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INDEX
1857 Rebellion see Great Rebellion
Abdul Aziz, Shah, 103
Asba¯b-i bagha¯vat-i Hind see Causes of the
jihad and, 139 – 41, 147
Indian Revolt
Abu Hanifa, 77 – 8, 114
Awadh, 144
Abul Fatah Abdoor Raheem Bin Ali
see also Oudh
Bakir Bin Abdool Jaleel
Murghinanee of Samarkand, 76
Bahadoor, Maulvi Abdool Luteef, 74, 142
Abu-ul-Hakk, Maulvi, 76
see also Mahomedan Literary Society
Account of the Loyal Mahomedans of India,
of Calcutta
An, 136
Bahadur Shah II, 53
Act XXI of 1850 see Caste Disabilities
Balakot
Removal Act
jihad and, 138 – 9
al-Afgha¯nı¯, Jamal al-Dı¯n, 130
Bangladesh, 149
Afghanistan, 36 – 7
Barelvi, Syed Ahmed
Africa, 58, 129, 130
death of, 138 – 9
Agra, India, 28, 92, 97
Indian Musalmans and, 67, 109,
Ahl-e Hadis, 138, 139, 142
113, 116
see also Wahhabi and Wahhabism
jihad, 140 – 3, 147
Ahmad, Mizra Ghulam, 142
Review and, 111, 113 – 14, 116
Ahmadiyya Muslims, 142
see also Wahhabi and Wahhabism
Alai, Nawab Ala ud-Din Ahmad Khan,
Bengal (border region), 21
43
Bengalis, 46
Ali, Maulvi Karamat
British in, 26 – 8, 74, 97, 134
Calcutta decision, 75 – 8, 80,
Hunter in, 65, 66, 71, 82, 100
84, 142
missionaries in, 95
Hunter and, 114
Wahhabi settlements in, 68
Ali, Syed Ameer, 142
West Bengal, 26
aman (or aman-i-awal; religious
Bible, 14, 104 – 5
liberty), 106
“border tribes,” 62, 64 – 5, 109 – 10
Anglo-Persian Wars, 36
see also Bengal; Wahhabi and
Arabia, 67, 69, 77, 146
Wahhabism
222 INDIAN MUSLIM MINORITIES AND THE 1857 REBELLION
Brelwı¯, Sayyid Ahmad see Barelvi,
Colquhoun, Archibald R., 130 – 1
Syed Ahmed
Compagnie des Indes Orientales,
British East India Company see East
La see French East India Company
India Company
conversion
“Brown Bess” see Enfield Rifle
to Christianity, 15, 18, 92, 94 – 5
to Islam, 21, 69, 105
Calcutta, India, 14, 36, 68, 71, 95
see also missions, missionaries
see also Calcutta decision
Calcutta decision, 71 – 80, 83 – 4,
Darrul Mukhtar (dar al-mukhtar), 76
142, 153
see also Calcutta decision
Calcutta Review, 68
dar-ul-aman, 128
Carey, W. H., 35 – 8, 41, 47, 162
dar-ul-harb
caste, 3, 24, 47
Calcutta decision and, 71, 75
Brahmin, 19, 32, 47, 97
Hunter and, 79, 83 – 4, 96, 102, 114
British rule and, 92 – 3, 125 – 6
jihad and, 128 – 9, 139 – 41, 145,
food and, 97
147, 154
Great Rebellion and, 54, 56, 62, 109
Khan and, 96, 102 – 4, 114
Muslim, 50
dar-ul-islam
Sepoy Rebellion and, 31 – 3, 144
Calcutta decision and, 71, 75, 77
Caste Disabilities Removal Act
Hunter and, 77, 79 – 81, 83, 96,
(Act XXI of 1850), 93
102, 114
Causes of the Indian Revolt (Khan), 11,
jihad and, 128 – 9, 139 – 42,
89 – 98, 136, 154
147, 154
Causes of the Indian Revolt (Lewin), 1, 46
Khan and, 102 – 4, 106, 114
Cawnpore (Kanpur), 28, 29
Dehalvi, Maulana Sayyid Nazir Husain,
chapatis, 30, 32 – 4, 38 – 9, 137, 143
142
Charter Act of 1813, 16 – 21, 35, 45 – 7
Delhi, 45, 53, 110, 135
hearings, 22, 60, 95
fatwas and, 96, 102
Khan and, 90 – 1
Sepoy Rebellion and, 1, 28 – 9
see also East India Company; missions,
siege of, 41 – 3, 125
missionaries
demographics, 6, 25, 50, 55, 135
children, 1, 20, 28, 79
East India Company and, 14, 51
orphans, 92, 97
Hunter and, 66, 109, 153
Christians and Christianity, 14 – 16,
Khan and, 108 – 9, 119, 153
19 – 20, 36, 135
Deoband, 144
British Empire and, 22 – 3, 38, 41,
Dhar, India, 28
47, 73, 79, 90, 95, 104 – 6, 140
Great Rebellion and, 53 – 4, 91 – 2
East India Company (EIC), 9 – 10,
Hunter and, 77, 111, 121
13 – 22, 25 – 8, 35, 45, 144
Khan and, 87, 90 – 3, 96 – 7, 104 – 6,
army, 26 – 7, 29
110
documents, 51
Muslims and, 16 – 17, 41, 65, 79,
Great Rebellion and, 109
90 – 7
Hunter and, 51, 81, 134
United States, 159
Khan and, 88
see also missions, missionaries
policy, 54
class, 27, 29, 70, 86, 107, 126
religion and, 43, 46 – 9
injustice and, 91
see also Charter Act of 1813
see also caste; elites
economics, 6
colonialism, 18, 59, 120, 129, 145
Khan on British economic policy, 95
INDEX
223
Edmond, E., 95 – 6
Gangohi, Maulana Rashid Ahmad,
education, 149
144
Hunter and, 58, 82 – 3, 117
Ghalib, Mirza Asadullah Khan, 43 – 4
missionary schools, 82 – 4, 92 – 3,
Graham, Lieutenant-Colonel G. F. I.,
117 – 18, 137
98, 121
reform (Khan), 87 – 8, 98, 117 – 18,
greased cartridges see Enfield Rifle
122
Great Britain (location), 29, 60, 101,
Western education for Muslims, 19,
119
56, 107
Great Rebellion, 2, 8 – 9, 17, 22,
see also missions, missionaries
25 – 30, 42
elites, 26, 38, 87, 152
“border tribes” and, 62, 64 – 5,
British, 8, 49, 60, 68, 82, 89, 98,
109 – 10
119, 132, 134
British rule reinforced as a result of,
education and, 19, 88, 101
21, 45, 54, 56 – 7, 162
Mughal, 21, 23, 29, 38, 43
in Causes (Khan), 89 – 90, 93, 95 – 7
Muslim, 11, 43– 5, 50, 53– 4, 56,
conspiracy theories about, 27, 32 – 4,
71 –2, 74, 82 –5, 88, 98, 105,
36 – 40, 51 – 2, 92, 119, 135, 143
113, 125, 138, 141, 144– 5,
Hindus affected by, 56, 91, 109,
147 –8
150 – 1
Enfield Rifle, 1, 9, 30 – 5, 38, 39 – 40,
Indian independence as a result of,
48, 137
48, 149 – 50, 152
in Indian Musalmans, 5, 60, 62, 64,
Faizabadi, Maulvi Ahmadulla Shah,
82, 108, 116
32, 39 – 41, 142 – 3
jihad and, 11, 96, 98, 109, 114, 116,
famine, 2, 3, 29
122 – 3, 126, 131 – 2, 137, 142 – 3,
Agra, 92, 97
148, 153, 155
fanatics and fanaticism see Muslims,
memorialized, 149 – 53
“fanatics”; Hindus and Hinduism,
Muslims as cause of, 4, 30, 35 – 6, 38,
“fanatics”; Sikhs, “fanatics”
41, 44, 48 – 9, 52, 54, 64, 98, 108,
Fatawa Alamgeeree (fata¯wa¯ alamgı¯rı¯),
134 – 5
76 – 8
Muslims as produced by, 3, 5 – 6,
see also Calcutta decision
8 – 10, 12 – 13, 24, 49, 54 – 6,
fatwas, 152
84 – 5, 123 – 5, 131 – 2, 134, 137,
Hunter’s use of, 57, 60 – 1, 70 – 3,
146, 148, 151, 154 – 5
76 – 8, 86, 96, 99, 102 – 3, 108,
Muslim records of, 40, 42 – 5
110, 114 – 15
rebellions leading to, 27 – 8, 145
jihad and, 127, 132, 137, 140 – 3,
religion and, 4 – 5, 10, 20 – 2, 26, 30,
145 – 7
41, 44, 46, 48, 54, 64, 91, 93,
Khan and, 86, 96, 99, 102 – 3, 108,
126, 155
110, 114 – 15
in Review, 5, 89, 96, 98, 108 – 9, 114,
Wahhabi, 67, 70
118 – 19
see also Calcutta decision
see also jihad; Sepoy Rebellion;
fiqh (jurisprudence), 21, 60, 74
Wahhabi and Wahhabism
First War of Indian Independence,
48, 150
hadith, 60, 115, 127
see also Great Rebellion
hajj, 67, 143
French East India Company, 26
Hanafi (legal school), 75, 78, 104, 114,
Fusool Imadee (fusu¯l imadı¯), 76
129
see also Calcutta decision
Haryana, India, 150, 151
224
INDIAN MUSLIM MINORITIES AND THE 1857 REBELLION
Haskafee Bin Shaikh Ali, Moulana
Indian Musalmans: Are They Bound in
Mahomed Alaudeen Haskafee
Conscience to Rebel Against the Queen?,
(mufti of Damascus), 76
5, 48, 57
Hastings, Warren, 19, 59
Calcutta decision in, 71 – 80
Herat, Afghanistan, 37
influence, 121, 134, 153
hijra, 68, 80 – 1, 129, 140
Islamic law in, 50 – 2, 62 – 4, 67, 70,
Hinduism and Hindus, 1, 4, 6, 14,
72 – 3, 76 – 7, 79 – 82, 84, 102 – 3,
16 – 17, 19 – 20, 22, 25, 31, 33 – 5,
16 – 18
125, 155
Islamic texts in, 59 – 61, 68, 69,
as “fanatics,” 64, 83
77 – 8, 101, 110, 114 – 15
food pollution and, 1, 31 – 3, 42, 47,
Muslims portrayed in, 6, 8, 10 – 11,
93, 97
37, 50, 57 – 73, 76, 79 – 82,
Great Rebellion consequences for,
107 – 9, 111, 116, 120, 132
56, 91, 109, 150 – 1
Wahhabism, 51 – 2, 61, 67 – 8, 70,
Hunter and, 64
72 – 3, 82, 101, 108 – 9, 112 – 15,
jihad and, 143, 145
118 – 19, 121, 133 – 4
Khan and, 90
Indian Revolt see Great Rebellion
missionaries and, 95
Indic languages, 2, 6
Muslims as distinct from, 16, 24,
W. W. Hunter and, 82
35, 46 – 7, 54, 59, 83, 91 – 2,
see also languages and linguistics
106 – 7, 125 – 6, 135, 151 – 2,
Indigo Revolt, 28
155
Indology and Indologists, 22
see also caste
Indophilus see Trevelyan, Sir Charles
historiography, 2, 4, 12, 18, 25, 27,
Edward
32, 40, 44, 48, 144, 146, 149
Iran, 37
History of British India, 66
Islam see Muslims
House of Commons see Parliament
Islamicate languages, 6, 44
House of Lords see Parliament
Mahomedan Literary Society o
f
Hunter, Sir William Wilson, 13, 41
Calcutta and, 74
career, 51 – 3, 57, 66, 69, 82, 100
see also languages and linguistics
education in India, 82 – 4, 117 – 18,
Ismail, Shah
137
death of, 138 – 9
Khan, dialogue with, 5, 12, 85,
jihad and, 139 – 41, 147
87 – 8, 100 – 1, 120 – 2, 152
Ismail of Delhi, Maulvi, 102
Muslims, 7 – 8, 50, 53, 74, 123,
ijtiha¯d (engaged interpretation), 102
130
Wahhabis, 51
Jafar, Mir, 26
see also History of British India; Indian
jails, 93
Musalmans: Are They Bound in
Jama Masjid, Delhi, 41 – 2
Conscience to Rebel Against the
Jama Tafası¯r, 68, 81
Queen?; Khan, Sir Syed Ahmad;
Jews and Judaism, 55, 104
Statistical Account of Bengal
jihad, 3 – 5, 11 – 12, 98
British fears of, 19, 24, 36, 59
Imperial Gazetteer of India, 50, 66
Calcutta decision and, 71 – 80
see also Hunter, Sir William Wilson;
Causes (Khan) and, 89, 92, 96 – 7,
media
154
Independence/Partition, 28, 48,
development of concept of, 139 – 46
149 – 50, 152
funded by zakat, 116 – 17
Indian Civil Service, 5, 50
historical, 36
INDEX
225
Indian Musalmans and, 37, 62,
languages and linguistics, 2, 6, 8 – 10, 26
67 – 70, 76, 78 – 9, 81 – 2, 84,
caste and, 93
87, 96, 101 – 2, 105 – 6,
Hindi – Urdu, 152
108 – 9, 111, 113 – 14, 120,
jihad meaning, 102, 105, 114, 123,
122 – 3, 126, 141 – 2,
126
145 – 6
Khan and, 108
meaning contested, 105, 114, 123,
linguistic identity, 47
126 – 9, 132, 134, 138
see also Indic languages; Islamicate
Muslim identity and, 124 – 6, 131,
languages
133, 135 – 7, 155 – 6, 161
law
Review and, 87, 96, 98, 101– 2,
British, in India, 21, 56, 93, 113
105 –6, 108– 9, 111, 113 –14, 120,
Hunter and, 52, 58, 63 – 4, 68, 77,
122 –3, 141– 2, 145 –6
79, 83, 86, 108, 116
Wahhabism conflated with, 115,
Islamic law, 106, 123, 127, 145
133, 136 – 8, 141, 147
Khan and, 86, 96 – 7, 102, 104,
jihadi, 5, 12, 23, 24
111, 147
ghazi (armed bands), 138, 141
martial, 29
Muslims as, 57, 82, 132, 135, 138,
Mughal, 45
146, 148, 156
Muslims as bound by, 7, 30, 38, 44,
Wahhabis, 52
49, 68, 84, 122, 130 – 1, 135,