“I bite my teeth”: Randall Stross, “Edison the Inventor, Edison the Showman,” New York Times, March 11, 2007.
“almost direct to my brain”: George Bryan, Edison: The Man and His Work (Whitefish, MT: Kessinger Publishing, 2007), 102.
Chapter Three: Why We Are Noisy
“Hitler sound waves”: “Professor Says Hitler Hypnotizes Listeners with Voice at 228 Vibrations a Second,” New York Times, December 29, 1938.
had a voice double: “The Voice of Hitler,” New York Times, April 19, 1944.
The American National Broadcasting Company: “Adolf Hitler’s Address on His War Aims Before the German Reichstag,” New York Times, October 7, 1939. Charts reproduced with text.
“The sexes of many animals”: Charles Darwin, The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1965), 84.
“What are myna birds”: Heather Williams, interview by author, summer 2008.
has been constructing sonograms: Eugene S. Morton, “Animal Communication: What Do Animals Say?” The American Biology Teacher 45, 6 (October 1983): 343–48; and Eugene S. Morton, “On the Occurrence and Significance of Motivation-Structural Rules in Some Bird and Mammal Sounds,” The American Naturalist 111, 981 (September–October 1977): 855–69.
“cat-and-dog squabble”: Herbert N. Casson, The History of the Telephone (Chicago: A. C. McClurg & Co., 1910), 153–55.
Researchers from the University of Zurich: Elisabetta Vannoni and Alan G. McElligott, “Low Frequency Groans Indicate Larger and More Dominant Fallow Deer (Dama dama) Males,” PloS One 3, 9 (September 2008): 1–8.
At the peak of the rut: Elisabetta Vannoni, e-mail to author, summer 2009.
with significant traffic noise: Kirsten M. Parris, Meah Velik-Lord, and Joanne M. A. North, “Frogs Call at a Higher Pitch in Traffic Noise,” Ecology and Society 14, 1 (2009), http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol14/iss1/art25/.
has tied the vulnerable submissiveness: John J. Ohala, “The Acoustic Origin of the Smile,” Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 68, S1 (November 1980): S33.
“the more likely it is”: John J. Ohala, “The Frequency Code Underlies the Sound-Symbolic use of Voice Pitch,” in Sound Symbolism, Leanne Hinton, Johanna Nichols, and John J. Ohala, eds. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006), 325–47.
Since we are biologically: Reuven Tsur, “Size-Sound Symbolism Revisited,” Journal of Pragmatics 38 (2006): 905–24.
object called a “bull-roarer”: Mircea Eliade, Patterns of Comparative Religion, Rosemary Sheed, trans. (New York: Sheed & Ward, 1958), 41–42.
“It’s all about pecking order”: David Huron, interview by author at the Third Annual Symposium on Music and the Brain, Stanford University, May 16–17, 2008.
“Sound is a brute force”: Daniel Gaydos, interview by author, summer 2008. Gaydos and I spoke on several occasions after my initial interview with him, and he was an immense help to me in understanding the physics of sound and human sound perception.
the brains of many ADD: Dr. Kenny Handelman, “White Noise Helps with Concentration in ADD/ADHD,” The ADD ADHD Blog, September 2007, http://www.addadhdblog.com/white-noise-helps-with-concentration-in-addadhd.
already disordered cognitive: Chris Chatham, “When Noise Helps: Stochastic Resonance and ADHD,” Developing Intelligence Blog, September 21, 2007, http://scienceblogs.com/developingintelligence/2007/09/when_noise_helps_stochastic_re_1.php; and Lucy Jane Miller, interview by author, fall 2009.
When you play two notes: For example, see Jamie James, The Music of the Spheres: Music, Science, and the Natural Order of the Universe (New York: Springer-Verlag, 1995), 33–35.
The Pythagorean moment: M. F. Burnyeat, “Other Lives,” London Review of Books, February 22, 2007.
Pythagoras compared the entire: Marc Lachièze-Rey and Jean-Pierre Luminet, Celestial Treasury: From the Music of the Spheres to the Conquest of Space, Joe Laredo, trans. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001), 61.
Apollo, the sun God: Edith Wysse, The Myth of Apollo and Marsyas in the Art of the Italian Renaissance (Cranbury, NJ: Associated University Presses, 1996), 27–28.
Augustine added a Christian framework: Brian Brennan, “Augustine’s ‘De musica,’” Vigilae Christianae 42, 3 (September 1988): 267–81.
In the summer of 2008: David Ian Miller, “Move Over Madonna,” SF Gate, July 28, 2008, http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/g/a/2008/07/28/findrelig.DTL.
“the regular breathing”: Aristotle A. Esguerra, “Gregorian Chanting Can Reduce Blood Pressure and Stress,” Daily Mail, May 2, 2008.
“We love similarity”: Umberto Eco, Art and Beauty in the Middle Ages (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1986), 31.
A contemporary sound designer: David Sonneschein, interview by author, spring 2009.
“There’s the base frequency”: Andy Niemiec, interview by author, winter 2008. In addition to our initial interview, Niemiec and I had an e-mail exchange that was an inestimable help to me in understanding many aspects of how the brain maps sound waves. He also pointed me to many references that were vital to my research.
Recently a few researchers: Sukhbinder Kumar et al., “Mapping Unpleasantness of Sounds to Their Auditory Representation,” Journal of Acoustical Society of America 124, 6 (December 2008): 3810–17.
“at all of his public”: “Hitler at the Top of His Dizzy Path,” New York Times, February 5, 1933.
“almost apocalyptic vision”: Leni Riefenstahl, Leni Riefenstahl: A Memoir (New York: Picador, 1992), 101.
“no part catching up”: Mark Whittle, “Primal Scream: Sounds from the Big Bang,” http://www.astro.virginia.edu/∼dmw8f/griffith05/griffith.html.
Chapter Four: Retail: The Soundtrack
“It’s so difficult getting”: Michael Morrison, interview by author, spring 2008.
“Right?” Leanne Flask: Leanne Flask, interview by author, summer 2008. She was my guide to Barton Creek Square mall. She also gave generously of her time for several phone interviews and e-mail exchanges.
“relax in the noise of familiars”: Irving Howe, World of Our Fathers (New York: Galahad Books, 1994), 257.
“unnecessary rackets”: “Mrs. Rice Seeks Noise; And Finds It, Plenty of It, on the East Side,” New York Times, November 7, 1908.
“only a few sentimental”: “East Side Pushcart Market About to Vanish,” New York Times, January 5, 1940.
“feel its sounds”: Ker Than, “Stone Age Art Caves May Have Been Concert Halls,” National Geographic News, July 2, 2008.
“even in a place unsuited”: Iegor Reznikoff, “On the Sound Dimension of Prehistoric Painted Caves and Rocks,” in Musical Signification: Essays on the Semiotic Theory and Analysis of Music, Eero Tarasti, ed. (Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 1995), 547.
his whole body vibrating: Iegor Reznikoff, “On Primitive Elements of Musical Meaning,” JMM: The Journal of Music and Meaning 3 (Fall 2004/Winter 2005), http://www.musicandmeaning.net/issues/showArticle.php?artID=3.2.
moving in synchrony: Scott S. Wiltermuth and Chip Heath, “Synchrony and Cooperation,” Psychological Science 3, 2 (2009): 3.
from January 1939: “Pier Equipped for Music Night and Day to Make Longshoremen Work Happily,” New York Times, January 29, 1939.
“riveting to rhythm”: F. H. McConnell, “Riveting to Rhythm,” New York Times, August 31, 1941.
number-two complaint: Nicholas Sampogna, of Zagat Survey, provided me with statistical data from Zagat indicating the prevalence of different complaints of restaurant patrons over multiple years.
a “double bomb” rating: Michael Bauer, “Is Noise Hazardous to Your Health,” Between Meals blog, posted August 16, 2007, http://www.sfgate.com/cgi=bin/blogs/mbauer/detail?blogid=26&entry_id=19428.
The first rigorous study: Ronald E. Milliman, “The Influence of Background Music on the Behaviour of Restaurant Patrons,” Journal of Consumer Research 13 (September 1986): 286–89.
at Fairfield University: Vincent Bozzi, “Ea
t to the Beat,” Psychology Today 20 (February 1986): 16.
Dick Clark’s American Bandstand Grill: Andrea Petersen, “Restaurants: Restaurants Bring In da Noise to Keep Out da Nerds,” The Wall Street Journal, December 30, 1997.
researchers at the Université de Bretagne-Sud: Nicholas Guéguen et al., “Sound Level of Environmental Music and Drinking Behavior: A Field Experiment with Beer Drinkers,” Alcoholism: Clinical and Environmental Research 32, 10 (October 2008).
heightens the effect of MDMA: Michelangelo Iannone et al., “Electrocortical Effects of MDMA Are Potentiated by Acoustic Stimulation in Rats,” BMC Neuroscience 7, 13 (February 16, 2006).
A group of men: C. Ferber and M. Cabanac, “Influence of Noise on Gustatory Affective Ratings and Preference for Sweet or Salt,” Appetite 8, 3 (June 1987): 229–35.
eat potato chips: Massimiliano Zampini and Charles Spence, “The Role of Auditory Cues in Modulating the Perceived Crispness and Staleness of Potato Chips,” Journal of Sensory Studies 19, 5 (October 2004): 347–63.
“one of the loudest places”: Marc Weizer, “Tiger Stadium One of Loudest Places in Nation,” Athens Banner-Herald, October 23, 2008.
Sports Illustrated put Arrowhead: Wikipedia, Arrowhead Stadium, http://armchairgm.wikia.com/Arrowhead_Stadium
“it scared the hell”: Frank Schwab, “Visitors Not Welcome/Rowdy Fans in the ‘Black Hole’ Make Games,” The Gazette, November 30, 2003.
reached 127.2 decibels: MCT News Service, “Autzen is a nightmare for opposing teams; can USC handle hostile Oregon crowd?” Daily Press, October 28, 2009.
loudest roofed stadium: Sports Illustrated, photo gallery, http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/topic/video/Qwest_Field/
1900-01-01/2100-12-31/8/376/index.htm.
eleven false-start: John Branch, “For N.F.L., Crowd Noise Is a Headache” New York Times, September 24, 2006.
“That place had to be miked up”: “In Seattle, 49ers Must Deal with Crowd Noise,” The Mercury News, September 13, 2008.
“The building doesn’t make”: Jack Wrightson, interview by author, fall 2008.
It’s also every electronic: Doug Robinson, “Games Have Gotten Way Too Loud,” Deseret News, May 27, 2008.
“right in your ear”: Judy Battista, “Colts’ Crowd Noise Is ‘Like a Loud Train That Never Stops,’” New York Times, January 15, 2006.
Chapter Five: Sounds Like Noise
“We’re pattern recognizers”: Wade Bray, interview by author, spring 2008.
affiliated with Boston University: Karen M. Warkentin, “How Do Embryos Assess Risk? Vibrational Cues in Predator-Induced Hatching of Red-eyed Treefrogs,” Animal Behaviour 70, 1 (July 2, 2005): 59–71.
“The army told me”: Dr. J. Gregory McDaniel, interview by author, spring 2009. McDaniel gave a compelling talk on his research on April 24, 2009 at the Waves and Signs conference at MIT and also provided me with a number of papers by him and his colleagues that gave me further insight into communication and sound perception among frogs and frog embryos.
At a meeting: “Roar of Cities Has Musical Undertone,” New York Times, January 4, 1931.
a series of extraordinary: Warren Moscow, “Protests Cause End Tonight of Grand Central Broadcasts,” New York Times, January 2, 1950.
Chapter Six: Silent Interlude
the old Stork Club: Ralph Blumenthal, “Paley Is Donating a Vest-Pocket Park to the City on Stork Club Site,” New York Times, February 2, 1967.
“a corner of quiet delights”: Jack Manning, “Tiny Paley Park Opens with a Splash,” New York Times, May 24, 1967.
“acoustic perfume”: “To Reduce City’s Din,” New York Times, June 5, 1967.
Jacob Riis is credited: Thomas P. F. Hoving, “Think Big About Small Parks,” New York Times, April 10, 1966.
“sit-ability”: William H. Whyte, “Please Just a Nice Place to Sit,” New York Times, December 3, 1972.
John Evelyn, the seventeenth-century: Gilbert Chinard, “The American Philosophical Society and the Early History of Forestry in America,” American Philosophical Society Proceedings 89, 2 (July 1945).
Deaf man watching: Michael Fried, Absorption and Theatricality (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980), 78.
“an unbearable racket”: Ibid., 41.
“vision-for-action channel”: Ladislav Kesner, “The Role of Cognitive Competence in the Art Museum Experience,” Museum Management and Curatorship 21, 1 (March 2006): 1–16.
Chapter Seven: Soundkill
“As we listened”: F. T. Marinetti, Futurist Manifesto, Umbro Apollonio, ed., Robert Brain et al., trans. (New York: Viking Press, 1973), 19–24.
“Today, noise is triumphant”: Luigi Russolo, “The Art of Noises: A Futurist Manifesto (Mar. 1913)” in Modernism: An Anthology, Lawrence S. Rainey, ed. (Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing, 2005), 23.
800,000 pamphlets: Marjorie Perloff, “‘Violence and Precision’: The Manifesto as Art Form,” Chicago Review 34, 2 (Spring 1984), http://humanities.uchicago.edu/orgs/review/60th/pdfs/56bperloff.pdf.
“Enough! Stop whispering”: Anne Bowler, “Politics as Art: Italian Futurism and Fascism,” Theory and Society 20, 6 (December 1991): 763–94.
“Burn the gondolas”: F. T. Marinetti, “Futurist Venice,” New York Times, July 24, 1910.
“The everlasting sound”: Early Western Travels: 1748–1846, Reuben Gold Thwaite, ed. (Cleveland, OH: Arthur H. Clark Company, 1905), 230.
“sound out idols”: Friedrich Nietzsche, Twilight of the Idols, R. J. Hollingdale, trans. (London: Penguin Books, 1990), 31.
“Cannons gutting space”: Luigi Russolo, The Art of Noises, Barclay Brown, trans. (New York: Pendragon Press, 1986), 26.
Rome was becoming: “Rome Starts Drive to Suppress Noise,” New York Times, October 17, 1925.
“When hot-rodding”: Bettina Boxall, “Sound of Music?,” Los Angeles Times, July 16, 1989.
“A coachman who”: Lawrence Baron, “Noise and Degeneration: Theodor Lessing’s Crusade for Quiet,” Journal of Contemporary History 17, 1 (January 1982): 165–78.
names like “Sound Quake”: Katherine Bishop, “Laws Aim to Turn Off Ear-Splitting ‘Boom’ Cars,” New York Times, January 17, 1990.
America’s urban traffic: Texas Environmental Profiles, http://www.texasep.org/html/air/air_5mob_carred.html
driving delays in twenty-six: Tom Vanderbilt, Traffic (New York: Knopf, 2008), 131.
“These criminals are”: catdaddybaycali@yahoo, e-mail to Noise Free America, Listserv posting, May 24, 2008, [email protected].
CalusaCustomConcepts: “Who Cares About Words?,” Florida Car Radio blog, posted December 14, 2007, http://www.floridacaraudio.com/category/rant/.
MP3 Pimp: Robin Butler, interview by author, spring 2008.
If you are 3 feet away: Quiet Solution Decibel Chart, http://www.quietsolution.com/Noise_Levels.pdf.
Casey Sullivan: Casey Sullivan, interview by author, spring 2008.
Buzz Thompson: Buzz Thompson, interview by author, spring 2008.
Chapter Eight: Freeway to Noise
A recent European Environment Agency: European Environment Agency, “Transport at a Crossroads: TERM 2008: Indicators Tracking Transport and Environment in the European Union,” EEA Report no. 3/2009 (Copenhagen, 2009).
Howard Stapleton developed: Compound Security, http://www.compoundsecurity.co.uk/mosquito-products-0.
“a demented alarm clock”: “Teen-Repellent to Be Regulated,” Health24 (April 2008), www.health24.com/news/Teens/1-950,45864.asp.
Teen Buzz: Melissa Block, “Teens Turn ‘Repeller’ into Adult-Proof Ringtone,” NPR, May 26, 2006. Web site for the ringtone can be found at www.teenbuzz.org.
“I didn’t know whether”: ProSoundWeb Life Chat, interview of Tom Danley, moderated by Keith Clark, March 12, 2002, www1.prosoundweb.com/chat_psw/transcripts/danley.shtml.
“the Guy”: Michael Heddon, interview by author, fall 2008.
as Hillel Pratt: Dr. Amanda Harry, “
Wind Turbines, Noise and Health,” February 2007, http://www.windturbinenoisehealthhumanrights.com/wtnoise_health_2007_a_barry.pdf.
“We’ve been punishing”: Clive Stafford Smith, “Welcome to ‘the Disco,’” The Guardian, June 19, 2008.
“masking sound”: Cynthia Kellogg, “Music in Dentist’s Chair Soothes Child and Adults,” New York Times, August 12, 1960. Also see Thomas E. Morosko and Fred F. Simmons, “The Effect of Audio-Analgesia on Pain Threshold and Pain Tolerance,” Journal of Dental Research 45 (1966): 1608–17.
for use in childbirth: Stacy V. Jones, “New Device for Seeing in Dark,” New York Times, June 3, 1961.
mounted a hostile campaign: Benjamin Schwaid, “Audio-Analgesia May Be Hazardous,” The Journal of the American Dental Society of Anesthesiology 7, 10 (December 1960): 24–25.
Sound Pain Relief: Sound Pain Relief, http://www.soundpainrelief.com.
“awful sounds of the city”: Ron Alexander, “Stereo-to-Go and Only You Can Hear It; For the Thinking Man,” New York Times, July 7, 1980.
“There are buses”: Georgia Harbison, J. D. Reed, and Nick Balberman, “A Great Way to Snub the World,” Time, May 18, 1981.
When Sony initially: Steve Crandall, “Sony Walkman History,” tingilinde blog, October 19, 2003, http://tingilinde.typepad.com/starstuff/2003/10/sony_walkman_hi.html.
One of the popular: “Classic Sony Walkman Commercial,” YouTube, June 8, 1985, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iO8FDPtN_8M.
220 million had been sold: Phil Schiller announced this figure at the Apple Rock and Roll Event, Yerba Buena Theater, San Francisco, September 9, 2009.
a total of 150 million: Priya Johnson, “Timeline and the History of the Walkman,” Buzzle.com, April 30, 2009, http://www.buzzle.com/articles/timeline-and-history-of-the-walkman.html.
New York City population: Census figures, http://www.nyc.gov/html/dcp/pdf/census/1790-2000_nyc_total_foreign_birth.pdf
the population of inner London: http://www.demographia.com/dm-lonarea.htm.
In Pursuit of Silence Page 27