How the French Invented Love: Nine Hundred Years of Passion and Romance
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Geoffrin, Madame, 145, 170, 189
Gide, André, 255, 256–63, 264, 268, 278, 282, 287, 363
Gide, Catherine, 263
Girard, Abbé, 104
Girard, René, 222, 347
Godard, Jean-Luc, 351
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 362
Goncourt, Edmond and Jules de, 108, 220
Goudeket, Maurice, 301
Grand Hôtel, Cabourg, 237
Gray, Francine du Plessix, 325
Gréco, Juliette, 313
Greece, ancient, 14, 90, 96, 144, 287
Greuze, Jean-Baptiste, 164
Grimm, Friedrich Melchior, Baron von, 146, 153
Guibert, Jacques Antoine Hippolyte de, 132–34, 137, 148–57
“Guigemar” (Marie de France), 37–38
Guilhem de Poitiers, 19
Guinevere, 12, 15, 24–30, 33, 68, 155, 362
Hahn, Reynaldo, 272, 282
Hall, Radclyffe, 293
Hawthorne, Nathaniel, 42
Heine, Heinrich, 194
Héloïse d’Argenteuil, 1–9, 13, 15, 118, 206, 208, 311, 325, 362
Helvétius, Claude, 144, 156
Helvétius, Madame, 156
Hemingway, Ernest, 302, 303
Henri I, Count of Champagne, 22, 33
Henri II, King, 53, 56, 173, 362
Henri III, King, 251
Henri IV, King, 53–54, 361, 362
Henric, Jacques, 350
Henriette d’Entragues, 53
Henry II, King, 18, 21
Hériot, Auguste, 301
Hernani (Hugo), 195
Herzen, Alexander, 215–16
Hippolytus (Euripides), 90–91, 95–96
Histoire de ma vie (Sand), 197
Historia calamitatum (Abélard), 1, 5
Hollande, François, 44
Homme et une femme, Un, 355, 365
homosexuality, 278, 281–82, 305–6, 344
female, 255–56, 279–80, 285–309
male, 249–64
Houellebecq, Michel, 349, 350
How Proust Can Change Your Life (de Botton), 69
Hugo, Victor, 194, 195, 199, 200, 211, 215, 255
Hume, David, 143, 144
Ibsen, Henrik, 239
Idylle Saphique (de Pougy), 286
Illusion conjugale, L’ (Assous), 343–44
Immoralist, The (Gide), 257–60, 261
Indiana (Sand), 199, 201–5
Intimate Journal (Sand), 191, 209
Isabelle de Hainaut, 33
Iseult, 12, 33, 68, 155, 343, 362
“It Was Just One of Those Things” (Porter), 3–4
Jagger, Mick, 43
Jasinski, René, 221
Jeanson, Francis, 316
Jefferson, Thomas, 156
Jeu de l’amour et du hasard, Le (Marivaux), 71
Jour de souffrance (Millet), 350
Jouvenel, Bertrand de, 301
Jouvenel, Colette de, 301
Jouvenel, Henri de, 301
Joyce, James, 304
Julie, or The New Eloise (Rousseau), 103, 112, 115–23, 124, 125, 126, 134, 146–47, 167, 168, 169, 180, 347, 362
Justine (de Sade), 127
King Kong théorie (Despentes), 350–51
Königsmark, Aurore de, 198
Kosakiewicz, Olga, 317–18, 319–20
Kristeva, Julia, 349
Labé, Louise, 41
La Boétie, Étienne de, 251–52
“Lac, Le” (Lamartine), 193–94
Lacan, Jacques, 98
Laclos, Choderlos de, 107, 129
Dangerous Liaisons, 103, 116, 123–27, 129, 163, 212, 361
La Fayette, Comte de, 58
La Fayette, Madame de, 41, 101
La Princesse de Clèves, 49, 55–72, 76, 90, 95, 100, 107, 168, 232, 353–54, 363
La Fontaine, Jean de, 104, 139, 153
Lamartine, Alphonse de, 193–94, 362
Lamblin, Bernard, 321
Lamblin, Bianca Bienenfeld, 320, 321–22
Lancelot, 12, 15, 24–30, 33, 68, 155, 362
Lancelot: The Knight of the Cart (Chrétien de Troyes), 25–30, 32, 38
language, 98, 363–64
La Rochefoucauld, François de, 55, 68
Laumond, Jean-Claude, 43
La Vallière, Louise de, 57, 82
Lavoisier, Antoine-Laurent, 171
Lavoisier, Marie-Anne, 171
Le Bas, Elisabeth, 159, 160–67, 169, 171
Le Bas, Philippe, 160–67, 171
Le Bon, Sylvie, 323
Leduc, Violette, 41, 306–9, 360
Leibniz, Gottfried, 170
Lélia (Sand), 204–6
Lelouch, Claude, 351, 355–57, 365
Lemaire, Ria, 40
lesbian love, 255–56, 279–80, 285–309
Lesnes, Elisabeth, 19
Lespinasse, Julie de, 108, 129, 131–57, 168, 170, 189, 209, 229–30, 362
Leszczynska, Marie, 106
letters, 131–32, 155–57
Letters from a Voyager (Sand), 207–8
Lettres galantes et philosophiques (Saint-Mard), 106
Levy, Harriet, 303
Lévy, Justine, 44
Lewinsky, Monica, 42
Liaisons dangereuses, Les (Laclos), 103, 116, 123–27, 129, 163, 212, 361
libertinage, 107–8, 113–14, 115, 127, 128–29, 347
Liberty Leading the People (Delacroix), 194–95
Life of Henry Brulard, The (Stendhal), 178–79
Lily of the Valley, The (Balzac), 173, 183–86, 363
Liszt, Franz, 211, 215
Lorrain, Jean, 255
Louis VII, King, 18, 22, 23, 33
Louis XIII, King, 252
Louis XIV, King, 53, 57, 58, 71, 79, 81, 82, 85, 89, 90, 100, 105, 106, 128, 194, 251, 362
Louis XV, King, 53, 104, 105, 106, 107, 362
Louis-Philippe, King, 195
Louÿs, Pierre, 255, 287
love-as-sickness, 271
love letters, 132, 155–57
Lover, The (Duras), 329, 333–39
lovesickness, 271
Lubin, Georges, 216–17
Madame Bovary (Flaubert), 12, 219–32, 362
Maintenon, Madame de, 57, 106
Male Brain, The (Brizendine), 6
Malovany-Chevallier, Sheila, 325
Man and a Woman, A, 355, 365
Manceau, Alexandre, 215, 363
Mancini, Mademoiselle de, 57
Manon Lescaut (Prévost), 109–12, 115, 129, 272
Manuscrit de Mme Le Bas (Le Bas), 159, 160–67
Marat, Jean-Paul, 161
Maria Theresa of Spain, 57
Marie-Antoinette, 148, 255
Marie de Champagne, 15, 22–23, 24, 25, 27, 30, 32, 33, 60, 71, 271
Marie de France, 16, 36–38, 41
Marivaux, Pierre de, 71
Marmontel, Jean-François, 144, 146, 153
marriage:
arranged, 60
lifelong, 344–45
Marriage of Figaro, The (Beaumarchais), 170, 364
Martial, Philippe, 238
Mary, Virgin, 17, 20, 29
Matisse, Henri, 302
Maupassant, Guy de, 220, 232–33
Maximes (La Rochefoucauld), 55
Médicis, Catherine de, 56
Médicis, Marie de, 53
Memoirs of a Dutiful Daughter (Beauvoir), 313, 324
Mendès, Catulle, 289
Mérimée, Prosper, 194, 195
Merleau-Ponty, Maurice, 316
Mickiewicz, Adam, 194
Mill, John Stuart, 215
Millet, Catherine, 350
Misanthrope, The (Molière), 85–89, 100, 107, 111, 272, 343
Mitterrand, Danielle, 43
Mitterrand, François, 43, 260
Mitterand, Frédéric, 260–61
Moderato Cantabile (Duras), 332, 333
Molière, 76, 77–89, 90, 98, 99, 100, 101, 153, 364
The Misanthrope, 85–89,
100, 107, 111, 272, 343
Montaigne, Michel de, 68, 251–52
Montespan, Madame de, 57
Montesquieu, 133, 145
Montesquiou, Robert de, 282
Montherlant, Henry de, 263
Montmorency, Mademoiselle de, 54, 361
Montsauge, Madame de, 148
Mora, Gonçalve de, 133–35, 145–51, 154, 155
mother figures, 173–90
Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus, 364
Musset, Alfred de, 194, 195, 199, 204, 206–14, 230, 232, 362
Napoleon I, 99, 148, 175
Narbonne, Vicomte de, 175
Natural History of Love, A (Ackerman), 45–46
Necker, Jacques, 175
Necker, Suzanne, 175
Nerval, Gérard de, 194
New York Times, 325, 350
Nietzsche, Friedrich, 258
No Exit (Sartre), 277
Nous, Princesses de Clèves, 353–55
Nouvelle Héloïse, La (Julie, or The New Eloise) (Rousseau), 103, 112, 115–23, 124, 125, 126, 134, 146–47, 167, 168, 169, 180, 347, 362
Nouvel Observateur, 323
“On Friendship” (Montaigne), 251–52
On Love (Stendhal), 220, 347–48
Ovid, 14
Ozon, François, 352
Pagello, Pietro, 207–8
Pamela (Richardson), 115, 124
Paris, 237–38, 263–64, 341
Partage de midi (Claudel), 344
Pascal, Blaise, 100
Patterson, Yolanda, 325
Peyrefitte, Roger, 263
Phèdre (Racine), 75, 89–101, 111, 152, 155
Philippe Auguste, King, 33, 251
Philippe d’Orléans, 106, 139
Physiologie de l’amour (Darblay), 72, 237
Piaf, Edith, 155
Picasso, Pablo, 302, 303
Pingeot, Anne, 43
Plato, 14, 287
Pompadour, Madame de, 104, 106, 170
Porter, Cole, 3–4
Potiche, 352–53
précieuses, 61–62, 63, 77
Précieuses ridicules, Les (Molière), 77–79
Prévost, Abbé, 107, 115, 129, 131
Manon Lescaut, 109–12, 115, 129, 272
Prime of Life, The (Beauvoir), 315
Princesse de Clèves, La (de La Fayette), 49, 55–72, 76, 90, 95, 100, 107, 168, 232, 353–54, 363
Proust, Adrien, 272
Proust, Marcel, 38, 237, 256, 263, 265–83, 288, 289, 306
Psyché (La Fontaine), 104
Puccini, Giacomo, 109
Queensberry, Marquess of, 249
Racine, Jean, 76, 145, 153, 332
Phèdre, 75, 89–101, 111, 152, 155
Raimbaut d’Orange, 19
Raoul-Duval, Georgie, 296–97
Red and the Black, The (Stendhal), 178, 179–82, 186–87, 212, 347
Remembrance of Things Past (Proust), 255, 256, 265–83
repression, 347
Richardson, Samuel, 115, 124, 126, 131, 155
Rien de grave (Lévy), 44
Rimbaud, Arthur, 254–55, 258
Robespierre, Augustin, 161, 166
Robespierre, Charlotte, 161
Robespierre, Maximilien, 160–66
Rohmer, Eric, 98, 351, 363
Roland, Jean-Marie, 168, 169
Roland, Madame, 160, 167–69, 171
Roman de gare, 355–56
romantic love, 191–217, 220, 227, 232, 233, 235, 246, 347
Rome, ancient, 39
Rondeaux, Madeleine, 258, 261, 263
Rose and Blanche (Sand and Sandeau), 200–201
Rostand, Edmond, 239–40
Cyrano de Bergerac, 98, 235, 239–47, 343
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 89, 107, 116, 126, 129, 133, 155, 169–70, 171, 173–74, 178, 182, 199, 213
Confessions, 116, 173–74, 253
Julie, or The New Eloise, 103, 112, 115–23, 124, 125, 126, 134, 146–47, 167, 168, 169, 180, 347, 362
Rowley, Hazel, 317
Sabran, Comtesse de, 362
Sade, Marquis de, 127, 128
sadism, 127–28
Sagan, Françoise, 41
Sainte-Beuve, Charles Augustin, 194, 210–11
Saint-Exupéry, Antoine de, 327
Saint-Mard, Rémond de, 106
Saint-Preux (Julie, or The New Eloise), 115, 117, 118, 120–22, 124, 129, 134, 147, 168, 169, 362
Saison en Enfer, Une (A Season in Hell) (Rimbaud), 249, 254
Sand, George, 41, 155, 190, 191, 194–217, 230, 232, 255–56, 362–63
Sandeau, Jules, 200–201
Sanford, Mark, 43
Sappho, 14, 286, 287
Sartre, Jean-Paul, 258, 277, 311–27
Sarkozy, Nicolas, 44, 56, 69, 260–61, 353, 359
Sauder, Anne, 353
Sauder, Regis, 353–54
Saxe, Maurice de, 198
Scarlet Letter, The (Hawthorne), 42
Schioloni, Elaine, 365
School for Husbands, The (Molière), 79–81, 82
School for Wives, The (Molière), 75, 79, 82–84, 85, 88
Schwarzenegger, Arnold, 43
Schwarzer, Alice, 322
Schwob, Marcel, 289
Scudéry, Madeleine de, 61
Season in Hell, A (Rimbaud), 249, 254
Sebastian, Saint, 8
Second Sex, The (Beauvoir), 312, 324, 325
sensibility, 115, 119, 155
sentimental education, 173–74
sentimental love, 114, 116, 128–29, 155, 164, 220
Sexual Life of Catherine M., The (Millet), 350
Shakespeare, William, 38, 86, 268, 317
Shattuck, Roger, 238
Simone de Beauvoir Society, 325
Sinclair, Anne, 360
Socrates, 144, 287
Sollers, Philippe, 341, 346–49, 350
Song of Roland, 14
Songs of Bilitis (Louÿs), 287
Sophocles, 96
Sorel, Julien (The Red and the Black), 179–80, 212, 362
Spain, 195
Stanford University, 70, 74, 325
Stein, Gertrude, 286, 302–6
The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas, 304
Stein, Leo, 302
Stendhal, 178–82, 220, 347–48
The Red and the Black, 178, 179–82, 186–87, 212, 347
Stowe, Harriet Beecher, 216
Strauss-Kahn, Dominique, 359–60, 365
Strindberg, August, 239
Taaffe, John, 141, 142
Talleyrand, Abbé de, 175
Tartuffe (Molière), 101
Temps Modernes, Les, 316
Tencin, Madame de, 141
10:30 on a Summer Night (Duras), 329–31
Thackeray, William, 215
theater, 75–77, 238–39, 343–44
Théobald de Champagne, 33
Toklas, Alice B., 286, 302–6
Trésor d’amour (Sollers), 341, 346–49
Tristan, 12, 33, 68, 155, 343, 362
Tristan and Isolde (Wagner), 33
Truffaut, François, 351
Turgenev, Ivan, 215
Vagabond, The (Colette), 300–301
Valéry, Paul, 257
“Vallon, Le” (Lamartine), 193
Valmont (Les Liaisons dangereuses), 123–26, 149, 163, 212, 361, 362
van Rysselberghe, Elizabeth, 263
Venetti, Dolores, 318–19
Verlaine, Paul, 254–55
Viala, Alain, 72
Vian, Boris, 322
Vian, Michelle, 322
Viardot, Pauline, 215
Vichy, Gasparde de, 138, 139
Vigny, Alfred de, 194, 230
Villars, Meg, 298
Villon, François, 4
Virgil, 14, 42, 262
Virgin Mary, 17, 20, 29
virtue, 119–20, 171
Vivien, Renée, 287
Voltaire, 116, 133, 139, 140, 144, 145–46, 153, 170, 253, 362
Wagner, Richard, 33
Waiting for Godot (Beckett), 313
Walpole, Horace, 189
Watteau, Jean-Antoine, 103–4
Wayward Head and Heart, The (Crébillon fils), 112–15, 139, 163, 173, 212
Well of Loneliness, The (Hall), 293
Whitman, Walt, 216
Wilde, Oscar, 249–50, 255–58, 278, 306
William IX, Duke of Aquitaine, 16–18, 19
Woman of the Eighteenth Century, The (Goncourt brothers), 108
women working outside the home, 345–46
Woolf, Virginia, 304
World Masterpieces Since the Renaissance (Mack, ed.), 69–70
Wright, Richard, 316
Yalom, Irvin, 116–17, 178
Yvain (Chrétien de Troyes), 24
Zola, Émile, 220, 233, 235
About the Author
MARILYN YALOM is a former professor of French and presently a senior scholar at the Clayman Institute for Gender Research at Stanford University. She is the author of widely acclaimed books such as A History of the Breast, A History of the Wife, and Birth of the Chess Queen, as well as The American Resting Place: Four Hundred Years of History Through our Cemeteries and Burial Grounds, which includes a portfolio of photographs by her son Reid S. Yalom. She lives in Palo Alto, California, with her husband, the psychiatrist and author Irvin D. Yalom.
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Also by Marilyn Yalom
The American Resting Place: Four Hundred Years of History Through Our Cemeteries and Burial Grounds, with photographs by Reid S. Yalom
Birth of the Chess Queen
A History of the Wife
A History of the Breast
Blood Sisters: The French Revolution in Women’s Memory
Maternity, Mortality, and the Literature of Madness
Le temps des orages: Aristocrates, bourgeoises, et paysannes racontent
Credits
Cover design by Robin Bilardello
Cover photograph © Leonard Mccombe/Getty Images
Copyright
The names and identifying characteristics of some of the individuals whose stories are told in this book have been changed to protect their privacy.
HOW THE FRENCH INVENTED LOVE. Copyright © 2012 by Marilyn Yalom. All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. By payment of the required fees, you have been granted the nonexclusive, nontransferable right to access and read the text of this e-book on-screen. No part of this text may be reproduced, transmitted, downloaded, decompiled, reverse-engineered, or stored in or introduced into any information storage and retrieval system, in any form or by any means, whether electronic or mechanical, now known or hereinafter invented, without the express written permission of HarperCollins e-books.
EPub Edition © NOVEMBER 2012 ISBN: 9780062048325
FIRST EDITION
ISBN 9780062048318