Gabriele D'Annunzio

by Lucy Hughes-Hallett

  d’Annunzio, Gabriele:

  PERSONAL LIFE: summers on Tuscan coast, 24.1; seeks to end marriage, 25.1; moves to France, 25.2; church-going, 26.1; sexual needs and demands, 26.2; visits England, 26.3; in France at outbreak of Great War, 27.1; in Venice during Great War, 28.1; violates working-class women, 28.2; Romaine Brooks paints portrait, 28.3, 28.4; dreams, 28.5; attends mother’s funeral, 28.6; Sibellato portrait of, 28.7; witnesses forest fire in France, 30.1; profligate life in Fiume, 30.2; idolised amd imitated in Fiume, 31.1; finds human actions tedious, 31.2; and battle for Fiume, 31.3; documentary film on, 32.1; drinking, 32.2; named Prince of Monte Nevoso, 32.3; offers Vittoriale to nation, 32.4; keeps bust of Duse, 32.5; spends night with lesbian, 32.6; refuses to receive sister and niece, 32.7; decrepitude in old age, 32.8; death and funeral, 32.9

  POLITICAL/PUBLIC LIFE: marches on and occupies Fiume (1919), 1.1, 2.1, 29.1, 30.1; draws up constitution for Fiume (Charter of Carnaro), 1.2, 31.1, 31.2, 31.3, 31.4; election to parliament (1897), 2.2, 22.1, 22.2, 22.3; urges Italy to enter Great War, 2.3, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 27.1; forced to quit Fiume, 2.4, 31.5; military service, 3.6, 18.1; oration at first Venice Biennale, 20.1; joins socialists, 22.4; defeated in 1900 election, 22.5; plans national theatre, 23.1; speaks at Sala di Dante in Florence, 24.1; delivers eulogy of Carducci, 25.1; lecture tour of northern Italy on aerial domination, 25.2; speaks at La Scala, Milan, 28.1; mutinous army hostility to, 28.2; territorial claims after Great War, 29.2, 29.3, 29.4; and post-war settlement, 29.5; ridicules Nitti, 29.6, 30.2; exploits Arditi, 29.7; Fiumans appeal to for intervention, 29.8, 29.9; rule in Fiume, 30.3, 30.4, 30.5, 30.6, 30.7, 31.6, 31.7, 31.8; as potential Italian leader, 30.8; Nitti mocks, 30.9; administrative incompetence, 30.10; addresses populace in Fiume, 30.11; disappointed by 1919 election results, 30.12; refuses to accept Nitti’s Modus Vivendi offer on Fiume, 30.13, 31.9; reads out Charter of Carnaro, 31.10; proclaims “Italian Regency of Carnaro”, 31.11; first broadcast, 31.12; approves military reform in Fiume, 31.13; resists settlement of Fiume under Treaty of Rapallo, 31.14, 32.1; agrees to leave Fiume, 31.15; speech after Fiume defeat, 31.16; unpunished for Fiume defiance, 31.17; abandons politics following rise of fascism, 32.2, 32.3; Grandi and Balbo invite to assume leadership of national forces, 32.4; Milan speech (1922), 32.5; negotiates with Mussolini over Seamen’s Union, 32.6; and Mussolini’s “march on Rome”, 32.7; publishes statement on Mussolini’s appointment as prime minister, 32.8; proposals to fascist government, 32.9; sends instructions and advice to Mussolini, 32.10; under fascist surveillance, 32.11, 32.12; supports Mussolini’s war against Ethiopia, 32.13

  RELATIONSHIPS: affair with and treatment of Duse, 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 20.1, 21.1, 21.2, 24.1, 24.2, 24.3, 24.4; with Bernhardt, 1.3, 24.5; affair and child with Maria Gravina, 2.2, 18.1, 18.2, 18.3, 21.3; affair with Marchesa di Rudini, 2.3, 24.6, 25.1; affair with Nathalie de Goloubeff, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 25.2, 25.3, 26.1, 26.2; with Romaine Brooks, 3.4, 12.1, 26.3; passion for Barbara (Countess Leoni), 3.5, 13.1, 14.1, 14.2, 18.4, 18.5, 18.6, 27.1; first love affair (Giselda Zucconi), 6.1; ends relations with Giselda, 6.2; seduction, elopement and marriage (with Maria di Gallese), 6.3, 8.1, 9.1, 10.1; with Olga Ossani, 12.2, 12.3, 12.4, 13.2; separation from Maria, 13.3, 18.7; ends relations with Barbara, 18.8, 18.9; meets Duse, 20.2; romance with Duse ends, 24.7; ends affair with Rudini, 25.4; affair with Giuseppina Mancini, 25.5, 25.6, 25.7; and Mancini’s madness, 25.8; Marinetti and, 25.9; mourns Miraglia’s death, 28.1, 28.2; affair with Olga Brünner Levi, 28.3, 28.4, 28.5; breaks with Olga, 29.1; meets Mussolini, 29.2; takes Luisa Baccara as mistress, 29.3, 30.1, 31.1, 31.2, 32.1, 32.2, 32.3; provokes Keller, 31.3; reunion with Duse (1922), 32.4

  VIEWS & IDEAS: idealistic political aims, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3; despises Hitler, 1.4, 2.1, 32.1; embraces modern technology and machinery, 1.5, 25.1, 25.2; welcomes Italy’s entry into Great War, 3.1; religious observances, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4; resorts to divination and omens, 4.5; heretical ideas, 4.6; Darwinism, 11.1, 18.1; preoccupation with disease and wounding, 13.1; idolises Liszt, 17.1; political ideas, 18.2, 18.3, 22.1, 31.1, 31.2; attacks democracy, 18.4, 22.2, 26.1; believes in elite men, 18.5; love of animals, 24.1; promotes Italian nationalism, 25.3, 31.3; anti-semitism, 26.2; idealises Italian fighting men, 28.1, 28.2, 28.3; reaction to war’s end, 28.4; hostility to Slavs, 31.4, 31.5; vision of dictatorship, 31.6; view of Mussolini, 32.2; proposes one-way airship flight to North Pole, 32.3; love of jazz, 32.4

  WARTIME ACTIVITIES: visits Western Front in Great War, 1.1, 2.1; early movements, 2.2, 27.1, 27.2; visits and reports on Italian front, 3.1, 28.1, 28.2, 28.3; addresses Italian servicemen, 3.2, 28.4, 28.5, 28.6, 28.7, 28.8, 28.9; flying missions, 3.3, 28.10, 28.11, 28.12, 28.13, 28.14, 28.15, 28.16, 28.17, 28.18, 28.19, 28.20; visits and observes Italian navy in action, 28.21; on Italian front line, 28.22; awarded medals for valour, 28.23, 28.24, 28.25, 29.1, 29.2; orders surrendering and captured Italian soldiers shot, 28.26; on Caporetto defeat, 28.27; accompanies naval raid on Bay of Buccari, 28.28; drops pamphlets in flight over Vienna, 28.29; resigns commission, 29.3; promoted to rank of general, 32.1

  d’Annunzio, Gabriellino (d’Annunzio’s son): entertains Saba, 2.1; birth, 10.1; at Capponcina, 24.1; on father’s rashness, 28.1; accompanies father in Great War, 28.2, 28.3; directs film of The Ship, 29.1

  d’Annunzio, Luisa de Benedictis (d’Annunzio’s mother): relations with d’Annunzio, 4.1; background, 4.2; decline and death, 28.1

  d’Annunzio, Maria (née Duchessina Maria Hardouin di Gallese): d’Annunzio courts and marries, 9.1, 10.1; on d’Annunzio’s attitude to money, 10.2; and d’Annunzio’s infidelities, 12.1, 13.1, 18.1; disenchantment with marriage, 12.2; discovers d’Annunzio’s liaison with Barbara, 13.2, 14.1; separation from d’Annunzio, 13.3, 18.2; attempts suicide, 18.3, 18.4; in Paris, 26.1; visits d’Annunzio at Vittoriale, 32.1, 32.2, 32.3; acquires title (Principessa di Monte Nevoso), 32.4; at d’Annunzio’s funeral, 32.5

  d’Annunzio, Mario (d’Annunzio’s son): on d’Annunzio’s attractiveness to women, 3.1; birth, 9.1, 10.1; d’Annunzio forbids from visiting Vittoriale, 32.1

  d’Annunzio, Renata (d’Annunzio’s daughter): birth, 18.1; nurses father with injured eye, 28.1, 28.2, 28.3; dines with father, 28.4; in Venice, 28.5; marriage, 28.6; d’Annunzio forbids from visiting Vittoriale, 32.1

  d’Annunzio, Veniero (d’Annunzio’s son): birth, 10.1, 14.1; as engineer, 25.1; works on aircraft for Caproni, 28.1, 28.2

  Dante Alighieri, 24.1, 29.1, 32.1

  Dante Alighieri (Italian warship)

  Darwin, Charles, 11.1, 18.1

  Day, Frederick Holland

  Dead City, The (La Città Morte; Gd’A; play), 2.1, 21.1, 21.2, 23.1, 24.1, 25.1, 28.1, 32.1

  Death Takes the Wheel (Marinetti; prose-poem)

  Debussy, Claude: composes music for d’Annunzio’s Martyrdom of St. Sebastian, 2.1, 12.1, 26.1, 26.2; d’Annunzio collaborates with, 24.1; d’Annunzio listens to music, 28.1

  Diaghilev, Serge, 2.1, 26.1

  Diaz, General Armando, Duca della Vittoria: on d’Annunzio’s inspiring talks to soldiers, 28.1, 28.2, 32.1; replaces Cadorna, 28.3; approves d’Annunzio’s flight to Vienna, 28.4; delays military action, 28.5; commands in Dalmatia, 29.1, 29.2; presented with sword of honour in Venice, 29.3; and control in Fiume, 30.1; as Mussolini’s chief of staff, 32.2; sends mementoes to d’Annunzio, 32.3

  Dogali, Ethiopia

  Dollfuss, Engelbert

  “Domination of the Skies, The” (Gd’A; lecture)

  Domus (magazine)

  Donatella (Duse’s friend)

  Donato, Giacomo

  Dostoevsky, Feodor: d’Annunzio reads, 18.1; influence on Nietzsche, 18.2; Crime and Punishment, 18.3, 25.1

  Dream of Autumn, The (Gd’A; poem)

  Duggan, Christopher

  Dumini, Amerigo

  Duncan, Isadora, 2.1, 3.1, 26.1, 26.2

  Duse, Eleonora: d’Annunzio’s relations with, 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 20.1, 21.1, 24.1, 24.2, 24.3, 24.4; affair with d’Annunzio ends, 2.2, 21.2, 24.5; d’Ann
unzio pawns and redeems emeralds from, 3.1, 28.1; in Tuscany with d’Annunzio, 4.1, 24.6; gives emeralds to d’Annunzio, 4.2; supposed bisexuality, 12.1; in Venice circle, 19.1; d’Annunzio meets, 20.2; background and career, 20.3; literary style, 20.4; manner, 20.5; beautiful hands, 21.3, 21.4; physical frailty, 21.5, 24.7; d’Annunzio writes plays for, 21.6, 21.7; helps d’Annunzio financially, 21.8; Settignano house, 21.9, 24.8; and d’Annunzio’s infidelities, 21.10, 24.9, 24.10; in Egypt with d’Annunzio, 21.11, 22.1, 24.11; plans national theatre, 23.1, 23.2, 32.1; visits Assisi with d’Annunzio, 24.12; d’Annunzio accompanies on tours, 24.13, 24.14, 24.15; at Capponcina, 24.16, 24.17; portrayed in Fire, 24.18, 24.19; confides in Madame Rolland, 24.20; reads d’Annunzio’s manuscripts, 24.21; plays Francesca da Rimini, 24.22; gifts to d’Annunzio, 24.23; isolation, 24.24; praises Jorio’s Daughter, 24.25; as model for character in Maybe Yes, Maybe No, 25.1; resumes acting tours, 32.2, 32.3; reunion with d’Annunzio (1922), 32.4; death, 32.5; daughter destroys letters from d’Annunzio, 32.6

  Duse, Enrichetta

  Eden, Anthony (later 1st Earl of Avon)

  Egypt: d’Annunzio and Duse visit, 21.1, 22.1, 24.1

  Elettra (Gd’A; poetry)

  Eliot, T.S.

  England: d’Annunzio visits

  Eroica, L’ (journal)

  Ethiopia (Abyssinia): Italian expedition to (1887), 16.1, 16.2, 25.1; Adua defeat (1896), 24.1; Mussolini wages war on (1935–6), 22.1

  Evandro (pet bittern)

  Ezekiel, Moïse

  Facta, Luigi

  Fanfulla della Domenica (journal), 5.1, 8.1, 18.1

  Farinacci, Roberto, 32.1, 32.2, 32.3, 32.4

  Fasci di Combattimento

  Fascist Grand Council: created

  fascists and fascism: d’Annunzian nature, 1.1; symbol (fascio), 1.2; spread in post-war Italy, 29.1, 29.2, 30.1; hostility to socialists, 29.3, 32.1, 32.2, 32.3, 32.4; march on Rome (1922), 30.2, 32.5; failure in 1919 election, 30.3; revival, 31.1; activist squads, 32.6, 32.7, 32.8, 32.9, 32.10, 32.11; membership increase, 32.12; public life under, 32.13; Mussolini controls, 32.14; control trade unions and press, 32.15; rallies and demonstrations, 32.16, 32.17; dominance, 32.18, 32.19, 32.20; repressive acts, 32.21, 32.22, 32.23; election victory (1924), 32.24; opponents declare government unconstitutional, 32.25; calendar, 32.26; ceremonies and rituals, 32.27, 32.28; Mussolini writes on doctrine of, 32.29; influence on Nazism, 32.30; and corporatism, 32.31; advertising, 32.32

  Faville del Maglio (Sparks from the Anvil; Gd’A; autobiographical fragments), 26.1, 32.1, 32.2

  Federzoni, Luigi

  Fedra (Gd’A; play), 25.1, 27.1

  Ferrario, General Carlo

  Figaro, Le (French newspaper), 25.1, 25.2

  Figlia di Jorio, La (Gd’A) see Jorio’s Daughter

  Finamore, Gennaro

  Finot, Jean

  Finzi, Aldo, 32.1, 32.2

  Fire (Gd’A; novel), 20.1, 21.1, 23.1, 23.2, 24.1, 24.2, 26.1

  “First Sign of a High Destiny, The” (Gd’A; essay)

  Fiume: d’Annunzio marches on and occupies (1919), 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 29.1, 30.1; attracts political and idealistic groups, 1.3; life in, 1.4, 30.2, 30.3, 30.4, 30.5, 31.1; d’Annunzio calls for referendum (1919), 1.5; draft constitution (Charter of Carnaro), 1.6, 31.2, 31.3, 31.4; d’Annunzio quits, 2.2; d’Annunzio’s ceremonies in, 4.1, 31.5, 31.6, 31.7, 31.8; Italian post-war claims on, 29.2, 29.3; described and status, 29.4, 30.6, 30.7; Hungary relinquishes control (1918), 29.5; Allies occupy, 29.6, 29.7; National Council, 29.8, 29.9, 29.10, 29.11, 30.8, 30.9, 30.10, 30.11, 30.12, 31.9, 31.10, 31.11, 31.12; appeals to d’Annunzio for intervention, 29.12; violence in, 29.13, 31.13; Allied governing body, 29.14; d’Annunzio governs, 30.13, 30.14, 30.15, 30.16, 31.14, 31.15, 31.16; Allied forces withdraw from, 30.17; Italian servicemen migrate to, 30.18; programme and aims, 30.19; louche behaviour, 30.20, 30.21, 31.17; administration, 30.22; d’Annunzio’s speeches in, 30.23; Nitti orders measures against, 30.24; provisioned by piracy, 30.25; intelligence network, 30.26; non-Italians harassed and persecuted, 30.27, 31.18; women enfranchised, 30.28; drugs in, 30.29; economic disorder, 30.30; accepts Nitti’s terms (Modus Vivendi), 30.31; ballot in Italian 1919 election, 30.32; d’Annunzio rejects Modus Vivendi, 30.33, 31.19; increasing desertions and disorder in, 31.20, 31.21, 31.22; revolutionary utopianism in, 31.23, 31.24; political groupings and confusion, 31.25, 31.26; shipload of weapons delivered to, 31.27; d’Annunzio idolised and imitated in, 31.28; shortages, 31.29, 31.30; babies removed to mainland, 31.31; indiscipline and anarchy in, 31.32; blockade, 31.33; homosexuality in, 31.34; labour relations, 31.35; mystical movements, 31.36; military exercises in, 31.37; d’Annunzio proclaims “Italian Regency of Carnaro”, 31.38; miniature civil war (1920), 31.39; military reform, 31.40; as independent city-state under Treaty of Rapallo, 31.41; Giolitti acts against, 31.42; battle for, 31.43; d’Annunzio agrees to leave, 31.44; d’Annunzio leaves, 31.45; elections (April 1921), 32.1; bubonic plague, 32.2; becomes part of Italy, 32.3

  Flaubert, Gustave, 7.1, 10.1, 12.1, 26.1; Salammbô, 12.2, 12.3, 30.1

  Florence: Orsanmichele (church)

  Fly (greyhound), 3.1, 3.2, 27.1

  Fokine, Michel

  Fontana, Cesare, 5.1, 12.1, 26.1

  For the Tomb of Giosuè Carducci (Gd’A; poem)

  Forse che si, Forse che no (Gd’A) see Maybe Yes, Maybe No

  Fortuny, Mariano, 19.1, 23.1, 24.1

  Francavilla, 7.1, 9.1, 15.1, 18.1, 18.2, 19.1

  France: d’Annunzio published in, 18.1; d’Annunzio lives in, 25.1; d’Annunzio’s social life in, 26.1; elections (1914), 26.2; and outbreak of war (1914), 27.1; early defeats in Great War, 27.2; awards Croix de Guerre to d’Annunzio, 28.1; see also Paris

  France, Anatole, 26.1, 26.2

  Francesca da Rimini (Gd’A; play), 21.1, 24.1, 25.1, 28.1, 32.1

  Franchetti, Giorgio

  Francis of Assisi, St, 24.1, 27.1

  Franck, César

  Franco, General Francisco

  Franco-Prussian War (1870)

  Franz Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria, 26.1, 26.2

  Franz Joseph, Emperor of Austria-Hungary, 26.1, 28.1

  Fraternali, Elvira see Leoni, Countess Elvira Fraternali

  Freud, Sigmund

  Friuli: captured in war

  Furst, Henry, 30.1, 31.1, 31.2

  Futurism, 25.1, 26.1

  Gaelic League (Ireland)

  Gallese, Duke di (Maria’s brother)

  Gallese, Duchessina Maria Hardouin di Gallese see d’Annunzio, Maria

  Gallese, Natalia, Duchessa di (Maria’s mother)

  Gallieni, General Joseph

  Gandhi, Mohandas Karamchand (Mahatma)

  Garda, Lake, 2.1, 32.1

  Gardone Sopra

  Garibaldi, Giuseppe: d’Annunzio identifies with, 1.1; Sicilian expedition, 3.1, 5.1; appearance and character, 3.2; d’Annunzio quotes in Quarto speech, 3.3; portrait prints, 5.2; death, 11.1; hopes for political power, 11.2; d’Annunzio’s poem to, 24.1; Quarto monument, 27.1; prayer, 29.1

  Garibaldi, Menotti

  Garibaldi, Peppino, 3.1, 27.1, 29.1, 29.2

  Gatti, Colonel Angelo, 28.1, 28.2

  Gautier, Judith

  Gemito, Vincenzo

  Genoa: presents plaster lion to d’Annunzio

  Gentile, Emilio

  Gentile, Giovanni

  Gerarchia (magazine)

  Germain, André, 26.1, 26.2

  Germany: nationalism, 5.1, 16.1, 23.1; d’Annunzio visits and admires, 24.1, 25.1; advance on Paris (1914), 27.1, 27.2; welcomes war, 27.3; withdraws from Paris, 27.4; Italy declares war on (1916), 28.1; supports Austrians at Caporetto, 28.2; Mussolini visits (1937), 32.1

  Giarda, Goffredo

  Gibson, Violet

  Gide, André, 2.1, 2.2

  Gigante, Riccardo

  Gil Blas (French journal), 2.1, 22.1

  Gioconda, La (Gd’A; play), 21.1, 21.2, 24.1, 24.2

  Giolitti, Giovanni: d’Annunzio’s antipathy to, 3.1
, 3.2, 26.1; neutrality in Great War, 3.3, 27.1, 27.2, 29.1; political dominance, 3.4, 3.5; declines to form government (1915), 3.6; meets von Bülow, 25.1;