Four Sisters of Hofei : A History (9781439125878)
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Academy for Practical Learning, 88
adoption practices, 62, 95–96
Amitabha Buddha, 82–83
Analects, 59, 116, 165, 286
An-ch’ing, 21–22
Anhwei Advanced Level School, 21
Anhwei Patriotic Society, 21–22
Anhwei Province, 3–4, 8, 11, 19–25, 28–31, 57, 60n, 79, 83, 198, 287
Anhwei Vernacular Paper, 24
Anthology of Ancient-style Writings (Yao Nai), 60
Anthology of Literature, 94
antiforeign sentiment, 20–21
art, Western, 133–34
Auden, W. H., 298
Autumn in the Palace of Han, 125
“Awakening from the Dream,” 231, 289–90
A-yung, 162
Bakunin, Mikhail Aleksandrovich, 119
Beat the Drum and Curse Ts’ao Ts’ao, 256
Beijing K’un-ch’ü Research Institute, 210–11
Bibi, 227, 233, 242
“Big Precious,” 287
Big Sister Ho, 51, 55, 56
“Big Sister Kuo,” 134–38
as family entertainer, 134–38
“Black Nightmare,” 259
Book of Family Names, The, 91
Book of Lieh Tzu, 44
bookshops, 23
Boxer Uprising, 20, 24, 87
bridesmaid in Hofei society, 2
Buddhism, Buddhist practices, 14, 48–55, 67, 72, 78, 82–83
burial practices, 164–65
Burma, 39–40
Burma Road, 295
California, 216, 313
Canton, 124, 197
Central Labor Union, 124
Central News, 298
Chang Chao-ho, 16–18, 143, 179, 213, 217–82, 311
attractiveness of, 229
birth of, 16
Ch’ung-ho and, 252–53, 293, 295
early life of, 74, 81, 94, 99, 102, 138, 148, 229–32
education of, 90, 91, 148, 191, 197
and “Little Ninth,” 233–34, 242, 243, 261
marriage of, 228, 232–33, 247, 257–58, 225–32, 234–41; see also Shen Ts’ung-wen
as mother, 254–55, 262
Yun-ho and, 185, 186, 189, 196, 202, 213–14, 222–25, 230–31, 232, 252
Chang Chih, 306
Chang Chih-lian, 203, 206
Chang Chong-ho, 269
Chang Ch’uan-fang, 210
Chang Ch’ung-ho (Chang Hsüan), 98–99, 255, 261, 283–314
on the art of k’un-ch’ü, 151, 290–91, 309
on “Big Sister Kuo,” 138
birth of, 17–18
as calligrapher, 302
Chao-ho and, 252–53, 293, 295
Chin Ta-chieh and, 141
in Chungking, 301–11
early years of, 69–70, 141, 283–84, 287–88
education of, 58–60, 162, 163, 284, 289, 291–93, 305
marriage of, 311–12
mother’s death and, 69–70
in opera club, 162, 175, 294
parents as viewed by, 100, 107
poetry of, 284, 307–8, 311, 314
scholarly pursuits of, 290, 301–4
Shih-hsiu and, 25, 32, 42–43, 44–46, 69–70, 78
Sino-Japanese War and, 129
in U.S., 179, 213, 216
on widowhood, 108
Yuan-ho and, 148, 151–52
Yun-ho and, 184–86, 195–96, 200
in Yunnan, 295–99
Chang family:
daughters’ education as organized by, 93–94
domestics in, 54–57, 143
estate in Hofei, 55–57
holdings and treasures of, 60–61, 73–74
members of, listed, xiii-xiv
Chang Fei, 205–6
Chang Hsü, 111
Chang Hsüeh-ch’eng, 6–7, 161
Chang Hua-chen, 48–49, 53
Chang Hua-k’uei, 49, 60–61, 95–97, 113
Chang Huan-ho, 200
Chang Hua-tou, 64
Chang I-lian, 214
Chang Shih-chao, 303, 309–10, 312
Chang Shu-sheng (Cho-yung Brave), 4, 19, 27–28, 32–43, 44, 46, 56–57, 60, 64, 67, 73–74, 87–88, 95, 113, 119–20, 165, 199
foreign incursions as viewed by, 39–42
as governor-general, 33–34
Western knowledge and technology as viewed by, 34–37
Chang Tai, 61, 176
Chang Ting-ho (Wu-ling’s son), 99n, 143, 201, 214
Chang Ting-ho (Yao-ling’s son), 99–100, 281
Chang Tsung-ch’ang, 287
Chang Tsung-ho, 99, 101–2, 104–6, 109, 152, 155, 163, 244, 255, 293–94
Chang Wu-ling (Hsiao-sheng, Sheng-ching), 19, 27, 42, 79–80, 85–113, 140, 149, 189–91, 194, 199, 232
devoted to his children, 106, 107, 130–31
dissipation as viewed by, 94–95
and fall of Ch’ing dynasty, 20–23
landholdings of, 4
Lu Ying’s relationship with, 70–71, 77–78, 85–86
military and, 87–88
modern gadgets collected by, 133
press and, 24
principles and beliefs of, 100–101
reasons for move of, 19–24
scholarly interests of, 86, 88–89, 103–4
wedding of, 1–9
women’s education as commitment of, 90–94, 114–15, 118–19; see also Le-i Middle School
Yen Hui-yü compared with, 170
Chang Yao-ling, 98–99
Chang Yin-ho, 152, 155
Chang Yin-ku, 32
Chang Yuan-ho, 10–13, 77–79, 108, 147–81, 185, 213, 244, 312
birth of, 10
childhood of, 10–11, 141, 142, 189
Ch’ung-ho and, 148, 151–52
education of, 124, 191
as family beauty, 229
influence of Ling Hai-hsia on, 149–51
>
and Ku Ch’uan-chieh, 152–57, 169–72, 178–79, 181
life under the Japanese as viewed by, 171–72
mother’s death and, 83, 101–2
stage performances and, 91, 125, 147–81, 289–90
as university student, 156
in U.S., 216
Yun-ho and, 148, 172, 182
Chang Yü-ho, 103, 107, 131–33, 144–45
Chang Yun-ho (Erh-mao-tzu), 72, 139, 144–45, 179, 182–216, 220, 290, 302, 312
birth and early years of, 13–16, 70, 75, 102–3, 144, 148
Chao-ho and, 185, 186, 189, 196, 202, 213–14, 222–25, 230–31, 232, 252
Ch’ung-ho and, 184–86, 195–96, 200
Cultural Revolution and, 203, 209–10, 212–15
education of, 77, 102–3, 124, 148, 184, 190–91
as educator, 209–10
interrogated by “special agents,” 203–7
marriage of, 193–96, 201–2, 211–12, 233
as mother, 199–203
mother’s death and, 81–83
parents as viewed by, 187
personal qualities of, 184, 187–89
stage performances and, 91, 168
Tai Chieh and, 195–97, 199, 300
in U.S., 216
Yuan-ho and, 148, 172, 182
Chang-ma, 287
Ch’ang-sha, 241, 251, 253, 278–80
Ch’ang-sheng, 52, 286
Chao Tzu-lung, 205–6
Chapei district, 127
Chaplin, Charlie, 133
Che-chen, 144–45
Chekiang province, 3, 8, 121
Ch’en Kan-kan, 11–13, 76
Ch’en She, 142, 168
Ch’en Tuan-sheng, 135–37
Ch’en Tu-hsiu, 21, 24, 304n
Chen Yin-k’e, 257
Ch’en-chou (Yuan-ling), 240
Ch’eng-kung, 214, 252, 261, 297
Cheng-kuo Temple, 183, 187
Ch’eng-te, 279
Ch’eng-tu, 199, 200, 202, 214
Chi Fang, 179
Chia-ling River, 307
Chiang Kai-shek, 97–98, 100, 119, 122, 173, 287, 301–2
Chiang-yin, 108
Ch’iao-ling, 97–98
Ch’ien Mu, 293
Chihli province, 28, 97
Chi-li, 116
Ch’in dynasty, 142
Chin Ta-chieh (“Golden Older Sister,” Ku-chih), 141–43
China Bank, 64
China College, 90, 191–92, 218–19
China Times, 86
Chin-chou, 237–38
Chinese City in Shanghai, 23
Chinese Maritime Customs Service, 165
Chinese society:
education in, see education
importance of male progeny in, 1, 4–5
social status of entertainers in, 159–63, 168–69
traditional marriage customs in, 1–5, 8–9
unwed mothers in, 195–96
Ch’ing dynasty, 3–4, 33, 89–90, 115, 301
fall of, 20–23
government of, 19–24, 29–31, 34, 38–39, 88, 119
Ch’ing New Army, 22
Ching-hsien Girls’ School, 121–22
Ching-men-chou, 183
Ching-pao, 86
Ching-te, 79
Ch’in-huai River, 123
Chinling University, 169
Chinling Women’s College, 104
Ch’iu Chin, 8–9, 10
Chou Ch’uan-ying, 151–52, 156, 160, 164, 166, 168
Chou dynasty, 7, 96, 115, 301
Chou En-lai, 281
Chou Fo-hai, 118–19, 173, 176
Chou Hsiao-ho, 197, 200, 202
Chou Hsiao-p’ing, 197, 200–203
Chou Yu-kuang, 193–95, 198–203, 211–14
Chou-kung Mountain, 198
Ch’u, ancient kingdom of, 27
Chu Kan-kan, 74–75, 79, 138–40, 159, 224, 230, 234, 246, 255
Ch’u Min-i, 163, 175–76
Chu Mo-ch’ing, 47, 59, 286, 291, 306
Chu Tzu-ch’ing, 257
Ch’ü Yuan, 27, 102
Ch’üan-fu troupe, 92, 165
Chuang Tzu, 27, 41, 308
Ch’uan-hsi opera school, 164–67, 210
Chü-chih, 76, 140
Chu-ke Liang, 125–26
Chung Han-fu, 235
Ch’ung-chen, Emperor, 164
Chungking, 72, 97, 198–200, 214, 301, 303, 312
Chung-ma, 52–55, 64, 137–38, 287
Chung-shan University, 197
Classic of Changes, 7, 10, 112
Classic of Music, 301
Classic of Odes, 6–7, 59, 96, 291, 302
Classic of Rites, 301
Columbia University, 220–21
Communications University, see Nanyang Public College
Communist History Commission, 209–10
Communists, Communist Party, 99–100, 118, 121–25, 179–81, 209, 211, 270–71, 277, 281, 287, 312
Cultural Revolution and, 203, 209–10, 212–15, 280, 312–13
First Congress of, 119
Fourth Congress of, 122
Communist Youth League, 122
concubines, 53–54, 63, 80, 196
Confucius, 42, 47, 50, 56, 103, 116, 119, 142, 159, 160, 165, 286, 296, 301
Connecticut, 313
Consolidated University, 257, 295, 297–99
“Courtyard Full of Fragrance,” 106
Creation Society, 86
Cultural Ministry, 210–11, 276
Cultural Revolution, 203, 209–10, 212–15, 280, 312–13
“Deed of Sale for My Hill, A,” 83
“Destiny of Rebirth, The” (Ch’en Tuan-sheng), 135
Doctrine of the Mean, 59
dowries, 4–5, 80–81
“Drinking Water” (Nara Singde), 103
Echo Mountain Academy, 88–89
education, 114–29
of Chao-ho, 90, 91, 148, 191, 197
of Ch’ung-ho, 58–60, 162, 163, 284, 289, 291–93, 305
of Ku Ch’uan-chieh, 169
in Nanking, 191, 193, 197, 272
of nurse-nannies, 74–77, 138
as organized by Chang family, 93–94
private, history of, 88–89
in Shanghai, 119–27, 150–51, 156, 169
women’s, as commitment of Wu-ling, 90–94, 114–15, 118–19; see also Le-i Middle School
of Yuan-ho, 124, 191
of Yun-ho, 77, 103, 124, 148, 184, 190–94
England, 311
estate management, 57–58
“Family Letters” (Li Hung-chang), 45
Farewell My Concubine, 105
Feng Yü-hsiang, 98
Feng-huang, 218, 239, 271, 278–79
“Finding the Painting and Questioning the Painting,” 157
“Fine Occasion, A,” 194, 215
Firemen’s Association of K’un-shan, 153
folk remedies, 132–33
Foochow, 39–41
fortune-telling, 18, 194
fox spirits, belief in, 72, 285
France, 35–36, 37–40, 46, 87, 174
Frankel, Hans, 311
French Concession in Shanghai, 17, 23, 123, 172, 174
Freud, Sigmund, 298, 303
funeral rites and practices, 66–68, 79–80
Fung Yu-lan, 293
Garden of Three Elegances, 157–58
“Gazing at the Rainbow” (Shen Ts’ung-wen), 260–61
Germany, 87, 174, 311
gift giving, art of, 75–76, 79
Gotanara, Prince, 259
Grandma Number Two, 254, 296, 297
Grand World Entertainment Center, 166
Great Britain, 35–36, 39, 87, 124
Great Learning, 59
“Green Nightmare” (Shen Ts’ung-wen), 258
Hai-hsia Middle School, 151
Haimen county, 149, 151, 178–80
Hainan Island, 197
Han dynasty, 142, 182
&nbs
p; Han Kuang-wu, 136
Han Shih-ch’ang, 163, 216
Hangchow, 106, 165, 193, 196
Hanlin Academy, 31
Hanoi, 39–40
Heart Sutra, 215
History of the Former Han, 59
Ho-ch’uan, 199
Hofei, 2, 4, 5, 11–12, 15, 18–19, 25, 26–31, 45, 50–51, 57, 59, 72, 88, 94, 96, 100, 113, 128, 129, 131, 134, 139, 143–45, 172, 185, 198, 244, 255, 285, 287–91, 298, 313
brides in, 5
early history of, 26–28
new gentry in, 28–29
Hofei Spirit, 26–43
Honan province, 3
Hong Kong, 98, 124, 174, 251, 298
Hou Shao-ch’iu, 118–24
“Housewife” (Shen Ts’ung-wen), 227–28, 232, 234, 242, 258, 265
Hsiang Yü, 105
Hsin-wen-pao, 86
Hsi-tan, 265
Hsü county, 20
Hsü Hsi-lin, 8
Hsü Ling-yun, 155
Hsü Shu-yin, 207
Hsün Tzu, 66
Hu Shih, 90, 185, 219–24, 227, 257, 293, 299
Hu Yeh-p’ing, 263, 270
Hua Mu-lan, 225
Huai Army, 31–32, 41, 89
Huai River, 3, 26
Huai-nan-tzu, 257
Huai-pei, life in, 3–4
Huang Ching-jen, 104
Hu-hsi, 239, 279
Hui-chou, 4, 24
Hunan province, 243, 252, 271, 273, 278
Hung Hsiu-ch’üan, 92
Hung-fu, 140, 225
Hupei province, 96, 214, 280
I Tun, 142
Illinois, University of, 165
Imperial Museum, 276
India, 39–40, 302
Inner Mongolia, 211
International Settlement in Shanghai, 23, 124
Italy, 87, 174
Jade Springs Hill, 183–84, 187
Japan, 39, 87, 97, 106, 109, 119, 127–28, 145, 163, 167, 191, 193, 214
see also Sino-Japanese War
Jesus, 296
“Jolted Back to Reality,” 153–54
Joyce, James, 298
Jujube Valley, 199
Kan Ch’en-yü, 94
kan-kan, see nurse-nannies
Kansu province, 98
Kao Kan-kan, 18, 75–76, 81, 141–43, 145–46, 180, 296
Kele Mountain, 305
Kiangsi province, 26, 79
Kiangsu province, 3, 28, 89, 118–19, 121, 173, 179
King Wen, 7–8, 115
Ku Ch’uan-chieh, 147–48, 152–57, 160, 163, 166–81
education of, 169
marriage of, 169–71, 178–81
as performer, 153–56
Yen Hui-yü and, 166–70, 173–75, 179
Ku Chüeh, 178–80
Kuan, Lord, 182–84, 187–88, 205
Kuang-hsü, Emperor, 35, 38
Kuang-hua Middle School, 191–93, 199, 203
Kuan-yin, 279, 296
Ku-chin (“Past and Present”), 176–77
k’un-ch’ü opera, 79, 91–93, 104, 134, 147–81, 188, 201, 210, 255, 290, 293, 294, 303, 309