The Third Pillar
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community adjustment to, 388–92
community and state buffers against volatility in, 127–38
community loss of faith in, 115–19
community values and, 390–92
competition in, see competition
data in, 384–86
definition of, xiv
democracy and, 106, 110
emerging, 245, 271; see also China; India
fairness in, 115–16
freeing, 80–81
laissez-faire and, 77–78, 81, 83
liberalization of, see liberalization
liberal market democracies, xiii, xx, xxvii
perceived legitimacy of players in, 110–12
philosophy for, 81–84
reforming, 373–92
separation from community, xiv–xv
state and, 304
transactions in, 3, 4
unbridled, 84–87
see also trade
marriage, 231, 235
Marshall Plan, 149–51, 365
marshmallow test, 222–23
Marx, Karl, 49, 78, 87–91
Marxism, 87–91, 112, 115, 249, 287
Maximum Feasible Misunderstanding (Moynihan), 158
McClure’s Magazine, 103
McKinley, William, 106
McLean, Malcolm, 181
meatpacking industry, 104, 107–8
Medicare, 241, 324
mercantilism, 62–65, 80
Merchant of Venice, The (Shakespeare), 30
meritocracy, 390, 393
children and, 224–25, 228
in China, 257, 265
Merkel, Angela, 241
military technologies, 42–44, 51, 53
Mill, Harriet, 81
Mill, John Stuart, 81–83
minorities, 218, 219, 289, 296–97
affirmative action and, 300–302
see also African Americans; immigration, immigrants
Mischel, Walter, 223
misery index, 163
Mitterand, François, 168
Mokyr, Joel, 20, 21
monarchy, 51–53, 56–59, 61–63, 65, 73
monasteries, 54, 57, 72
moneylending, see loans
Monnet, Jean, 154
monopolies, 58–62, 64, 80, 81, 87, 91, 97, 99, 105, 106, 108, 109, 112, 201–7, 283, 379–82
antitrust laws and, 101, 103–4, 381–82
Montegrano, 12–14, 113, 227
Moore, Barrington, 73
Moretti, Enrico, 220
Morgan, John Pierpont, 99, 104
Morse, Adair, 220
Moynihan, Daniel Patrick, 158, 340
multilateral institutions, 367–70
Murphy, Kevin, 196
Murray, Charles, 227
muskets, 42–43
Muslims, 21, 35, 36, 241, 242, 272, 277
Napoleon I, 126
nationalism, xvii, 64, 184, 330, 397
civic, 297–99, 302
ethnic, 215–17; see also populist nationalism
mercantilism and, 63
populist, see populist nationalism
Nation at Risk, A, 232–33
nation-states, 26, 42, 50, 51–52, 61–62
Nehru, Jawaharlal, 267, 270, 287, 298
neighborhoods, 297
isolation index and, 333
sorting and, see residential sorting
see also community
Netville, 331–32
Neumann, Franz, 112
New Deal, 134–35
New Localism, The (Katz and Nowak), 303
news consumption, and diversity of opinions, 332–33
New York Times, 19, 98, 218, 387
Nixon, Richard, 98, 108
North, Douglass, 70, 97
Nowak, Jeremy, 303
Obama, Barack, xvii, 158, 235, 240
India visited by, 273
Obama, Michelle, 240
Obamacare, 144, 214, 239–41
Oceana (Harrington), 58
oil industry, 84–86, 99, 103, 107, 111
Oliver, Douglas, 9
one percent, 102, 191–94
On Liberty (Mill), 81–83
open-access societies, 98
Opium Wars, 349–50
Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), 189–90
Our Towns: A 100,000-Mile Journey into the Heart of America (Fallows and Fallows), 344
Owen, Robert, 88
Owens, Ann, 226
Papal Revolution, 38, 40
parents, 222–31, 343
Paris Agreement, 365
parliaments, 77, 78–79
English, 57, 60–62, 65–70, 74, 77, 84, 105
patents, 204–6, 362, 382–84
patriotism, 298
peasants, 37–38, 73, 74, 78
see also feudalism, feudal communities
Peltzman, Sam, 202
Perez, Carlotta, 118
Petersen, Mitchell, 15, 219
pharmaceutical drugs and companies, 183, 184, 204, 354, 362–63, 384
Physiocrats, 77
Piketty, Thomas, 191
Pilsen community, xxii–xxvi, 12, 298, 344, 381
Pirenne, Henri, 45
plague (Black Death), 40, 41–42
Polanyi, Karl, 84
police officers, 312
politics:
conflict over, 234–36
isolation index and, 332–33
left-wing, xiii, xix, xxvii, 214, 217, 394
right-wing, xiii, xix, 214–17, 394
Polybius, 118
population aging, 260, 284, 286, 292–93, 324, 342–43, 348, 396
population diversity, see diversity
population growth, 83, 152, 162–63
populism, xiii, xix, xxviii, 63, 136, 137, 211, 213–44, 284
in China, 276–79
and conflict over values and politics, 234–36
in Europe, 241–43
Global Financial Crisis and, 236–43
growing divide and, 218–19
in India, 272, 276–78
left-wing, 214, 217
Obamacare and, 239–41
Populist movement at turn of nineteenth century, 23, 26, 79, 98–101, 102, 105–6, 112, 244, 265
reemergence in the industrial West, 213–44
right-wing, 214–17
types of, 214–18
populist nationalism, xiii, xix–xx, xxi, xxvii, 144, 216–17, 241–44, 246, 276–79, 286, 289, 295–300, 302, 352, 353
in China, 276–79
in Europe, 241–43
in India, 276–78
why it cannot work, 296–97
Populist Revolt, The (Hicks), 99
Portugal, 148, 238
Poterba, James, 140
poultry farms, 354–55, 357
poverty, 396
African Americans and, 157
Elberfeld system of assistance, 129–31, 320
War on, 158, 160, 229
Powell, Enoch, 159
presidential election of 2016, 235, 236, 333, 354
Price, Brendan, 185
Princeton University, 125
printing press, 41–42, 46
private sector, 107–8, 111, 139, 147, 283, 284, 352, 371
liberalization and, 194–201, 207–8
Progressives, 26, 79, 98–99, 102–6, 112, 124, 134, 137, 244, 265
property, 26, 52, 57, 58, 74, 79, 83, 103, 115, 352, 362, 374, 394
competition and, 286
intellectual, see intellectual property
<
br /> land, see landowners
taxes on, 121, 123
as theft, 110–11
protectionism, 108, 258–59, 278, 306, 353–56, 364
Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, The (Weber), 47
Protestant Reformation, 40–41, 47, 49
Protestants, 48, 49
public hearings, 389–90
Putnam, Robert, 227, 334
Quakers, 16–17, 230
race, see ethnicity and race
race to the bottom, 358–60
railroad industry, 85, 87, 99, 101
Ramanathan, Swati, 312
Ramcharan, Rodney, 72
ranchers, 9–10, 11
Rand, Ayn, 80, 391
R&D, 183–84
Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), xix, 277
Rauh, Joshua, 192
Rawls, John, 115
Raymundo, Raul, xxiii, xxvi
Reagan, Ronald, 165, 194, 232
Reeves, Richard, 224
Reformation, 40–41, 47, 49
regulation(s), 103–5, 107–8, 165, 172
antitrust, 202
of banks, 358–60
communities and, 285, 304, 306–7, 341, 357
competition and, 165, 387–88
deregulation, 165–67, 194, 197
harmonization of, 354–63, 365, 371
relief efforts, 131–33, 135
see also safety nets
religion, 49, 51, 64
Protestant Reformation, 40–41, 47, 49
Protestants, 48, 49
see also Catholic Church
Republicans, 235–36
residential sorting, 144, 177, 222, 227, 314
by income, 307–9
race and immigration and, 229–31
resources, policies on, 365
Resurrection Project, xxiii–xxvi
Ritter, Jay, 201
Robinson, James, 94
Rockefeller, John D., 84–91, 98, 103, 104, 108, 200
Rodgers, Daniel, 334
Rodrik, Dani, 364–65, 371
Roman Republic, 58
Romney, Mitt, 235
Roosevelt, Franklin, 134–37, 156
Roosevelt, Theodore, 106
Rosen, Sherwin, 193
Russell, John, 95
Russia, 97, 287, 292, 354, 369
wealthy in, 111
Saez, Emmanuel, 191
safety nets, 139, 173, 290
caregivers and, 319–20
community and, 127–38, 318–25
in Europe, 156
government support in, 322–24
health care, see health care
paying for, 324–25
for peasants, 37–38
in U.K., 155–56
in U.S., 133–34, 156, 157–58, 320–21, 324
welfare, 129, 137, 148, 158, 230
Salam, Reihan, 235
Sandel, Michael, 389–90
Sanders, Bernie, 214
Satyanath, Shaker, 112
schools, see education and schools
Schumpeter, Joseph, 203, 379
Schwartz, Heather, 225–26
science, 21
“Second Coming, The” (Yeats), 141
Second Federal Bank, xxv
SeeClickFix, 311–12
Sen, Amartya, 287
Shakespeare, William, 30
Shapiro, Jesse, 332–33
Share Our Wealth Society plan, 136
Shleifer, Andrei, 197
Sinclair, Upton, 104
Singapore, 247, 291, 318
Singh, Manish, 336
Singh, Manmohan, 270
Siuai people, 9
smartphones, 175, 178, 182–83
Smith, Adam, 17, 64, 77, 80–81, 83, 84, 87, 91, 105, 200
Smoot Hawley Act, 138
socialism, 132, 138, 145–47, 168, 250
in India, 267–69, 391
socializing the young, 5–7
social media, 330, 354, 386
social relationships, 7–8
social safety nets, see safety nets
Social Security, 134–38, 187, 241, 324
Sokoloff, Kenneth, 72, 96
sorting, see residential sorting
South Sea Company, 68, 69–70
sovereignty, 349–72
and controlling flows, 351–54
and harmonization of regulation, 354–63
Soviet Union, 91, 145–47, 153–54, 250, 251, 267, 287, 367
Spain, 148, 162, 169, 237, 238, 353–54
Spence, Michael, 234
stagflation, 163
Standard Oil, 86, 99, 103, 107
Stanford marshmallow test, 222–23
state, xiii, xv, xvii–xviii, xx–xxi, xxvii–xxviii, 25–27, 50, 139, 140, 172, 283–86, 304, 393
anti-state ideology and, 176
buffers against market volatility, 127–38
Church and, 45–46
community and, 303–25, 345–46
constitutionally limited, 52–74, 83
definition of, xiii–xiv
growth of, 145
international responsibilities and, 363–67, 372, 397
laissez-faire and, 77–78, 81, 83
markets and, 304
relief efforts from, 131–33
separation from community, xiv–xv
strong but limited, rise of, 51–75
sustainable financing for, 65–71
steel industries, 87, 99, 122, 185, 186, 253, 261, 338, 364, 366
European Coal and Steel Community, 150
student loans, 317–18
suffrage, see voting, suffrage
Summers, Larry, 197
Supreme Court, U.S., 103, 384
Sweden, 138
Swift, Taylor, 193
Talleyrand, Charles Maurice de, 66
Tarbell, Ida, 103, 200
tariffs, 61, 63–64, 80–81, 100, 108, 138, 150–51, 164, 181–83, 217, 242, 258–59, 271, 277, 352–53, 356, 363, 364, 366, 371
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, 146, 150, 353
Tawney, Richard, 34–35, 46
taxes, 59, 61–62, 102–5, 156–57, 163–64, 206, 308–9, 364
for education, 121, 123
property, 121, 123
tax holidays, 341
tax incentives, 345
on towns, 59–60
universal basic income and, 322–23
tax preparation, 179, 180
Tea Party movement, 239–41, 242, 333
technology, xii, xxviii, 117, 160–62, 175–76, 283, 284, 286, 287
automation in, 18, 84, 179, 180, 284
China and, 261–62, 278
community and, 119, 335, 344–45
disruptive change from, xii–xiii, xix
education and, 122–23
feudal community and, 41–42
financial crises and, 118
incomes and, 188–94
job losses from, xii, xviii
public anxiety about, 116–18
winner-take-most effects of, 191–94
see also Industrial Revolution; Information and Communications Technology revolution
Teles, Steven, 205
Thatcher, Margaret, 165–66, 194
three pillars, xiii, 25–27, 393, 394
balance between, xvii–xviii, 175, 394
see also community; markets; state
Tiananmen Square protests, 250–51
Tiv people, 7–8
Tönnies, Ferdinand, 3–4
totalitarian regimes, 97
“beggar thy neighbor” policies and, 364
communications costs and, 181, 182
communities and, xviii–xx, 335, 352
European, with Muslim lands, 36
ICT revolution and, 143–44, 173, 181–88
incomes and, 188–94
protectionism and, 108, 258–59, 278, 306, 353–56, 364
tariffs and, see tariffs
transportation costs and, 181–82
Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights Agreement (TRIPS), 362
training and socializing the young, 5–7
transactions:
in communities, 3, 8–9, 10–11
market, 3, 4
Trotsky, Leon, 90
Trump, Donald, 235
Truly Disadvantaged, The (Wilson), 230
Turkey, xix, 97, 167, 190, 245
Uber, 196
Unified Payments Interface (UPI), 386
unions, 165, 198, 206, 360, 361
United Kingdom, 173
Companies Act in, 377
health care in, 156
income in, 191, 192
in Opium Wars, 349–50
safety net in, 155–56
United Nations, 367
United States, 143, 145, 149, 246, 298
African Americans in, see African Americans
agriculture in, 184
China and, 278
Civil War in, 74, 93, 133–34
competitive market in, 98–105
Constitution of, 71
diversity in population of, 134
financial crises in, 87–88, 118
GI Bill in, 156, 157
Gilded Age in, 87
gold standard in, 100
government debt in, 324
growth of, 148, 162
health care in, 158, 203
hegemony of, 148, 367–69
immigration and, 137, 159–60, 292
Industrial Revolution in, 121
manufacturing in, 184–85
Marshall Plan of, 149–51, 365
in postwar period, 148
presidential election of 2016, 235, 236, 333, 354
safety net in, 133–34, 157–58, 320–21, 324
schools in, 119–25, 127, 190–91, 233–34, 317
South of, 72, 74
Supreme Court, 103, 384
voting rights in, 92–93, 96
Western settlers in, 72, 99–100
universal basic income (UBI), 322–23
universities, see colleges and universities
University of Chicago, xxiii, xxvi, 87, 124–25, 164, 290–91
University of Rochester, 223
usury:
Catholic Church and, 34–42, 44–46, 49
favorable public attitudes toward, 44
intellectual support for ban on, 39–40