The Walking Whales
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sagittal crest, 23, 89 ,113
skink, limb development in, 185
Sahni, Ashok: 78, 79, 82–85, 109 191–92,
skunk, 54
194, 199
skull: of Ambulocetus, 45–48, 60 b, 152 f; of
salinity, 64, 94
Andrewsiphius, 91 f, 152 f; of basilosau-
salt excretion, 120–21
rids, 25; of beluga whale, 152 f; of
saltwater, 63, 98
bowhead whale, 152 f; of Indohyus,
scavenger, 125, 161, 163, 205
198–99, 199 f, 203, 204; of Pakicetus,
seacow: pachyosteosclerotic ribs of, 38;
41, 91 f; 128–29, 137, 142, 151–52 f; of
swimming by, 53; vertebral shape of,
protocetids, 162, 167 b, 168, 171; of
27 f. Synonym Sirenia, sirenians
raoellids, 198–99, 199 f; of Reming-
seagrass, 96, 97 f, 115
tonocetus, 83, 87–91, 90 f, 109, 113,
sea lion, 30, 53, 55 f, 58, 109, 121, 163,
114, 115 f, 152 f
167 b, 169–70, 228n25. Part of
smell. See olfaction
Otariidae
soft palate, 60–61, 60 f
seal: 8 , 23, 25, 30, 51, 53, 55 f, 61, 63, 65,
somite, in development, 183f
113, 142, 147, 151, 153, 169–70,
sonic hedgehog, see SHH
228 n 25. Synonym Phocidae, phocids
sound transmission, 5, 62, 63, 137, 139,
sea otter, swimming by, 54–56, 55 f.
141–44.
Synonym Enhydra lutris
species, 13, 14 t
sea serpent, 14–17, 16 f
sperm whale, species, 25, 121, 122 f, 177,
sea snake, 15, 17, 19, 25, 57
189, 202 f. Synonym Physeter catodon
seawater, 86, 93, 95, 99, 117–24, 123 f
sperm whale, family, 202 f. Synonym
sexual communication, 167
Physeteridae
sexual dimorphism, 30
sphenoid, skull bone, 90 f
shale, 84, 88 f
sphenorbital fissure, 90 f
shark 11, 19, 23, 124
squamosal, skull bone, 90 f
244 | Index
stable isotope, 117
throat , 60–61 b, 60 f
stapes (also stirrup), 8 f, 137–39, 138 f, 139.
tibia, 30, 31 f, 42, 104, 128, 130, 181, 182 f,
Stenella attenuata: limb buds in, 180 f, 183 f,
184–85, 186 f. Synonym shin bone
184 f; tooth development in, 209–11,
tidal channel, 93–95
210 f. Synonym pantropical spotted
Tiwari, B.N., 89
dolphin
toe, 30; development of, 177–78
Stirrup, ear ossicle, see stapes
tongue, 10 f, 52, 146, 147, 166, 167 f
subduction, 69
tooth: of ambulocetids, 59, 60 f; of
subfamily, in systematics, 13, 14 t
artiodactyls, 112 f, 148 f, 201–2, 203–4;
Suina, 202 f. Synonym pigs and peccaries
baleen as, 211–12; of basilosaurids, 13 f,
Sulaiman range, 22 f
21–23, 21 b, 22 f, 112 f; and classification
Sulcus, of brain, 169
of whales, 9, 214 n 2; development of,
Superfamily, in systematics, 13–14, 14 t
209–11, 210 f; homodonty vs. hetero-
supraorbital process, 61, 162
donty of, 21; of mammals, 21–23, 21 b,
supraorbital shelf, 25, 168. Synonym
22 f, 208; of mesonychians, 129; of
supraorbital shield
pakicetids, 112 f, 132, 146–49, 147–50 f;
swallowing: by Ambulocetus, 60–61 b, 60 f;
of protocetids, 112 f, 163–66; of
by remingtonocetids, 113
remingtonocetids, 109–11, 112 f, 222 n 10
sweat; effect on water balance, 121, 205
toothed whale, see odontocete
swimming, 51–65; by Ambulocetus, 63–64,
tooth enamel, 78
64 f; by basilosaurids, 25–30, 27–29 f,
tooth wear: 146–150 in Ambulocetus, 59,
31 f; by protocetids, 169–70; evolution
64, 78; in artiodactyls, 148, 150 f, 202,
in early whales of, 53–58, 54 f, 186 f;
204; in early whales, 148–49, 150 f; in
evolution in mammals of, 52–58, 55 f;
Indohyus, 148–150, 202; in odon-
fluke in, 53; by Indohyus, 204–5; in
tocetes, 147–48, 149 f; in pakicetids,
living mammals, 51–52; by pakicetids,
146; in protocetids, 166; in Reming-
151–53; by protocetids, 169–70; by
tonocetus, 109; types of, 146–48, 148 f
remingtonocetids, 115; by whales vs.
trachea, 60 b
seals, 51
Tragulus, a mouse deer, 184 f, 200
synovial joint, 30
transverse processes (of vertebra), 26
systematics, 135
Triassic period, 32 f
trigonid, 59, 111, 129, 146, 166, 203
Taiji, 173–76, 187–89, 228 n 1
trochlea (of astragalus), 128–130, 134,
tail: of Ambulocetus, 63; of artiodactyls,
134 b, 136 f
153; of Basilosaurus, 19; of Dorudon,
Tylopoda, 202 f. Synonym camels and lamas
26; of Kutchicetus, 56–57, 102–104,
tympanic bone; of Indohyus, 197, 200; 4–6,
115; and limb development, 177; of
5 f; of land mammals vs. whales, 137–39,
modern whale, 26–27; of otters, 54–56;
137, 138 f; of remingtonocetids, 114.
of pakicetids, 144, 153; of protocetids,
Synonym ectotympanic bone, see also
169; of remingtonocetids, 109, 115;
bulla.
used in swimming, 51–57
tympanic membrane, see eardrum
tail vertebra, see caudal vertebra
tympanic plate, 5, 5 f, 138 f, 139, 140 f
Takracetus, 163
tympanic ring, 138 f
Talpa, teeth of, 22 f
talonid, 59, 111, 129, 146, 166, 203
Uhen, Mark, 26, 28, 134
tapir, 154
Ulna, a forearm bone, 43, 63, 177, 182 f
taste receptor, 167 b
upstroke, 53
temporalis, muscle, 113. See also chewing
urine, 121
muscle
Tethys Sea, 3, 32 f, 42, 72
Vaghapadar, 96, 97 f, 116
Thatta, 35–37
Valley of the Whales, 23
thoracic vertebra, 25–26, 27 f, 63, 160–61,
Van Valen, Leigh, 129, 131
170. Synonym upper back or chest
vertebrae: of Ambulocetus, 46 f, 63; ball, 27,
vertebra
53, 169; embryology, 183 f; of basilosau-
Index | 245
rids, 12, 13 f, 14, 16, 25–26, 27, 57; of
Ward, Steve, 10 f
land mammals vs. whales, 29 f; of
water ingestion, 117–24, 122 f, 123 f
mammals, 208; of modern whales, 26;
weasel, 54
numbers in vertebrates, 63, 208; of
webbed toe, 64, 153
pakicetids, 131, 153; presacral, 63, 170,
Wegener, Alfred, 70–71
208; of protocetids, 160–62, 169–70; of
Wells, Neil, 197
remingtonocetids, 86, 102–06, 115; of
West, Robert, 4, 33, 41, 76, 127, 191
seacows, 27 f
whale, defined, 5 f, 213n6
vertebral arch of basilosaurids, 13 f, 26
whaling in Japan, 173–75, 187–89, 228 n 1
vertebral column: of basilosaurids, 14, 25,
whelk, 95–96, 116
26, 57; of Pakicetus, 131; of protocetids,
whisker, 151
161, 169–70
wolf, 129, 144, 153
virus, 158
wolverine, 54
vision: of ambulocetids, 61–62, 152 f, 168;
Wood, J.G., 14–15, 16 f, 19
of basilosaurids, 25, 168; of Indohyus,
wrist: of basilosaurids, 28
204; of pakicetids, 149–50, 152 f, 168;
of protocetids, 152 f, 168; of reming-
Yamada, Tadasu, 173–74
tonocetids, 114, 152 f, 168. See also eye,
yellow submarine, 205
orbit
volcanoes, 69
zebra, 116
vomeronasal organ, 167 b. Synonym
Zeuglodon cetoides, 12, 13 f, 14, 15–16
Jacobson’s organ
zeuglodont, 12, 13 f, 14, 15–16
Zeuglodon Valley, 23
Wadi al-Hitan, 23
Ziphiidae, 174, 202 f. Synonym beaked
wading, 55 f, 144–45, 154, 186 f. See also
whales
walking
zone of polarizing activity (ZPA), 178, 178 f,
walking: by Ambulocetus, 48, 63–64, 64 f;
184–86
by basilosaurids, 25–30, 27 f–29 f, 31 f;
zoological nomenclature, 12–14, 14 t,
by Indohyus, 204–5; by pakicetids, 55 f,
215 n 18
151–54; by protocetids, 169–70; by
ZPA (zone of polarizing activity), 178, 178 f,
remingtonocetids, 107 f, 115
184,
Walking with Beasts (documentary), 124–25
Zygorhiza kochii, 17, 19
Document Outline
Cover
The Walking Whales
Title
Copyright
Dedication
Contents
1. A Wasted Dig Fossils and War
A Whale Ear
2. Fish, Mammal, or Dinosaur? The King Lizard of Cape Cod
Basilosaurid Whales
Basilosaurids and Evolution
3. A Whale with Legs The Black and White Hills
A Walking Whale
4. Learning to Swim Meeting the Killer Whale
From Dog-Paddle to Torpedo
Ambulocetid Whales
Ambulocetus and Evolution
5. When the Mountains Grew The High Himalayas
Kidnapping in the Hills
Indian Whales
6. Passage to India Stranded in Delhi
Whales in the Desert
A 150-Pound Skull
7. A Trip to the Beach The Outer Banks
A Fossilized Coast
8. The Otter Whale The Whale with No Hands
Remingtonocetid Whales
Building a Beast out of Bones
9. The Ocean Is a Desert Forensic Paleontology
Drinking and Peeing
Fossilized Drinking Behavior
Walking with Ambulocetus
10. The Skeleton Puzzle If Looks Could Kill
How Many Bones Make a Skeleton?
Finding Whales’ Sisters
11. The River Whales Hearing in Whales
Pakicetid Whales
September 11, 2001
12. Whales Conquer the World A Molecular SINE
The Black Whale
Protocetid Whales
Protocetids and History
13. From Embryos to Evolution A Dolphin with Legs
The Marine Park at Taiji
Shedding Limbs
Whaling in Taiji
14. Before Whales The Widow’s Fossils
The Ancestors of Whales
Indohyus
A Trust for Fossils
15. The Way Forward The Big Question
Tooth Development
Baleen as Teeth
Notes
Index