Chapter 8: Capital
For views on the entrepreneurship dilemma see Gustav F. Papanek (ed.), The Indonesian Economy, Praeger, 1980, and “The Pribumi entrepreneurs of Bali and Central Java (or, How not to help Indigenous enterprise),” BIES, Vol. 42, No. 1, 2006. The observations on the Bank Central Asia are based partly on an interview with a senior manager who asked not to be named. The recovery of major New Order business conglomerates from the 1997-98 financial crisis is intensively covered in the State Department cables published by Wikileaks, as is the “mud volcano” set off in East Java by a Bakrie group company, and in international business newspapers. The account of the Bakrie-Rothschild dispute over Bumi Plc draws on reports in British and Indonesian newspapers: see notably reports in The Daily Telegraph, The Financial Times, and The Economist over 2009-2014.
Chapter 9: Between Mecca and the South Sea
The classic definition of religious aliran [streams] came in Clifford Geertz, The Religion of Java, Free Press, 1960. Background to this chapter came from the third volume of M. C. Ricklefs’ history of Islam in Indonesia, Islamisation and its Opponents in Java c. 1930 to the Present, National University of Singapore Press, 2012, and from Solahudin (trans. Dave McRae), The Roots of Terrorism in Indonesia: From Darul Islam to Jem’ah Islamiyah, Cornell U.P., 2013. Yudi Latif’s remarks came in a talk to the author and other members of an Australian media delegation to Jakarta in 2008, as did the comments on terrorism by a senior official of Densus 88, Indonesian National Police. Adi Sasono’s and Shadia Mahaban’s comments come from the 2013 interviews mentioned above. Abu Bakar Ba’asyir’s remarks about Western tourists were heard and videotaped by Nathan Franklin, then a Ph.D. candidate at Charles Darwin University, Australia, at Paciran, East Java in October 2007: see his account Inside Indonesia 92: Apr-Jun 2008.
Chapter 10: Korupsi
The specific detail of the corruption cases in this chapter came from contemporary Indonesian press reports and from US Embassy cables in the Wikileaks cache. On public perceptions of corruption in the DPR (Parliament) see for example the 2013 Indonesia Network Election Survey http://nasional.sindonews.com/read/2013/09/05/12/779603/survei-ines-anggota-dpr-dicap-tukang-bohong. For the World Bank view see S. Lateef, et al; Combating Corruption in Indonesia, World Bank East Asia Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Unit, 2003; and Anti-Corruption Resources Centre, “Causes of corruption in Indonesia,” at www.U4.no. Satrio Budihardjo Joedono’s comments and those of the KPK’s Johan Budi came in interviews by the author. Further information and comments in this chapter came from business executives, investment consultants and academic legal figures who spoke on condition they not be identified.
Chapter 11: The Eastern Margin
US ambassador Lynn Pascoe’s cable was disclosed by Wikileaks. Quoted remarks by Lukas Enembe, Neles Tebay and Tito Karnavian come from interviews by the author in November 2013. Pieter Drooglever’s comments come from An Act of Free Choice: Decolonisation and the Right to Self-Determination in West Papua, Oneworld Publications, Oxford and New York, 2009; from his summary article accessible on http://resources.huygens.knaw.nl/indonesischebetrekkingen1945-1969/DekolonisatieVanIndonesieEnHetZelfbeschikkingsrechtVanDePapoea/papers_pdf/summary_afc and his testimony to the Asia, the Pacific and the Global Environment Subcommittee, House Foreign Affairs Committee, US Congress, September 22, 2010. Details of Operasi Wibawa and other military sweeps came in Warta HAM Papua [News on Human Rights Papua], Main Issue, Year VI, 2013, Komnas HAM [National Human Rights Commission], Jayapura. Survivors of the Biak massacre testified at a “citizens tribunal” held by the West Papua Project, Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies, University of Sydney, in July 2013. On the murder of Theys Eluay see Clinton Fernandes, Reluctant Indonesians: Australia, Indonesia and the Future of West Papua, Scribe, 2006. Papers presented at a conference “Comprehending Papua” held by the West Papua Project at the University of Sydney, February 23-24, 2011, are also drawn upon: John Saltford, “Reflections on the New York Agreement, the Act of Free Choice, and Developments Since”; Akihisa Matsuno, “West Papua and the Changing Nature of Self-Determination”; S. Eben Kirksey, “Reclaiming the Messianic Promise”; Richard Chauvel, “Policy Failure and Political Impasse: Papua and Jakarta a decade after the ‘Papuan Spring”; Jim Elmslie, “West Papuan Demographic Transition and the 2010 Indonesian Census: ‘Slow Motion Genocide’ or not?” The comments by Sidney Jones came in an interview with the author, and in her reports for the Institute for Policy Analysis of Conflict, Jakarta: “Carving Up Papua: More Districts, More trouble,” October 9, 2013; “Otsus Plus: The Debate over Enhanced Special Autonomy for Papua,” November 25, 2013; “Papua update: The latest on Otsus Plus,” February 27, 2014. The author interviewed Paulus Samkakay and Alfonsina Hambring at the East Awin settlement, Papua New Guinea, in 2006. For the diverse interpretations of “merdeka” [freedom] in Papua, see S. Eben Kirksey, From Cannibal to Terrorist: State Violence, Indigenous Resistance and Representation in West Papua, M.Phil. thesis, Oxford University, 2002, and Brigham Golden, “Political Millenarianism and the Economy of Conflict: Reflections on Papua by an Activist Anthropologist,” Asia Source, 23 June, 2003, http://www.asiasource.org/asip/papua_golden.cfm and their subsequent writings.
Chapter 12: The Burning Question
On the 1997 haze see Rand Corp, The Dangers of Smoke Haze: Mortality in Malaysia from Indonesian Forest Fires, http://www.rand.org/pubs/research_briefs/RB5066/index1.html. Abbie Carla Yunita wrote about the REDD+ program in “Social safeguards and equity in forest governance: Lessons from the Kalimantan Forest and Climate Partnership, Ulu Masen,” B.A. honors thesis, Monash University, Melbourne, 2013. On the Tessa Nilo encroachment see World Wildlife Fund Indonesia, Palming Off a National Park, June 2013. Information on the REDD+ scheme and efforts to delineate land ownership came from an interview with environmentalist and writer Chandra Kirana in Bogor, November 2013. See also “Indonesia’s Constitutional Court returns customary forests to indigenous people,” www.redd-monitor.org, May 17, 2013. On the acceleration of deforestation see Belinda Arunarwati Margono, Peter V. Potapov, Svetlana Turubanova, Fred Stolle & Matthew C. Hansen, “Primary forest cover loss in Indonesia over 2000–2012,” Nature Climate Change, published online June 29, 2014. On pollution in the Citarum River and mercury residue in Kalimantan see Blacksmith Institute and Green Cross Switzerland, “Top Ten Toxic Threats in 2013: Cleanup, Progress and Ongoing Challenges” at www.worstpolluted.org. The campaign against lead pollution in Bandung comes from Nguyen Thi Kim Oanh (ed.), Integrated Air Quality Management: Asian Case Studies, CRC Press, 2013.
Chapter 13: From SBY to Jokowi
On SBY’s “squandered” second mandate, see Greg Fealy, “Indonesian Politics in 2011: SBY’s Incumbency and Democratic Regression,” BIES, Vol. 47, Issue 3, 2011. The rise in stunted growth among children was found in the 2013 Riskesdas (Basic Health Research) report of the Ministry of Health, widely reported on December 7, 2013. The official report on the 1965-66 killings is Komisi Nasional Hak Asasi Manusia [Komnas HAM], Republik Indonesia, Ringkasan Eksekutif Hasil Penyelidikan Tim Ad Hoc Penyelidikan Pelanggaran HAM Yang Berat Peristiwa 1965-1966, July 23, 2012. An unofficial English translation of the summary is available on http://tapol.org/sites/default/files/sites/default/files/pdfs/Komnas HAM 1965 TAPOL translation.pdf. On the continued harassment of PKI survivors see Ati Nurbaiti, “Muscle testing of bullies amid dangerous state silence,” The Jakarta Post, November 4, 2013; Bambang Muryanto and Bagus BT Saragih, “Resurgence in intimidation of families of 1965 purge victims,” The Jakarta Post, October 29, 2013; “Hard-Liners Attack 1965-66 Purge Support Group,” The Jakarta Globe October 28, 2013. On the short-lived presidential apology initiative see Rabby Pramudatama, “SBY to apologize for rights abuses,” The Jakarta Post, April 26, 2012, and Katherine McGregor, “Mass Violence in the Transition From Sukarno to Suharto,” Global Dialogue 15 (1), 2013. John Roosa wrote on the banning of the Indones
ian translation of his book in “Book banning in Indonesia: A blast from the past,” The Jakarta Post, January 13, 2010. On the proposal to end direct elections of provincial and regional chiefs, see Carlos Paath and Markus Junianto Sihaloho, “Indonesia Lobbies for End to Direct Elections in Regional Races,” The Jakarta Post, December 4, 2013. August Parengkuan’s comment was made to the visiting Australian media delegation in 2008. The US Embassy comment on Yudhoyono and that of General T. B. Silalahi are contained in the Wikileaks cache, Agus Widjojo’s in his interview with the author. For a summary of material on the Kraras massacre in East Timor see http://hass.unsw.adfa.edu.au/timor_companion/the_1980s/massacres.php and Mario Carrascalao, Timor Antes do Future, Livraria Mau Huran (Dili), 2006. Sofyan Wanandi is quoted on the threat made by Prabowo in Schwarz, op cit. See also Tonny, “Prabowo and his anti-Chinese past?” on the Australian National University (ANU) New Mandala website, June 27, 2014. On Prabowo’s justification of his past, during the 2009 elections, see Geoff Thompson, “The Farmer Wants a Country,” ABC-TV Foreign Correspondent, transcript at http://www.abc.net.au/foreign/content/2009/s2532107.htm. The ex-generals who accused Prabowo of being unfit for the leadership were A.M. Hendropriyono, Wiranto, and Luhut Panjaitan: see Margareth S. Aritonang & Sita W. Dewi, “Gloves come off as campaign heats up,” The Jakarta Post, June 5, 2014; “Wiranto: Prabowo Terbukti Terlibat Penculikan, Jangan Terjebak Istilah,” Kompas.com, June 19,2014; Michael Bachelard, “Prabowo Subianto: will he be Indonesia’s next president?” The Age (Melbourne) June 21, 2014. On Prabowo’s election manifesto as it developed, see Emirza Adi Syailendra, “Indonesia’s Prabowo Subianto tests the water in Singapore,” ANU East Asia Forum, October 6, 2012. Veteran investment consultant Dennis Heffernan made the “Golkar eats its young” comment to the author. A vivid running analysis of the 2014 election came in the “Indonesia Votes” stream of the ANU’s New Mandala website, in particular these postings: Steven Sherlock, “House of Cards III,” July 28, 2014; Liam Gammon, “We was robbed,” July 24, 2014; Alex Arifianto, “Neutral no more,” July 21, 2014; Justin Snyder, “Campaign finance, strategy and accounting,” July 18, 2014; Roanne van Voorst, “Voting No. 1,” July 15, 2014; Jacqui Baker, “Stand by your man,” July 14, 2014; Edward Aspinall & Marcus Mietzner, “Prabowo’s game plan,” July 10, 2014 and “Don’t be Fooled: Prabowo (still) wants to get rid of direct presidential elections,” July 2, 2014; Greg Fealy, “Uneasy Alliance: Prabowo and the Islamic Parties,” July 9, 2014; Rianne Subijanto, “Mixed Messages,” July 3, 2014; Jeffrey A. Winters, “Jokowi and Prabowo Reflect a Decade of Frustrations with SBY,” July 2, 2014; Ross Tapsell, “Anti-democratic? Prabowo’s response,” July 1, 2014; Edward Aspinall, “Indonesia’s democracy is in danger,” June 17, 2014; Tom Power, “Why were the polls wrong about Islamic parties?” April 15, 2014. Rob Allyn discussed his role in Prabowo’s 2014 election campaign in “Every vote must be counted, every voice must be heard,” posted on New Mandala, July 16, 2014. The comment by Johannes Nugroho was made in an email to the author, that by Suka Widodo in interview by the author. A transcript of Joko Widodo’s victory speech was carried in The Jakarta Post, July 23, 2014. Rohman Budijanto made his comments in an interview at the Institut Pro-Otonomi, Surabaya, November 2013. On the changed election rules for the presidency in 2019, see Ina Parlina & Nurfika Osman, “Court rules one voting day in 2019,” The Jakarta Post, January 24, 2014.
Chapter 14: Indonesia in the World
Mohammad Hatta’s 1953 essay can be read on http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/71032/mohammad-hatta/indonesias-foreign-policy. On the Tony Abbott government’s foreign policy see Michael Wesley, “In Australia it’s now less about Geneva, more about Jakarta,” September 10, 2013, on www.eastasiaforum.org. On the Edward Snowden leak about telephone interception see Mark Corcoran, “Decision to tap Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono’s phone came in wake of Jakarta bombings that killed Australians,” www.abc.net/news, November 18, 2013. The Chinese ambassador’s comments were relayed in a confidential interview by the author with another senior envoy in Jakarta. The prediction that Indonesia would be the world’s seventh biggest economy by 2030 comes in Raoul Oberman et al, The Archipelago Economy: Unleashing Indonesia’s Potential, McKinsey Global Institute, September 2012.
Index
The index that appeared in the print version of this title does not match the pages in your e-book. Please use the search function on your e-reading device to search for terms of interest. For your reference, the terms that appear in the print index are listed below.
30 September Movement, 36–39, 41
Abbott coalition government, Indonesian policy, 254–55
Abdullah, King of Jordan, 234
Aceh: “Aceh wars,” 13; autonomy granted to, 90–91; autonomy referendum proposed, 79, 85; effects of tsunami on, 84, 92–93; GAM flag used in, 230; prosecutions for war crimes in, 104; regional command posts in, 110; resistance movements in, 59, 81, 85–89; secret troop movements in, 76; Syari’ah law in, 89, 162, 165–66; under Megawati, 81
Aceh Party, 92
“Act of Free Choice” in New Guinea, 32, 59, 195, 199, 202
Act of Killing, The, 228
Adaro, 114, 116, 127
Afro-Asian Summit, 252
Agriculture Ministry, 183
Agung, Sultan, 9, 150, 167
Ahmadiyah sect 128, 185, 267–269
Ahtisaari, Martti, 90–91
Aidit, Dipo Nusantara, 34–36, 38, 41–42
air pollution, 219
airline industry, 124, 132
aksi sepihak campaign, 34
Alatas, Ali, 2, 75
Ali, Suryadharma, 159, 241–42
“Ali Baba” partnerships, 27, 134
Al-Mukmin pesantren, 162
Alom, Simon, 205
Al-Warraq, Hesham, 182
Ambalat block, 255
Ambon: attempts to claim independence, 22; Dutch conquest of, 10; Portuguese bases in, 10; sectarian violence in, 76, 91, 227; soldiers from in Dutch army, 14; US pilot shot down over, 29
American Chamber of Commerce, 198–199
Amerika-Babo movement, 191
Anderson, Benedict, 9, 22
Angkatan Bersenjata Republik Indonesia. See armed forces
Ap, Arnold, 198
Arismunandar, Wismoyo, 59
armed forces: aim to match Malaysia, 255; budgeting for, 96–97, 107; businesses run by, 96; Detachment 88, 163, 206; Dwifungsi doctrine, 32, 95, 101; equipment purchases, 98; execute PKI members, 37, 40–41; exercises in South China Sea, 256; future of, 115–116, 126; Habibie challenged by, 69; human rights abuses by, 69, 113–115; in Aceh, 81, 86; in Papua, 206; international training exercises, 234, 254; involvement in smuggling, 134; Kostrad forces, 38, 49, 59, 69–70, 98, 102–3, 233–34; Manunggal Membangun Desa scheme, 110; Masuk Desa program, 110; political affiliations within, 58–59; relations with government, 27; response to PKI, 35–36; support Pemuda Pancasila, 62–63; territorial doctrine, 111; under Habibie, 63, 70; under Megawati, 80–81; under military jurisdiction, 105, 227; under Suharto, 63–64, 68–69; under Wahid, 102; under Yudhuyono, 90, 95–96; Unit 81, 98, 104; written orders required in, 103; see also Kopassus forces
Armed Forces’ Day parade, 35–36, 39
Arsyad, Andi Syamsudin, 115
Artha Graha group, 141
Arutmin, 114, 116
Asia Pulp & Paper, 140
Asian Development Bank, 46, 143, 222
Asian financial crisis, 2, 84, 132, 176
Asian Human Rights Commission, 196
Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), 128, 145, 253–54, 256–57
Atururi, Abraham, 201, 209
Australia: confirms massacres in Irian Jaya, 228; Indonesia’s relations with, 217–18; live cattle shipments from 149; Papuan refugees seek asylum in, 202, 210, 2
54; withdraws support for emissions reduction, 217
Australian Signals Directorate, 255
Awaluddin, Hamid, 90–92
Ba’asyir, Abu Bakar, 162–63
babinsa officers, 101, 108–9, 246
Badan Inteligen Negara (BIN), 81, 161, 189, 201, 228
Badan Nasional Penanggulangan Terrorisme (BNPT), 164
Badung kingdom, 14
Bakrie, Aburizal: as presidential candidate, 240, 242; business failures, 134, 143–47; pursued by finance minister 212–213; share in Arutmin, 114; supports Kalla campaign, 137
Bakrie, Achmad, 134
Bakrie group, 137, 144–45
Bali: bombings, 197, 108, 151, 161, 163; Dutch conquest of, 14; PKI and, 40–41, 100, 135
Banda Aceh, 83–84, 86, 88–89, 92
Bandung Institute of Technology, 15, 185
Bangkok Cement, 128
Bank Central Asia, 64, 135–37, 139–40, 176–77
Bank Century case, 182, 227
Bank Danamon, 139
Bank Indonesia, 82, 138, 176–78, 182
Bank Mandiri, 132
banking industry, 57, 60, 124, 131–32, 136–37, 139, 144, 172, 176, 182
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