exploration LLC, 2008), 35.
29. Mike Ruppert, “Interview with Matthew Simmons,” August 18, 2003, http://www.oilcrash.com/articles/blackout.html.
30. Reuters, “Exxon Says N. America Gas Production Has Peaked,” June 21, 2005, http://www.reuters.com/article/Utilities/idUSN2163310420050621.
31. Oil and Gas Journal, “Marketed Natural Gas Production,” January 7, 2013, 34.
Notes to Chapter 18
1. CBS News, “Transcript of Barack Obama’s Speech,” February 10, 2007, http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/02/10/politics/main2458099.shtml.
2. Http://fayobserver.com/articles/2013/03/02/1240799.
3. World Nuclear Association, “Heat Values of Various Fuels, March 5, 2010, http://world-nuclear.org/info/Facts-and-Figures/Heat-values-of-various-fuels/#.Ud3sIz54ZDs.
4. Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_737.
5. See b737.org, http://www.b737.org.uk/techspecsdetailed.html.
6. Http://www.climate-one.org/transcripts/robert-f-kennedy-jr-transcript.
7. Bart Jansen, “Questions focus on Boeing’s 787 Dreamliner’s Batteries,” USA Today, January 17, 2013, http://www.usatoday.com/story/travel/flights/2013/01/17/dreamliner-batteries/1842871/.
8. World Nuclear Association, “Heat values of various fuels.”
9. A 40-foot shipping container covers 320 square feet or nearly 30 square meters. See: http://www.sjonescontainers.co.uk/container/dimensions.asp. If we assume the footprint of Clean Energy Systems’ generator, and all of the related equipment, is 20 of the standard 40-foot shipping containers, then the entire site would cover 600 square meters. Therefore, with a power output of 70,000,000 watts / 600 m2, the power density w
ould be nearly 117,000 W/m2.
Notes to Chapter 19
1. According to Peabody officials (Beth Sutton e-mail dated April 11, 2012), the mine’s coal production can produce 205 terawatt-hours of electricity per year. In 2012, Mexico’s electricity generation totaled 291 TWh. Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2013.
2. EIA data, http://www.eia.gov/coal/annual/pdf/table1.pdf.
3. James Hansen, “Coal-fired Power Stations Are Death Factories. Close them,” The Observer, February 14, 2009, http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2009/feb/15/james-hansen-power-plants-coal.
4. EIA data, http://www.eia.gov/forecasts/ieo/coal.cfm.
5. BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2013. Between 2002 and 2012, global coal use jumped by 26.5 million barrels of oil equivalent per day. Over that same time frame, oil consumption grew by 11.3 million barrels of oil equivalent per day; natural gas increased by 14.3 million barrels of oil equivalent per day; and nuclear fell by 1 million barrels of oil equivalent per day, largely due to Japan’s shutdown of its nuclear facilities after the Fukushima disaster. (Hydropower increased by 4.7 million barrels of oil equivalent per day. Wind increased by 2.1 million barrels of oil equivalent per day.)
6. Natural-gas.au, “Common Properties of Commercial Fuels,” http://www.natural-gas.com.au/about/references.html.
7. IEA Key World Energy Statistics 2013, 24, http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/name,31287,en.html.
8. Matt Ridley, Rational Optimist: How Prosperity Evolves (New York: Harper Collins, 2010), 223.
9. Barbara Freese, Coal: A Human History (New York: Penguin, 2003), 97.
10. Keith Bradsher and David Barboza, “Pollution from Chinese Coal Casts a Global Shadow,” New York Times, June 11, 2006, http://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/11/business/worldbusiness/11chinacoal.html?pagewanted=print.
11. Mine Safety and Health Administration data, http://www.msha.gov/stats/charts/coal2011yearend.asp.
12. John Raby, “Gary May, Former Upper Big Branch Mine Superintendent, Pleads Guilty to Federal Conspiracy Charges,” Huffington Post, March 29, 2012, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/03/29/gary-may-upper-big-branch_n_1387689.html.
13. Http://www.sfgate.com/business/bloomberg/article/Worst-India-Outage-Highlights-60-Years-of-Missed-3755620.php.