The Pope's Last Crusade
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Mussolini bans marriage between Catholics and, 142–43
Nazi occupation of Sudetenland and, 133
Nazi-Vatican relations and, 161
Pacelli comments about, 48
Pius XI–LaFarge encyclical and, 75, 111, 112, 115
Pius XI views about, 4, 138
Pius XII and, 229
reactions to Pius XI death among, 194
as refugees, 85–86, 111–12, 117
resettlement of, 176
on Statendam, 139
Vatican views about, 226, 230, 231
See also anti-Semitism
John Paul I (pope), 230
John Paul II (pope), 230
John XXIII (pope), 203, 230
Johnson, Lyndon B., 224
Judaism: Catholic Church rejection of, 113
Kaufmann, Liesel, 151
Kennedy, Eunice, 209
Kennedy, John Fitzgerald, 209, 223, 224, 225
Kennedy, Joseph P., 70, 205, 209
Kennedy, Kathleen, 209
Kennedy, Rose Fitzgerald, 205, 209
Kerr, Florence, 71
Kertzer, David, 228
Killeen, John, 135, 136, 138, 164–65
King, Martin Luther, Jr., 1, 2, 222, 223–24
Klieforth, Alfred, 211
Koblenz, Germany: LaFarge visit (1938) to, 38–41
Kristallnacht (Night of the Broken Glass, 1938), 150–53, 154, 231
LaFarge, Bancel (brother), 87, 89, 105, 107–8, 117, 140
LaFarge, Grant (brother), 87, 108, 117, 140
LaFarge, Jean Frédéric de (father), 10, 83, 87–89, 140
LaFarge, John
arts interests of, 89
awards and honors for, 154, 221–22
Bancel death and, 107–8, 117
childhood/youth of, 9, 87–88
death of, 225
early priestly activities of, 2, 10–11
education of, 10, 107
family background of, 9, 10, 87–88
health of, 131, 140
homesickness of, 89–90, 117
influence on Pius XI of, 51–52, 59–60, 102, 221
LaFarge Sr. influence on, 89
ordination of, 10
papers of, 225–26, 227
paranoia of, 38
Pius XI private audience with, 55–62, 82, 83
regrets of, 131, 223
security concerns of, 18
self-doubts of, 93
thoughts about death of, 1
See also specific person or topic
LaFarge, John: books and speeches by
“American Democracy: Its Success and Its Problems,” 34
A Catholic Viewpoint on Racism, 222
Interracial Justice, 2, 4, 8, 11, 51, 59–60, 82, 90–91, 94, 102, 221
The Manner Is Ordinary, 221, 222
Reflections on Growing Old, 222
LaFarge, Mabel (Bancel’s wife), 107
LaFarge, Margaret Mason Perry (mother), 10, 87, 88, 89
LaFarge, Margaret (sister), 16
Lateran Accords (1929), 62, 64, 160, 173–75, 176–77, 188
Lauri, Lorenzo (cardinal), 155, 182, 183–84
LaValle, Edmond, 135
Lazarini, Father, 177
Lazaron, Morris S., 163
Lebrun, Albert, 84
Ledóchowski, Mieczyslaw, 77
Ledóchowski, Wlodimir
America magazine and, 79–80
as “Black Pope,” 76
Communism views of, 77–78, 194–95
death of, 222
Hitler Sportpalast speech and, 123–24, 126, 127–28, 141, 195
influence of, 76, 77
LaFarge praise for, 145
Pacelli/Pius XII and, 75, 76, 214, 216
papers of, 222
personal and professional background of, 76–77
Pius XI relationship with, 76, 79, 82–83
Pius XI views about Hitler and, 75
reputation of, 80
style/methods of, 79, 222
Vatican-Nazi relations and, 76, 137–38
views about Jews of, 77, 78, 138
views about Nazi Germany of, 77, 138, 194–95
See also Ledóchowski, Wlodimir, and Pius XI–LaFarge encyclical
Ledóchowski, Wlodimir, and Pius XI–LaFarge encyclical
and delays delivering encyclical to Pius XI, 134–38, 141, 145, 146, 159, 165, 170–71, 189, 227
Desbuquois assignment to project and, 91
and drafts of encyclical, 172
Gundlach and, 92, 100, 116, 134–37, 146, 159, 165, 172, 194–95
LaFarge delivery of encyclical and, 115, 116–17, 146
LaFarge-Ledóchowski letters and, 96–97, 99
LaFarge-Ledóchowski meeting, 76, 79, 80–83
LaFarge-Ledóchowski relationship and, 79–80, 82, 83, 134, 136–37, 145, 222, 223
LaFarge–Pius XI letters and, 145–46, 165
LaFarge views about, 99–100, 222–23
Ledóchowski letter to Pius XI about, 170–71, 189, 227
Pius XI illness/death and, 172, 189–90, 223
Pius XI receives copy of encyclical and, 170–71
Pius XI request of LaFarge and, 61
and Pius XII rejection of encyclical, 214–15
and proposed redrafting of encyclical, 170–71, 189, 227
publication of encyclical and, 164–65, 172
Rosa review of encyclical and, 135–36
and secrecy about encyclical, 96–97, 99
Lehnert, Sister Pasqualina, 74
Leo XIII (pope), 73
L’Epoque newspaper, 211
Lindbergh, Charles, 159
London, England: LaFarge 1938 trip to, 16–18
London Times, 13, 14, 15, 67, 166, 182, 184, 217
Maher, Zacheus, 97, 164–65, 172, 214–15
March on Washington (1963), 1, 223–24
Marconi, Guglielmo, 64–65
Maritime Commission, U.S., 70
marriage ban, Mussolini’s, 142–43
Marx, Karl, 25
Maryks, Robert, 228
Maryland: LaFarge work among blacks in, 2, 10–11, 48
Masaryk, Jan, 16–18, 45, 126, 141
Masaryk, Tomás Garrigue, 17
McCormick, Anne O’Hare, 34–35, 50
McCormick, Father Vincent, 54–55, 56, 83, 134
McNaspy, C. J., 225
Milani, Aminta, 23–24, 25, 155, 156, 159, 177, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 198–99, 200
Montini, Monsignor Giovanni Battista. See Paul VI (pope)
Mooney, Edward (cardinal), 79
Morgan, Thomas B., 24, 27, 28–30
Moro, Aldo, 174
Mundelein, George (cardinal), 147–50, 205
Munich Agreement (1938), 118, 124, 128–30, 131–32, 133, 141, 142, 161, 166–67, 212
Murphy, Joseph A., 96, 97
Mussolini, Benito
anti-Fascists and, 156
anti-Semitism/race issues and, 102, 103, 109, 135–36, 142–43, 158, 160
bishops–Pius XI meeting and, 188–89, 190, 191, 201
as Catholic, 33
Catholic Church views about, 17
Chamberlain and, 166, 167, 168–69
Ciano-Pacelli meeting and, 189
construction/welfare projects of, 53–54
crooked crosses statement and, 33
death of, 200
domination of Rome by, 52–53
excommunication of, 173, 188
Hitler relations with, 33, 52, 69, 75, 105, 167, 218
and Hitler visit to Rome, 12, 14, 19, 52, 85
Italians as Aryans study and, 101
Lateran Accords and, 64, 160, 173–74, 175
media control by, 67
Munich Agreement and, 128, 129–30, 131, 142
Nazi invasion of Czechoslovakia and, 122
Nazi-Italy relations and, 102
Pacelli criticisms of, 142–43
Pacelli–Pius XI relations and, 74
&nb
sp; Petacci family and, 199, 200
Phillips appointment as U.S. ambassador and, 69
Phillips (Caroline) views about, 167
Pius XI death/funeral and, 187, 190, 193
Pius XI–LaFarge encyclical and, 75, 113, 190
Pius XI relations with, 4, 32, 67, 102–3, 109, 110–11, 122, 143, 160, 173–74, 175, 187, 199
Pius XI views about Fascists and, 1–9, 19–20, 31–32, 33, 74, 101, 102–3, 109–11, 129, 143, 160, 177, 193, 210, 212, 216
Pius XII and, 210, 211–12, 213
Schuster comments about, 152
selection of Pius XI successor and, 195, 197
tracking of Vatican communications by, 98, 123
Vatican-Italy relations and, 143, 191
young Italians’ opposition to, 174
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), 1
National Catholic Conference on International Justice, 11
National Catholic Reporter, 226, 232
National Conference of Jews and Christians, 8, 163
National Women’s Organization, 205
nationalism: Pius XI–LaFarge encyclical and, 91, 171
Nazi Germany
anti-Semitism/race issues in, 47, 85–86, 101, 102, 109, 115, 133, 150–53, 154–55, 160, 176, 231, 232
Austria conquest by, 4, 8, 9, 12–13, 35, 47, 75, 100, 143
Catholic influence on, 231–32
Catholics/Catholic Church in, 8, 13, 26, 33, 38–41, 99, 105, 147, 231
censorship in, 39
Chamberlain–Pius XI meeting about, 167–68
Czechoslovakia invasion/occupation by, 111–12, 117–18, 120–21, 122, 124, 125–26
and Germans as Aryans, 101
Italy relations with, 102, 103, 121
Kristallnacht in, 150–53
LaFarge on border between France and, 36–38
Pacelli/Pius XII and, 74, 100, 105, 205, 211, 213, 229, 230
Pius XI and, 4, 19–20, 22, 25–27, 49, 69, 72, 75, 97, 102, 130, 147, 161, 163, 164, 167–68, 191–92, 193, 212, 216, 219
Pius XI death and, 190, 193
Pius XI encyclicals about, 26, 51–52, 72, 75, 77–78, 97
Pius XI–LaFarge encyclical and, 59–62, 113, 160
Poland conquest by, 217
Roosevelt State of the Union message about, 163–64
selection of Pius XI successor and, 195–96
spying on Vatican by, 97–99
Sudetenland occupation by, 133
U.S. diplomatic relations with, 69, 151
U.S. divisiveness about, 141
Vatican influence on, 231–32
Vatican relations with, 25, 26–27, 33, 75, 82, 97–99, 128–30, 137–38, 143–44, 161, 176, 213, 231
See also Munich Agreement; Nazi Germany; specific person or topic
Neurath, Konstantin, Baron von, 167
New York City: German views about, 39–40
New York Herald, 66
New York Stock Exchange, 125
New York Times
British-Czech relations and, 17
German-Jews stories in, 46
Kristallnacht reports in, 151
LaFarge comment about civil rights in, 224
on LaFarge Sr. as artist, 88
McCormick article in, 34–35
on Mussolini-Hitler relationship, 167
Pacelli accident reported in, 207
Pacelli election/coronation as pope and, 204–5, 211
on Pius XI appearance/illness, 22, 23
Pius XI death report in, 190
Pius XI first radio broadcast report in, 65
Pius XII peace initiatives and, 213
and reaction to Pius XI death, 181–82, 194
Tisserant allegations and, 201
Tisserant files story in, 229
tracking of ships in New York harbor by, 7–8
Vatican-Italy relations story in, 190
New York Tribune, 211
New York World Telegram: Pius XI–LaFarge encyclical announcement in, 159–60
Oberlohna, Nicholas Boehm, 42
O’Brien, Conor Cruise, 231
O’Connell, William (cardinal), 205
Osservatore Romano
Hitler editorials in, 130
Hitler visit to Rome and, 20–21, 32
Hurley radio address comments in, 217
Kristallnacht and, 151
LaFarge–Pius XI meeting published in, 82
Pius XI criticism of Mussolini in, 102
on Pius XI health, 179
Pius XI influence and, 67
Pius XI–LaFarge encyclical comment in, 91
Pius XI Spanish Civil War comments in, 106
Pius XI statement about dangers of Nazi Germany as compared with Russia in, 161
Pius XI views about Munich Agreement in, 129
Pius XII views about World War II in, 229
reporting of Pius XI comments in, 22
Roosevelt statements in, 122, 144
two crosses image and, 33
Vatican-Italy relations report in, 103
Vatican-U.S. relations and, 122
Vatican views of Hitler/Nazism in, 212
Vatican views of Italy/Fascism in, 212
Ovecka, Father Jaroslav, 44
Pacelli, Eugenio Maria Giuseppe Giovanni (cardinal and Pope Pius XII)
accidents of, 118–19, 207
appearance of, 73, 74
beatification of, 230
birthday of, 206
choice of name Pius XII by, 207, 210, 211
Churchill meeting with, 73–74
Communism and, 71, 79
criticisms of, 216–17, 229, 230
death of, 230
election/coronation as pope of, 195–203, 204–9, 231
elevation to cardinal of, 74
as emulating policies of Pius XI, 210, 211
in England, 73–74
at Eucharistic Congress (1938), 47–49
expansion of responsibilities of, 158
and first blessing offered by Pacelli as pope, 208
first message as pope of, 210–11
Hull cable about Pius XI death to, 193–94
Hurley and, 104–5, 211, 216–17, 218, 219
Innitzer resignation and, 13
intra-Vatican relations and, 211–12
Italy-Vatican relations and, 100, 110, 188, 212
Kristallnacht and, 151
LaFarge and, 213–14
LaFarge–Pius XI private audience and, 58
Ledóchowski and, 76, 214, 216
modus operandi of, 216
Munich Agreement and, 118, 129, 212
musical interests of, 73, 74
Mussolini and, 142–43, 210, 211–12
Mussolini–Pius XI relations and, 102–3
named secretary of state, 74
Nazi Germany and, 75, 76, 100, 105, 129, 210, 211–12, 215
and Nazi invasion of Czechoslovakia, 212
neutrality policy of, 216, 229
ordination of, 73
papers of, 229
peace initiatives of, 210, 213, 219
personal and professional background of, 72–74, 76
personality of, 230
Petacci family and, 199
Pius XI bishops speech and, 175, 178, 189–90, 230
Pius XI blessing on, 182
Pius XI compared with, 230
Pius XI death/funeral and, 177, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 187, 192
Pius XI health and, 155, 158, 160
Pius XI influence on, 207
Pius XI–LaFarge encyclical and, 61, 76, 99, 189–90, 214–16
Pius XI meetings with, 118, 159
Pius XI relationship with, 50–51, 57, 74–75, 119, 145, 196
and Pius XI views about Hitler and Mussolini, 72, 74, 75, 129
popularity of, 208
power/influence of, 146–47, 160
predictions about actions of, 210–11
religious studies of, 73
Roosevelt meeting with, 69–72
and Roosevelt statements on Vatican media, 144
Switzerland vacation of, 118, 119, 129, 145
U.S.-Vatican relations and, 209
World War II role of, 229
See also specific person or topic
Pacelli, Fillippo (father), 72
Pacelli, Virginia (mother), 72–73
Papal States: dissolution of (1867), 70
Paris, France
George VI visit to, 84–85
German occupation of, 217
German views about, 39
impact of Munich Agreement on, 131, 132
LaFarge 1938 visit to, 34–35
LaFarge encyclical project and, 81, 83, 84–85, 86, 89–96, 99, 105, 111–16
LaFarge views about, 131, 132
Passelecq, Georges, 226–27
Paul VI (pope), 184, 185, 189, 202–3, 230
Penco, Bianca, 174, 201
Pers Z (German organization), 97–98
Petacci, Clara, 102, 199, 200
Petacci, Ferdinando, 200
Petacci, Francesco Saverio, 198–200
Petacci, Giuseppe, 199
Petacci, Marcello, 200
Petacci, Maria, 200
Pétain, Philippe, 84
Phillips, Caroline Drayton, 14, 68, 120, 142–43, 149, 165–66, 167, 196, 208–9, 210, 218
Phillips, William
Chamberlain–Pius XI meeting and, 168
at Chamberlain reception, 166, 167
Ciano meeting with, 120–21
diaries and memoir of, 227–28
Hitler anti-Catholic editorial in Vatican newspaper and, 130
Hitler-Mussolini alliance and, 69
Hitler Sportpalast speech and, 124–25
Hitler visit to Rome and, 14
Hurley relationship with, 104, 105, 122, 130, 144, 148, 168, 179, 187, 217–18
Innitzer incident report and, 144
Mundelein visit to Rome and, 148–49
Pacelli election/coronation as pope and, 207–8, 209, 210, 211
personal and professional background of, 68–69
Pius XI death/funeral and, 187, 193
Pius XI health and, 150, 179
Pius XI–Hitler relations and, 103, 122
Pius XI–Mussolini relations and, 103, 122
post-Italy assignments of, 218
Roosevelt and, 68–69, 120, 218
and Roosevelt views about Munich Agreement, 130
selection of Pius XI successor and, 196, 197
as U.S. ambassador to Italy, 14, 68, 120–21
and U.S. plans about outbreak of World War II, 121–22
U.S.-Vatican relations and, 209
Vatican-Italy relations and, 120–21
Vatican views of Nazis/Fascists and, 124–25, 212
views about Hitler of, 124–25
Pius IX (pope), 57
Pius X (pope), 185, 199, 230
Pius XI (pope)
allegations about death of, 198–99, 200, 201, 202–3, 226
anniversary of election to papal throne of, 64–65, 178