The Second Coming of the KKK
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in Oregon, 157–61
Queens of the Golden Mask, 112, 117, 243n
social and cultural developments in the 1920s, 111–12
see also Klanswomen; woman suffrage; Women’s Ku Klux Klan; women’s political activism
Fiery Cross (newspaper), 18, 56
first Ku Klux Klan. see Ku Klux Klan, after the Civil War
Fitzgerald, F. Scott, 6
“The Five Stages of Fascism” (Paxton), 199
Ford, Henry, 11
Forrest, Nathan Bedford (general), 25
Forrest, Nathan Bedford II, 25
Fowler, Charles Lewis, 176
Fox, Philip, 191
Frank, Leo, 11, 12
fraternalism
declining membership after 1950, 198
of Klan members, 3, 30–31
male bonding in fraternal orders, 29, 94
as parent of Klan, 29–31, 198
popularity of fraternal orders, 29–30
religious segregation, 31
rituals of fraternal orders, 13, 29–30, 31, 70
Simmons and, 12–13, 16, 19
Fredericksburg, MO, 173
fundamentalism, defined, 32
funerals, 86, 87–88
Furies, 72
Galarza, Ernesto, 147
Garvey, Marcus, 93
gender
conservative gender system, 58–60, 112, 132, 133
see also feminism and the KKK; Women’s Ku Klux Klan (WKKK); women’s political activism
Gennett recording company, 177
George, Henry, 152
German American Bund, 197
Gifford, Frederick L.
campaign for governor, 153–54
career and employment, 143, 154
LOTIE and, 158, 160
Oregon Klan leadership, 143–44, 157, 242n
political patronage, 143, 153, 156
Portland Police Vigilantes, 148–49
Prohibition violation, 96
Gifford, Mae, 158, 160
Goddard, Henry, 27
Good Government League, 151
Graham, Billy, 91
Grand Dragons (Grand Goblins), 64, 211
Grange (Order of Patrons of Husbandry), 31, 70
Grant, Madison, 21, 22
Graves, Bibb, 91
Great Klaliffs, 72
Greek Americans, 144, 175
Greenville, ME, 104
Grimké, Angelina, 128
Gusfield, Joseph, 204
Hale, J. F., 100
Harding, Warren, 6, 165
Haskins, Terry, 91
Heart o’ the Hills (movie), 177
Herf, Jeffrey, 51
Hermann, August, 86, 230n
herrenvolk democracy, 207
Hess, Rudolf, 197
Hill, Paul, 90
Hochschild, Arlie, 39
Hofstadter, Richard, 20, 204
holiness movement, 118, 119, 120, 236n, 237n
Holton, MI, 83
Hooker, Isabella Beecher, 45
Hoover, Herbert, 6, 165, 167
Hoover, J. Edgar, 192
House Committee on Rules, 19–20
Hurd, Charles N., 247n
Hutchinson, Asa, 91
hypocrisy of Klan leaders, 57, 58, 96, 191, 193, 194
Illinois
vigilantism, 100–101
see also specific locations
Illuminati, 73
immigrants
fear of, 54–55
integration into American life, 197, 249n
non-”Nordic” immigrants and workers, 21, 27, 105
target of Klan resentment, 3, 27–28, 54–55
immigration
anti-immigration cartoon, 38
birthright citizenship and, 195
immigration restriction in party platforms, 2924, 244n
immigration-restriction legislation, 7, 21–22, 164, 195, 244n
Johnson-Reed Act of 1924, 195
quotas for immigrants, 195
US Congress Immigration Commission (Dillingham Commission), 164, 244n
Imperial Night-Hawk, 50, 164, 174, 191
Independence Day, 1, 80, 84, 167, 173
Indiana
anti-Catholicism, 48, 56
Fiery Cross newsletter, 18
Klan baseball teams, 85
Klan membership and respectability, 18–19, 31, 67, 69
Klansmen as congressmen, 165
Klan’s state and local political power, 170, 171
Klan support of mine workers, 106
“Military Machine” political strategy, 165–66
summer picnics in 1920s, 1–2
vigilantism, 98–99, 100–101, 103–4, 106
WKKK boycotts, 174
woman suffrage, 110
see also specific locations
Indianapolis, IN, 21, 81, 99, 117, 170, 194
Industrial Workers of the World (IWW, aka Wobblies), 105–6, 142, 149, 240n
Inglewood, CA, 102
initiation and installation
alleged Knights of Columbus pledge, 46, 144
in fraternal organizations, 31, 70
KKK initiation ceremony near Richmond, IN (1922), 62
Klan initiation rituals, 62, 70–77
Klecktokens and, 64–65, 75, 79, 125, 186, 212
naturalization, 73, 74–76, 81, 83, 212, 229n
oaths of initiation, 72
as participatory theater, 76–77
petitions for citizenship in the Klan, 75, 180
symbolic objects, 72
vocabulary used by members, 72–73
see also rituals
“The International Jew: The World’s Problem” (Ford), 11
Invisible Empire
Klan after Civil War as, 25, 221n
Klan of 1920s as, 25, 114
Ladies of the Invisible Empire (LOTIE), 112, 125, 128, 157–60
origin of name, 221n
vigilantism and, 97
Women of the Ku Klux Klan and, 126–27, 189
see also Ku Klux Klan, after the Civil War; Ku Klux Klan of the 1920s
It Can’t Happen Here (Lewis), 201
IWW. see Industrial Workers of the World
Jackson, Edward L., 166, 191, 193
Jackson, Helen, 47
Jackson, Kenneth, 21, 148
Jackson, MI, 81
Japanese Americans, 41, 91, 102, 145–47, 153, 195
Jasper, James, 204
Jette, Maybelle, 158–59, 160
Jews
as elites, 4, 44
eugenics and, 27, 52
fake news stories about, 5, 50, 57
irredeemable essence of, 28, 51–52
political corruption blamed on, 35, 137
racism and, 28, 52, 221n
see also anti-Semitism
Joan of Arc, 128, 157
Johnson, Albert, 164, 195
Johnson, James R., 145
Johnson-Reed Act of 1924, 195
Johnson, Sam, 100
Johnston, Forney, 169
Johnston, Robert, 181, 182
Jones, Bob, 91
Junior Ku Klux Klan, for boys, 134
Kamelia, 112, 118, 238n, 243n
Khaki Shirts of America, 143
Khazars (Chazars), 53, 226n
Kim, Billy, 91
King Kleagles, 64, 211
Kladd, 74–75, 211
Klaliffs, 72, 74, 211
The Klan in Prophecy (White), 119
Klan members
benefits and gains from joining Klan, 182
class position of, 3, 181–83, 184–85, 186–87, 189
duties of, 172, 245–46n
exaggerated membership numbers, 2, 69–70, 217n
fraternalism, 3, 30–31
high turnover of Klan members, 67, 191
membership numbers in 1920s, 2, 69, 191, 217n
membership numbers today, 198
“middling” classes, 181, 182, 184, 185
number of urban Klansmen, 21
> occupations of, 181, 184, 185–87, 188, 247n
route into middle class through Klan, 3, 143, 182–83, 187, 189
sociability and prestige of membership, 3, 76, 123, 127, 182–83
vocabulary used by members, 72–73
Klanswomen
characteristics of, 188
conservative gender system and, 59–60, 112, 132, 133
formation of early women’s KKK groups, 112–13, 124, 125, 236n
Ladies of the Invisible Empire (LOTIE), 112, 125, 128, 157–60
militarism and, 206–7
occupations and employment, 129–30, 188
purity in maternalist orientation, 59–60
see also feminism and the KKK; Women’s Ku Klux Klan
Klantauquas, 79
see also spectacles
Klan titles, 64, 72–73, 211–12
Klarogo, 74, 211
Klaverns, defined, 65, 72–73, 211
Kleagles (recruiters), 64–65, 212
Klecktokens, 64–65, 75, 79, 125, 186, 212
Kleist, John, 187
Klexters, defined, 212
Kligrapps, defined, 71, 74, 130, 212
Klokans, defined, 74, 212
Klokards, 67, 75, 89, 119, 212
Klonklave, defined, 73, 212
Klonversation, defined, 73, 212
Klonverse, defined, 73, 212
Klonvocation, defined, 212
see also spectacles
Klonvokation, defined, 73
Kloran, defined, 72, 212
Kludds, 71, 72, 86, 212
Knights of Columbus, 31, 46, 60, 85, 101, 144, 178
Knights of Pythias, 30, 141, 151
Knights of the Maccabees, 30
Know Nothings, 26, 221n, 222n
Kokomo, IN, 1, 19, 81, 193
Kornhauser, William, 204
Kubli, Kaspar K., 145, 154
Ku Klux Klan, after the Civil War
as ancestor of second Klan, 25–26, 198
hatred and fear of African Americans, 12
“Invisible Empire” alias, 25, 221n
origins, 25–26
purpose and tools, 2, 25–26, 39–40
secrecy, 2, 26
white supremacy and, 2, 14, 39
Ku Klux Klan of the 1920s
anti-Catholicism, 27–28, 42, 45–49, 53–54, 56
anti-Semitism, 27–28, 49–54, 203
blurred left-right spectrum, 4–5
comparison to fascism, 199–209
critics of, 19–21
differences from first Klan, 2–3, 26, 39–40
growth after exposure and criticism, 19–20
“Invisible Empire” name use, 25, 114, 211
Klan titles, 64, 72–73, 211–12
law-abiding legitimacy, 26
legacy and lasting influence, 194–209
mandatory patriotism, 196–97
melding of racism, nationalism, and religion, 15, 125, 201, 204, 249n
membership numbers, 2, 21, 69–70, 191, 217n
parents or ancestors of, 25–36, 198
prohibitions on masking in public, 26, 221n
rapid decline after 1925, 7, 160, 191–94
respectability of, 3, 18–19, 97, 183
as social movement, 5, 6–8, 163–64, 202, 208
suppression of dissent, 196–97
targets of Klan resentment, 3–4, 14–15
white supremacy and, 2, 15, 40, 41
see also specific topics and locations
labor unions and the Klan, 104, 105–7, 187
Ladies of the Invisible Empire (LOTIE), 112, 125, 128, 157–60
see also feminism and the KKK
La Follette, Robert, 34
La Grande, OR, 101, 106, 135–36, 140, 156, 166, 178
LaHaye, Tim, 91
Lanier University (Atlanta), 13, 176
Lansing, MI, 94
Lawton, OK, 173
Lease, Mary Elizabeth, 110
lectures and lecturers
Alma White, 118, 119, 120
“escaped nun,” 142
Ivan Powell and, 142
Klan rhetoric, 5, 95, 164
Klokards (Klan lecturers), 67, 75, 89, 119, 212
as leisure-time activity, 5, 77, 145
ministers, 67, 186
ministers as lecturers and Klan speakers, 5, 67, 83, 89, 186
Oregon Klan rallies, 148
on race mixing and mixed marriages, 40
women Klan members and, 124, 129
Lewis, Sinclair, 20, 182, 201
Lewiston, ME, 100
Lilly, PA, 104
Lippmann, Walter, 112
Little, Earl, 93, 94
Little, Malcolm, 93, 94
LOTIE. see Ladies of the Invisible Empire
Loyal Orange Order, 141
lynchings
in Duluth, MN, 103
by first Ku Klux Klan, 2, 26
Leo Frank, 11, 12
second Ku Klux Klan and, 26, 36, 101
threat by Oregon night riders, 100
Lynd, Robert and Helen, 47, 186–87
MacLean, Nancy, 135, 239n
Madison, WI, 86, 103
Maine
admission of immigrant Protestants, 68, 88, 147
counterboycott of Klan businesses, 178
dynamite bomb in Lewiston, 100
governor’s election, 1923, 56
lumbermen and loggers, 104, 105
poem from Dexter, 41
unions and the Klan, 105–6
women’s KKK groups, 125, 126
see also specific locations
mainline (mainstream) Protestantism, 5, 32, 88–89, 95, 115, 120, 231n
Malcolm X, 93, 94
managers and managerial jobs, 33, 143, 184
Manhandled (movie), 176
manliness
male bonding in fraternal orders, 29, 94
masculine and feminine labels used by Klan, 95, 205
vigilantism and, 107, 205
white-collar work and, 94, 205
Mann Act, 192
Marion City, OH, 178
Markwell, Lulu, 124
Masons
Colored Masons, 30
Klan recruitment of, 30, 86, 89, 142, 185
Klan rituals from Masonic rites, 12–13, 30
overlap with KKK, 12, 30, 185
Scottish Rite Masons, 141, 151
Mayer, Arno, 183
McAdoo, William Gibbs, 168, 169
McCarthyism, 89, 196–97
McClanahan, Rebecca, 127
McClure’s Magazine, 54
McDermott, Paddy, 105
McPherson, Aimee Semple, 91, 120
media and news sources, 44, 53, 224n
Meier & Frank department store, 130, 175
Meier, Julius, 175
Melucci, Alberto, 5
Mencken, H. L., 22, 168
Metuchen, NJ, 98
Mexican Americans, 41, 68, 102, 107, 147
middle class
“middling” people, 181, 182, 184, 185
as protector of Americanism, 3
route into middle class through Klan, 3, 143, 182–83, 187, 189
“middling” classes, 181, 182, 184, 185
ministers
Christian Right preachers in conservative politics, 90–91
evangelical ministers, cooperation with Klan, 5, 55, 89–91, 142, 186
fear and conspiracy talk in sermons, 55
female ministers, 115, 118, 120
free Klan membership, 15, 186
at Klan christenings, weddings, and funerals, 86–87
Kludds, 71, 72, 86–87, 212
as lecturers and Klan speakers, 5, 67, 83, 89, 186
mainstream Protestant ministers denunciation of Klan, 5, 89
number in Klan, 89, 186
as Oregon Klan leaders, 141, 144
promotion of Klan events, 80, 86
recruitment by Klan, 15, 89–90, 186
retaliation against opposi
ng ministers, 89, 90
and services “invaded” by Klan, 89–90
Minutemen, 205
Monk, Maria, 47
months, Klan names, 73, 127
moral Klanishness, 245–46n
Morton, Jelly Roll, 177
Mosher, Medord, 102
Moskowitz, Belle, 54
Muncie, IN, 44, 171, 187
Musgrove, Lycurgus Breckenridge, 247n
music, recordings, 66, 111, 177
Myers, Leon, 89
National League for the Protection of American Institutions, 151
Native Americans, 41, 146
nativism
Americanization in schools, 150
anti-immigration cartoon, 38
flexible response to local conditions, 147
nineteenth-century nativists, 45
as parent of Klan, 26–28, 198
religion and, 28
respectability of, 19, 26
naturalization, 73, 74–76, 81, 83, 212, 229n
Nazis and Nazism
anti-Semitism, 49, 203
autonomy of local groups, 228n
German Nazi fascism, 199, 201, 203
mass calisthenics and military parades, 82
violence, 97, 205–6
Nebraska
Agricultural Workers Organization, 105
election of 1926, 170
vigilantism, 93–94, 105
water pageant, 81
woman suffrage, 110
New Castle, DE, 104
New Jersey
Alma White in, 119–20, 121
anti-Klan reaction, 104
Clarke and Tyler firing demanded, 114
cross-burnings, 98, 168
women’s KKK groups, 60, 130, 131
see also specific locations
New York World exposé, 19
Nietzsche, Friedrich, 43
Night-Hawk, defined, 75, 212
night riders, 97, 100, 103, 177
Nineteenth Amendment passage, 109, 110, 117
see also woman suffrage
Noblesville, IN, 172
non-”Nordic” immigrants and workers, 21, 27, 105
“Nordic” whites, 21, 31, 41, 43, 107, 201, 249
Notre Dame University, 104
Oak Creek, IL, 68
Oakland, CA, 81, 104, 166, 183–84
Oak Park, IL, 87
Oberholtzer, Madge, 193–94
Odd Fellows, 30, 141, 151, 185
Ohio
cross-burnings, 51, 101
Horse Thief Detective Association, 104
Knights of Columbus-built market, 178
vigilantism, 101, 104
William Jennings Bryan memorial service, 51
working class resistance to Klan, 105
see also specific locations
Okeh Records, 177
Oklahoma
jury duty and Klan membership, 99
vigilantism, 99, 100–101, 102
Olcott, Ben W., 146, 153
“The Old Cedar School,” 149
Omaha, NE, 93–94, 95
Order of Patrons of Husbandry (Grange), 31, 70
Order of United American Mechanics, 237n
Oregon
anti-Catholicism, 28, 141, 142, 147–48, 149–56
anti-Japanese sentiment, 145–46