The Arsenal of Democracy: FDR, Detroit, and an Epic Quest to Arm an America at War

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The Arsenal of Democracy: FDR, Detroit, and an Epic Quest to Arm an America at War Page 41

by A. J. Baime

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  Greece, takeover by Nazi Germany, [>]

  Gregorie, Bob, [>], [>]

  Grosse Pointe, Michigan, EF and family in, [>], [>], [>], [>]

  Guadalcanal, American army success at, [>]

  Guardian Building, Detroit, [>]

  guns and ammunition

  GM production of, [>], [>]–[>], [>]

  inaccessible, at Pearl Harbor, [>]

  production of, in 1942, [>]

  Roosevelt’s production goals for 1942, [>]

  US, government orders for, 1940, [>]

  gyrocompasses, [>]

  Hail Columbia (B-24 Liberator), during Operation Tidal Wave, [>], [>]

  Hall, Ed, [>]

  Hamburg, Germany, bombing of, [>]

  hard-steel dies, use of at Ford, [>]

  Harff, Anthony, [>]

  Harris, Arthur “Butch,” [>]

  Hartford Courant, article on Willow Run, [>]

  Harvey, Bill, [>]

  heat-treating airplane components, [>]

  heavy bombers

  emphasis on, by Knudsen, [>]

  FDR’s demand for focus on, [>], [>]

  mass production approach, [>], [>]

  popularizing of in US culture, [>]

  production efforts, [>], [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]

  recognition of importance to Allied success, [>], [>]

  role during D-Day invasion, [>]

  superchargers for, [>]

  See also B-17 Flying Fortress bomber; B-24 Liberator; Combined Bomber Offensive; Willow Run bomber plant

  Heinkel bombers, [>]

  Henderson, Nevile, [>]

  Hennessy, Patrick, [>]

  Henning, Harold, [>]–[>]

  Henry Ford (final B-24 Liberator), [>]

  Henry Ford Hospital, [>], [>]–[>]

  Hickam Airfield, Pearl Harbor, bombing of, [>]

  high-altitude experiments, [>]–[>], [>]

  Highland Park factory (Ford)

  diversity of labor force at, [>]

  production of M7 anti-aircraft guns, [>]

  production volume and efficiency at, [>]

  size, [>]

  Himmler, Heinrich, [>]–[>], [>]

  Hitler, Adolf

  admiration for HF, [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]

  admiration for Lindbergh, [>]

  assassination attempt, [>]

  declining health, [>]

  desire to destroy Manhattan skyline, [>]

  desire to stay in good graces of US, [>]

  dismissal of reports about US production of four-engine bombers, [>]

  employment of slave labor, [>]

  impact of 1944 Allied bombings on, [>]–[>]

  implementation of Volksmotorisierung (Fordism), [>]

  Mein Kampf, [>]

  military buildup, [>]

  payment for trucks produced by Ford of France, [>]

  reading of The International Jew: The World’s Foremost Problem, [>]

  refusal to capitulate, [>]

  rise to power, [>]

  suicide, [>]

  view of American resolve and skill, [>], [>]

  See also Nazi Germany

  Hogan, Elmer “One Round,” [>]

  Holland, invasion by Nazi Germany, [>]–[>], [>]

  Hoover, J. Edgar, [>], [>], [>]. See also Bugas, John; FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation)

  Hopkins, Harry

  exhaustion, [>]–[>]

  on FDR’s belief in role of bombings to victory, [>]

  with FDR when learning of Pearl Harbor attack, [>]

  reports on delays in heavy bomber production, [>]

  Hotchkiss school, William Ford at, [>]–[>]

  housing crisis, Willow Run, [>]–[>], [>], [>]

  Hudson Motor Car Company, frames for the B-26 “Widowmaker” Marauder, [>]

  Hudson’s Department Store, [>]

  Hull, Cordell, [>], [>], [>]–[>]

  hydraulic brakes, [>]–[>]

  Ickes, Harold “Old Curmudgeon,” [>]–[>], [>]

  incendiary bombs, [>]

  The International Jew: The World’s Foremost Problem, [>]

  iron ore, mining of, in Michigan, [>]

  Italy, declaration of war on the US, [>]

  Iwanowa, Elsa, [>]

  Jackson (Mississippi) Daily News, on Detroit Race Riot of 1943, [>]

  Japan

  air attack on Pearl Harbor, [>]

  initial Allied victories against, [>]

  successes following US entry into war, [>]

  surrender to Allies, [>]

  US actions to thwart growing militarism of, [>]–[>]

  US declaration of war on, [>]

  war with, FDR’s early recognition of likelihood of, [>]

  JB-2 Loon, [>]

  Jeep (Willys-Overland)

  and hiring of Sorensen as chief executive, [>]

  production of at the Rouge plant, [>]

  Jeffries, Edward, [>]–[>], [>]

  Jeschonnek, Hans, [>]

  Jews. See anti-Semitism

  Johnson, Leon, [>]

  Josephine Ford (Byrd’s plane), [>]

  Junkers Ju 88 bombers, [>]

  Kahn, Albert

  design for General Motors headquarters, [>]

  design for Highland Park assembly line, [>]

  design for Willow Run bomber plant, [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>]

  Kaiser, Henry, [>], [>]

  Kane, John R. “Killer,” [>]–[>], [>]–[>]

  Kanzler, Ernest “Ernie”

  at EF’s funeral, [>]–[>]

  as government’s representative in Detroit, [>]

  HF’s firing of, [>]–[>]

  relationship with EF, [>], [>], [>], [>]

  relationship with HF2, [>], [>]

  Karin Hall, Germany, [>]

  Keller, K. T.

  at auto industry meeting in New York, [>]

  and Chrysler’s Detroit Tank Arsenal, [>]–[>], [>]

  at EF’s funeral, [>]

  Kelly, Harry, [>], [>]

  Kennedy, Joseph, [>]

  Kenney, George C., [>]

  Kilpatrick, James, [>]

  Kindelberger, James “Dutch,” [>]

  Kingsford lumber mill, glider production, [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>]

  Kisko, Moses, [>]

  Kleenex Tissue Company, production of gun mounts, [>]

  Knox, Frank, [>], [>]–[>]

  Knudsen, William

  agreement to work with FDR, [>]

  background, [>]

  at Detroit’s V-J Day celebrations, [>]

  at EF’s funeral, [>]

  EF’s report to on Ford defense employment, [>]

  as joint head of National Defense Advisory Committee, [>]

  meeting with Goering, 1938, [>]–[>]

  mobilization of industrial power in Detroit, [>], [>]

  as president of General Motors, [>]

  request that Chrysler make tanks, [>]–[>]

  request that Ford build R-2800 Double Wasp engines, [>]–[>]

  response to EF’s withdrawal from aircraft engine building deal, [>]

  responsibilities as Defense Commissioner, [>]

  tour of war production facilities, 1943, [>]

  trip to England and Europe, 1938, [>]–[>]

  Kozak (US gunner), [>]

  Kristallnacht, [>]–[>]

  Krupp, war production by, [>]

  labor unions

  Bennett’s union-busting efforts, [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>]

  HF’s hatred for, [>], [>], [>], [>]

  Supreme Court ruling in favor of, [>]

  Wagner Act, [>]–[>]

  wildcat strikes, [>]–[>]

  See also United Auto Workers (UAW)

  La Guardia, Fiorello, [>]

  Laman, Joseph “Legs,” [>], [>]

  LaMare, Chester, “the Al Capone of Detroit,” [>]

  landing gear, B-24 Liberator, [>]

  landing strip, concrete, [>]

  Laumet de la Mothe, Antoine, sieur de Cadillac, [>]r />
  Lawler, J. John, [>]–[>], [>]

  Lend-Lease program, [>], [>]

  Lepine, A. J., [>], [>], [>]

  Lesto, George, [>]

  Liberator. See B-24 Liberator

  Liebold, Ernest

  on HF’s business approach, [>]

  HF’s use of in fights with Edsel, [>]

  Nazi ties and anti-Semitic statements, [>], [>]–[>]

  power of attorney over HF, [>]

  Life magazine

  coverage of Detroit unrest, [>]

  Knudsen cover, [>]

  praise for HF’s war production, [>]

  Lincoln factory, Detroit

  aircraft superchargers, [>]

  FDR’s Lincoln phaeton limousine, [>], [>]

  Lincoln Continental, [>]

  production of parts for the B-24, [>]

  Lindbergh, Charles “Lucky Lindy”

  acceptance of Grand Cross of the German Eagle, [>]

  evaluations of design and quality of B-24 Liberators, [>]–[>], [>], [>]

  departure from Ford, [>]

  description of Sorensen, [>]–[>]

  dislike for FDR and his policies, [>], [>], [>]

  first flight to Ford Airport, [>]–[>]

  high-altitude-flying experiments, [>]–[>], [>]

  love for flying and airplanes, [>], [>], [>]

  on maneuverability of the P-51 Mustang fighter, [>]

  meetings with Bennett and HF at the Rouge, [>]–[>]

  pacifism, antiwar activism, [>]–[>], [>], [>]–[>]

  as pilot of experimental airplanes, [>]–[>]

  presumed anti-Semitism and proNazi sympathies, [>], [>]

  resignation from the Army Air Corps, [>]–[>]

  response to using airplanes as weapons of war, [>]

  testimony on Hitler’s air force, [>]

  visit to Germany following end of war, [>]–[>]

  visit to Willow Run plant, 1942, [>]–[>]

  work for Ford, [>]–[>], [>]

  “Little Boy” atomic bomb, [>]

  Lochner, Louis, [>]

  London, England, bombing of, [>], [>]. See also Battle of Britain; Churchill, Winston

  London Daily Express article on Blériot’s cross-Channel flight, [>]–[>]

  Look article on war production in Detroit, [>]

  Lovett, Robert, [>], [>]

  Lubin, Isador, [>], [>]

  Luftwaffe (German Air Force)

  Arnold’s order to destroy, [>]

  Battle of Britain, [>], [>]–[>], [>]

  Blitzkrieg (“lightning war”), [>]

  first challenge of, by British, [>]–[>]

  Goering’s view of as invincible, [>], [>]

  growth and power of, [>]

  Hitler’s view of as failure, [>]

  and the invasion of Poland, [>]

  Junkers Ju 88 bombers, [>]

  Lindbergh’s 1941 testimony about, [>]

  Messerschmitt fighter planes, [>], [>], [>], [>]

  removal of Goering from command of, [>]

  V1 and V2 flying bombs, [>]

  See also Goering, Hermann; Hitler, Adolf; Nazi Germany; Operation Tidal Wave

  M2A1 tank production at Chrysler, [>]–[>]

  M5 light tank production at GM, [>]

  Macauley, Alvan, [>], [>]

  Mack Avenue, Detroit, [>]

  Mackey, Oak, [>]

  magnesium foundry at the Rouge, [>]–[>]

  Maiden USA (B-24 Liberator), [>]

  map room, White House, [>]

  Marquis, Samuel, [>]

  Marshall, George C.

  as FDR’s army chief of staff, [>]

  meeting with Knudsen, [>]

  on poorly equipped US Army, [>]

  Sorensen’s introduction of HF2 to, [>]

  Martin, Glenn, [>]

  mass production

  of aircraft engines, [>]

  of airplanes, [>], [>], [>]

  application to genocide, [>]

  of B-24 Liberator, [>]–[>], [>], [>]–[>]

  converting from cars to military production, [>], [>], [>]–[>]

  and the moving assembly line, [>], [>], [>], [>]

  successful use of in Nazi Germany, [>], [>]–[>]

  See also Battle of Production; bomber-an-hour goal; Highland Park factory; River Rouge factory; war production; Willow Run bomber plant

  Mateer, John, [>]

  Mayo, William, [>]

  Mayo Clinic, Minnesota, high-altitude experiments at, [>]

  McClure (Ford family doctor), [>], [>]–[>], [>]

  McCormick, Anne O’Hare, [>]

  McCrary, “Tex,” [>]

  McDonnell, Anne, [>]. See also Ford, Anne McDonnell

  McGovern, George, [>]–[>], [>]

  McIntyre, Marvin, [>], [>]

  Mein Kampf (Hitler), [>], [>]

  Menzies, Agnes, [>]

  Merlin aircraft engines (Rolls-Royce), building of, [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>]

  Merriweather, William, [>]

  Messerschmitt fighter planes attacks by, during Battle of Britain, [>]

  Bf109s, [>]

  deployment in defense of Ploesti, [>], [>]

  Metal Molding Company, Detroit, production of parts for the B-24, [>]

  metals, in the B24 Liberator, [>]

  Meyer, Agnes, [>]–[>]

  military airplanes, airpower

  critical lack of in 1940, [>]

  resistance to producing, [>]–[>]

  display of, for FDR, [>]–[>]

  importance to Allied success, [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>], [>]

  and the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, [>]–[>]

  pleas for from European allies, [>]

  production speed and numbers, [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]

  production of in Nazi Germany, [>]

  US orders for, Oct. 1940, [>]

  See also Battle of Production; bomber-an-hour goal; war production and specific airplanes

  Miller, Logan, [>]

  Mitsubishi Zero fighters, [>]

  Mittelbau-Dora concentration camp, Lindbergh visit to, [>]

  Model A Ford, [>]

  Model T Ford

  brake system problems, [>]

  concept for, [>]

  engine, EF’s use in prototype airplane, [>]–[>]

  worldwide impact of, [>], [>]–[>]

  Monroe, Rose (“Rosie the Riveter”), [>]

  Mooney, James, [>]

  Morgenthau, Henry

  and concerns about Ford-Afrique, [>], [>]–[>]

  on FDR’s view of Lindbergh as Nazi, [>]

  investigations of corporate dealings with Nazi Germany, [>]

  as member of FDR’s cabinet, [>]

  and negotiations with EF to produce aircraft engines, [>]–[>], [>]–[>]

  Munich Pact, [>], [>]

  munitions industry. See war production

  Murray Corporation, production of B-17 Flying Fortress parts, [>]

  Murrow, Edward R.

  on the bombing of London, [>]

  on the destruction of Berlin, [>]

  on genocide in Nazi Germany, [>]

  on start of D-Day invasion, [>]

  Mussolini, Benito, [>], [>], [>]

  NAACP, involvement during Detroit Race Riot, [>]–[>], [>]–[>]

  Napolitano, Benjamin, [>]

  Nash factory, war production, [>]

  Nast, Condé, [>]

  National Advisory Committee of the American Red Cross, [>]

  National Defense Advisory Committee, [>]

  National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis, [>]

  National Foundation on Matters of Business Policy, [>]

  National Guard, use of to end Detroit Race Riot, [>]

  National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA), [>]

  National Resources Planning Board, [>]–[>]

  Nazi Germany

  acceleration of production capacities, [>]

  annual production of airplanes, [>]

  arming of, role of Detroit auto comp
anies, [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>]–[>]

  automakers and mass production in, [>], [>]

  declaration of war on the US, [>]

  efforts to obtain information about US bomber program, [>]

  HF as hero in, [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]

  genocide in, [>], [>], [>]

 

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