by Robert Bryce
8. Holman W. Jenkins Jr., “Will Google’s Ray Kurzweil Live Forever?” Wall Street Journal, April 12, 2013, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424127887324504704578412581386515510.html.
9. John Gantz and David Reinsel, “Extracting Value from Chaos,” IDC, June 2011, http://www.emc.com/collateral/analyst-reports/idc-extracting-value-from-chaos-ar.pdf.
10. A 2011 analysis by the Library of Congress put the size of the print collection alone at 208 terabytes. See: Mike Ashenfelder, “Transferring ‘Library of Congress’ of Data,” July 11, 2011, loc.gov, http://blogs.loc.gov/digitalpreservation/2011/07/transferring-libraries-of-congress-of-data/. For data on the LoC, see: http://www.loc.gov/about/facts.html.
11. To be clear on the math: The LoC collection is 200 terabytes or 2x10^14. And 8 zettabytes is 8x10^21. Divide the former into the latter and you get 4x10^7, or 40 million.
12. Duncan Geere, “Google blimps will carry wireless signal across Africa,” May 26, 2013, Wired.co.uk, http://www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2013–05/26/google-blimps/viewgallery/304505.
13. Intel, “Moore’s Law and Intel Innovation,” undated. http://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/history/museum-gordon-moore-law.html.
14. Intel data on the company’s 45 nanometer technology; http://download.intel.com/pressroom/kits/45nm/SandToCircuit_FINAL.pdf.
15. Http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M114_155_mm_howitzer.
16. Martin H. Weik, “The ENIAC Story,” Ordnance, January–February 1961, http://ftp.arl.mil/~mike/comphist/eniac-story.html. Also, George Dyson, Turing’s Cathedral, 22.
17. Data from photo of Eniac-on-a-chip supplied by Jan Van der Spiegel, University of Pennsylvania.
18. Jan Van der Spiegel, “ENIAC-on-a-chip,” Penn Printout, March 1996, http://www.upenn.edu/computing/printout/archive/v12/4/chip.html.
19. One square meter contains 1 million square millimeters. Therefore, ENIAC covered 22,300,000 square millimeters. Divide that number by 40 and you get 557,500.
20. The average postage stamp has an area of about 400 square millimeters. See: http://www.bluebulbprojects.com/measureofthings/doShowResults.asp?comp=area&unit=mm2&amt=5600&sort=pr&p=1.
21. Nobelprize.org, http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1967/bethe-lecture.html. Source of quote: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_von_Neumann#cite_note-Life_Magazine_1957.2C,89, 104–44.
22. John R. Edwards, “A History of Early Computing at Princeton,” undated, Princeton University, http://www.princeton.edu/turing/alan/history-of-computing-at-p/.
23. George Dyson, Turing’s Cathedral: The Origins of the Digital Universe (New York: Pantheon, 2012), 59.
24. Ibid., 60.
25. Ibid., x.
26. Peter Huber and Mark P. Mills, The Bottomless Well: The Twilight of Fuel, the Virtue of Waste, and Why We Will Never Run Out of Energy (New York: Basic Books, 2005), 34, 35. See also, Tao Pang, An Introduction to Computational Physics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006), 6, http://www.fisica.ufmg.br/~dickman/transfers/comp/pang06.pdf.
27. Van der Spiegel, “ENIAC-on-a-chip.”
28. My home is about 2,700 square feet. I did not count the power density to include natural gas, as the heating load for my home is relatively small. The cooling load, given the hot summers in Texas, is relatively large.
29. Jesse H. Ausubel, “Renewable and Nuclear Heresies,” International Journal of Nuclear Governance, Economy and Ecology 1, no. 3 (2007): 231, http://phe.rockefeller.edu/docs/HeresiesFinal.pdf.
30. Benj Edwards, “Birth of a Standard: The Intel 8086 Microprocessor,” PC World, June 17, 2008, http://www.pcworld.com/article/146957/birth_of_a_standard_the_intel_8086_microprocessor.html.
31. Intel.com, http://www.intel.com/pressroom/kits/quickreffam.html.
32. Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Intel_microprocessors; the chip referenced here is the Core i7 Ivy Bridge.
33. Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Intel_microprocessors: the chip referenced here is the Core i7 Sandy Bridge-E, which has 8 cores and 2.27 billion transistors.
34. Pang, An Introduction to Computational Physics, 6, http://www.fisica.ufmg.br/~dickman/transfers/comp/pang06.pdf.
35. Dyson, op. cit., 75.
36. Dyson, op. cit., 85.
37. Dyson, op. cit., ix.
38. John R. Edwards, “A History of Early Computing at Princeton,” undated, Princeton University, http://www.princeton.edu/turing/alan/history-of-computing-at-p/.
39. Dyson, op. cit., 6.
40. VPRO Backlight, “George Dyson on MANIAC, the First RAM,” YouTube, January 27, 2011, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tWY5I2BvmH0.
41. Dyson, op. cit., 149.
42. http://www.washingtonpost.com/business/facebook-joins-ranks-of-largest-ipos-in-us-history/2012/05/18/gIQABxtuYU_gallery.html#photo=8.
43. Greenpeace, “How Clean Is Your Cloud?” April 2012, http://www.greenpeace.org/international/Global/international/publications/climate/2012/iCoal/HowCleanisYourCloud.pdf, 7.
44. Greenpeace.org, http://www.greenpeace.org/international/en/campaigns/climate-change/cool-it/ITs-carbon-footprint/Facebook/.
45. James Hamilton, “I Love Solar Power But . . . ,” March 17, 2012, http://perspectives.mvdirona.com/2012/03/17/ilovesolarpowerbut.aspx.
46. Rich Miller, “Another Major Data Center for Prineville?,” Data Center Knowledge, April 9, 2012, http://www.datacenterknowledge.com/archives/2012/04/09/another-major-data-center-for-prineville/.
47. Amanda S. Adams and David W. Keith, “Are Global Wind Power Resource Estimates Overstated?” Environmental Research Letters, February 25, 2013, http://iopscience.iop.org/1748–9326/8/1/015021/pdf/1748–9326_8_1_015021.pdf.
48. Central park is 843 acres, or 3.4 square kilometers: http://www.centralparknyc.org/visit/general-info/faq/.
49. Jonathan Koomey estimates US data centers use 2 percent of domestic power. See: http://www.koomey.com/post/8323374335. In 2010, US power generation was 4326 terawatt-hours. See BP Statistical Review. Czech population data is here: http://www.google.com/publicdata/explore?ds=d5bncppjof8f9_&met_y=sp_pop_totl&idim=country:CZE&dl=en&hl=en&q=czech+republic+population.
50. According to the BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2012, in 2011, US solar energy production was 1.8 terawatt-hours.
51. Jonathan Koomey, “My New Study of Data Center Electricity Use in 2010,” Koomey.com, July 31, 2011, http://www.koomey.com/post/8323374335.
52. BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2011.
53. Mark Mills, “The Cloud Begins with Coal,” Digital Power Group, July 2013, http://www.tech-pundit.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/Cloud_Begins_With_Coal.pdf?c761ac&c761ac, 3.
54. Jonathan Koomey, “My New Study of Data Center Electricity Use in 2010.”
55. BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2011. Between 2005 and 2010, global electricity use grew by 16.7%.
56. Adrian Bridgwater, “Intel 15 Billion Online Toasters by 2015,” Computerweekly.com, September 14, 2012, http://www.computerweekly.com/cgi-bin/mt-search.cgi?blog_id=113&tag=Internet%20of%20Things&limit=20.
57. Greg Meckbach, “Ericsson Predicts 50 Billion Networked Devices,” IT World Canada, February 26, 2010, http://www.itworldcanada.com/news/ericsson-predicts-50-billion-networked-devices/140089.
68. Current as of October 17, 2013, http://finance.yahoo.com/q?s=INTC&ql=0.
59. Http://www.google.com/finance?q=NASDAQ%3AINTC&fstype=ii&ed=us&ei=pv4bUZj3KaTAlgOCMQ.
60. Intel.com, http://download.intel.com/newsroom/kits/22nm/pdfs/22nm_Fun_Facts.pdf.
61. Intel.com, http://download.intel.com/newsroom/kits/22nm/pdfs/22nm_Fun_Facts.pdf.
62. Sharon Gaudin, “The Transistor: The Most Important Invention of the 20th Century?” Computerworld.com, December 12, 2007, http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9052781/The_transistor_The_most_important_invention_of_the_20th_century.
63. PC Magazine Encyclopedia, http://www.pcmag.com/encyclopedia_term/0,1237,t=25+process&i=49759,00.asp.
64. Ibid
.
65. Intel.com, http://download.intel.com/newsroom/kits/22nm/pdfs/22nm_Fun_Facts.pdf.
66. Diedtra Henderson, “Moore’s Law Still Reigns: How Computers Became Smaller, Faster, Cheaper,” Seattle Times, November 24, 1996, http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=19961124&slug=2361376.
67. Robert P. Colwell, The Pentium Chronicles: The People, Passion, and Politics Behind Intel’s Landmark Chips (Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, 2006), 4.
68. Yahoo! Finance data, http://finance.yahoo.com/q?s=intc&ql=1.
69. Ivan Smith, “Cost of Hard Drive Storage Space,” undated, http://ns1758.ca/winch/winchest.html.
70. Mkomo.com, “A History of Storage Cost,” undated, http://www.mkomo.com/cost-per-gigabyte.
Notes to Chapter 10
1. Philips.com, “Philips Celebrates 25th Anniversary of the Compact Disc,” August 16, 2007, http://www.newscenter.philips.com/main/standard/about/news/press/20070816_25th_anniversary_cd.wpd.
2. My vinyl collection holds 2,490 songs and weighs 62.3 kilos. Getting to 40,000 songs would be 16 times as much as my LP collection, therefore 62.3 × 16 = 1,000 kilos or 2,200 pounds. For the Fiat’s specs, see: http://www.media.chrysler.com/dcxms/assets/specs/2012_Fiat_500_Specs.pdf. The iPod Classic has a volume of 67 cubic centimeters. Multiply that by 20,000 and you get 1.34 million cc or about 79,330 cubic inches. The refrigerator: an upright refrigerator/freezer has a volume of 73,278 cubic inches. For iPod Classic specs, see: http://www.apple.com/ipodclassic/specs.html.
3. Library of Congress, “The History of the Edison Cylinder Phonograph,” undated, http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/edhtml/edcyldr.html.
4. Measurements based on author’s personal collection, normalizing a 250-album collection of vinyl versus compact disc.
Notes to Chapter 11
1. Odyssey Marine Exploration, “SS Gairsoppa Historical Overview,” undated, http://www.shipwreck.net/ssgairsoppahistoricaloverview.php.
2. Michael Winter, “$230M in silver found in WWII shipwreck off Ireland,” USA Today, September 26, 2011, http://content.usatoday.com/communities/ondeadline/post/2011/09/230m-in-silver-found-in-ww2-shipwreck-off-ireland/1.
3. Huffington Post, “SS Gairsoppa Shipwreck Nets $38 Million in Silver,” July 18, 2012, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/07/18/ss-gairsoppa-shipwreck-38-million-silver_n_1683505.html. For more on Odyssey, see: http://finance.yahoo.com/q?s=OMEX.
4. Discovery.com, “Record Treasure Hauled from Shipwreck,” July 18, 2012, http://news.discovery.com/history/biggest-treasure-yet-hauled-from-shipwreck-120718.htm#mkcpgn=fbdsc8.
5. Search results from BibleGateway.com. See: http://www.biblegateway.com/keyword/?search=gold&version1=NIV&searchtype=all.
6. David Wolman, The End of Money: Counterfeiters, Preachers, Techies, Dreamers—And the Coming Cashless Society, (Boston: Da Capo Press, 2012), 14.
7. James Surowiecki, “A Brief History of Money,” IEEE Spectrum, June 2012, http://spectrum.ieee.org/at-work/innovation/a-brief-history-of-money/0.
8. Ibid.
9. World Bank data, http://databank.worldbank.org/databank/download/GDP.pdf.
10. FederalReserve.gov data, http://www.federalreserve.gov/paymentsystems/fedfunds_ann.html.
11. Toby Shapshak, “Long May the SMS Reign,” TimesLive.co.za, June 11, 2012, http://www.timeslive.co.za/thetimes/2012/06/11/long-may-the-sms-reign.
12. Robert Bryce, “Printing Money Proves a Lucrative Trade,” Christian Science Monitor, December 21, 1992, http://www.csmonitor.com/1992/1221/21072.html.
13. For more, see CSAnotes.com.
14. Jacob Goldstein and David Kestenbaum, “Why We Left the Gold Standard,” NPR.com, April 21, 2011, http://www.npr.org/blogs/money/2011/04/27/135604828/why-we-left-the-gold-standard.
15. The Week, “Why Did the U.S. Abandon the Gold Standard?” October 5, 2012, http://mentalfloss.com/article/12715/why-did-us-abandon-gold-standard.
16. Donald L. Barlett and James B. Steele, “Billions over Baghdad,” Vanity Fair, October 2007, http://www.vanityfair.com/politics/features/2007/10/iraq_billions200710.
17. David Barboza, “Chinese Way of Doing Business: In Cash We Trust, Exclusively,” New York Times, May 1, 2013, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/01/business/global/chinese-way-of-doing-business-in-cash-we-trust.html.
18. World Bank data, via google.com/publicdata.
19. For more on M-PESA, see: http://www.safaricom.co.ke/personal/m-pesa/m-pesa-resource-centre/presentations.
20. That’s the weight of a Nokia 3120b, as weighed by the author.
21. Miguel Helft, “The Death of Cash,” Fortune, July 9, 2012, http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2012/07/09/dorsey-square-death-cash/.
22. Rimma Kats, “Starbucks Generates More Than 3M Mobile Payment Transactions Per Week,” MobileCommerceDaily.com, March 22, 2013, http://www.mobilecommercedaily.com/starbucks-generates-more-than-3m-mobile-payment-transactions-per-week.
23. Gartner.com, “Gartner Says Worldwide Mobile Payment Transaction Value to Surpass $171.5 Billion,” May 29, 2012, http://www.gartner.com/newsroom/id/2028315.
24. Data from mobiletransaction.org, http://www.mobiletransaction.org/growing-sms-payments-world/.
25. For an analysis of the countries most ready to join the mobile payments sector, look at MasterCard’s Mobile Payments Readiness Index: http://mobilereadiness.mastercard.com/the-index/.
26. Toby Shapshak statement at SXSW Interactive, Austin, TX, March 9, 2012. See: http://storify.com/softwaremono/the-dollar-100bn-mobile-bullet-train-called-africa.
27. Figure current as of October 10, 2013. Stock quote available via Reuters: http://www.reuters.com/finance/stocks/overview?symbol=SCOM.NR On October 10, 2013, Safaricom’s market cap was 366B Kenyan shillings.
28. In fiscal year 2012, Safaricom had revenue of 107 billion Kenyan shillings. See the company’s annual report for the year ended 31st March 2012, http://www.safaricom.co.ke/safaricom_annual_report/pdfs/Safaricom_Annual_Report.pdf, 45.
29. The Economist, “Is It a Phone, Is It a Bank?” March 20, 2013, http://www.economist.com/news/finance-and-economics/21574520-safaricom-widens-its-banking-services-payments-savings-and-loans-it.
30. Safaricom data, “M-PESA—An Overview,” 2008, http://www.safaricom.co.ke/images/Downloads/Personal/M-PESA/Presentations/2008.09.01-m-pesa_media_workshop.pdf, 3, 4.
31. Safaricom annual report, March 2012, http://investinginafrica.net/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Safaricom_Annual_Report_2012.pdf, 2.
32. Jerry Brito, “A Shift Toward Digital Currency,” New York Times, October 16, 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2012/04/04/bringing-dollars-and-cents-into-this-century/a-shift-toward-digital-currency.
33. Nicole Perlroth, “Anonymous Payment Schemes Thriving on Web,” May 29, 2013, New York Times, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/30/technology/anonymous-payment-schemes-thriving-on-web.html?_r=0.
34. Jessica Leber, “Cashing Out of Corruption,” MIT Technology Review, March 19, 2012, http://www.technologyreview.com/news/427267/cashing-out-of-corruption/.
35. Nathan Hodge, “As U.S. Departs, Afghan Business Dries Up,” Wall Street Journal, April 4, 2013, http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424127887324281004578356240553085684.
36. Jessica Leber, “Cashing Out of Corruption.”
37. Richard Shaffer, “Mobile Payments Gain Traction Among India’s Poor,” New York Times, December 4, 2013, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/05/business/international/mobile-payments-gain-traction-among-indias-poor.html?hpw&rref=business.
38. Tom Chatfield, “Bitcoin and the Illusion of Money,” BBC.com, April 12, 2013, http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20130412-bitcoin-and-the-illusion-of-money.
39. See: https://venmo.com/.
Notes to Chapter 12
1. For more on this, see: Edward O. Wilson, “The Riddle of the Human Species,” New York Times, February 24, 2013, http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/02/24/the-riddle-of-the-human-species/?_r=0.
2. Joel Kotkin, The City: A Global History, (New York:
The Modern Library, 2005), 4.
3. Worldatlas.com, http://www.worldatlas.com/citypops.htm#.UauR0yt4aRk.
4. UN data, http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/longrange2/WorldPop2300final.pdf.
5. Edward Glaeser, Triumph of the City: How Our Greatest Invention Makes Us Richer, Smarter, Greener, Healthier and Happier (New York: Penguin Press, 2011) 1.
6. Steven Johnson, Where Good Ideas Come From: The Natural History of Innovation (New York: Riverhead Books, 2010), 10.
7. Gerald Carlino, Satyajit Chatterjee, and Robert Hunt, “Matching and Learning in Cities: Urban Density and the Rate of Invention,” Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia, April 2005, http://www.philadelphiafed.org/research-and-data/publications/working-papers/2004/wp04–16.pdf, ii.
8. See: http://cybersocialstructure.org/category/cybersocialstructure/.
9. Stewart Brand, Whole Earth Discipline: An Ecopragmatist Manifesto (New York: Viking, 2009), 26.
10. Kai Ryssdal, “A Pragmatic Response to Climate Change,” Marketplace, October 26, 2009, http://www.marketplace.org/topics/business/pragmatic-response-climate-change.
11. Richard Dobbs, Jaana Remes, James Manyika, Charles Roxburgh, Sven Smit and Fabian Schaer, “Urban World: Cities and the Rise of the Consuming Class,” McKinsey Global Institute, June 2012, http://www.mckinsey.com/insights/mgi/research/urbanization/urban_world_cities_and_the_rise_of_the_consuming_class.
12. Ibid., 1.
13. Ibid., 4.
14. Bruce Katz and Jennifer Bradley, “Metro Connection,” Democracy, Spring 2011, http://www.democracyjournal.org/20/metro-connection.php?page=all.
15. Kotkin, The City, op. cit., xx.
Notes to Chapter 13
1. Cited by Keith Fuglie, “Why the Pessimists Are Wrong,” IEEE Spectrum, June 2013, http://spectrum.ieee.org/green-tech/conservation/agricultural-productivity-will-rise-to-the-challenge.
2. Geohive.com data, http://www.geohive.com/earth/his_history3.aspx.
3. For the text of the book, see http://www.constitution.org/cmt/malthus/population.html.
4. Fuglie, op. cit.
5. Market cap data as of October 17, 2013. See: http://www.google.com/finance?cid=656159.