The Golden Empire: Spain, Charles V, and the Creation of America
Page 71
5. On his tragic end, see José Nieto, “Herejía en la capilla imperial,” in Carlos V y la quiebra, 4: 213ff.
6. See Antonio Álvarez-Ossorio, “Conocer el viaje del Príncipe Felipe 1548–1549,” in Carlos V y la quiebra, 2: 53ff.
7. Coxcie was a Flemish painter born in the archduchess Margaret’s city of Malines.
8. Vicente Álvarez, Relation du beau voyage que fait aux Pays-Bas en 1548 le prince Philippe, M-T Dovillé, ed. (Brussels, 1964), 119.
9. Fernández Álvarez, Corpus documental, 3: 222.
10. Ibid., 3: 225ff.
11. Ibid., 3: 252–53.
12. Hamilton, American Treasure, table 19: 3,628,506 pesos for the Crown, 6,237,024 pesos for private people.
13. Fernández Álvarez, Corpus documental, 3: 259.
14. Kamen, Philip of Spain, 49.
15. Fernández Álvarez, Corpus documental, 3: 381.
16. Ibid., 3: 393.
17. Hampe, 206.
18. Ibid., 207.
19. That monarch had been the last king of both France and Germany, and it was his division of the realms into three at the Treaty of Verdun in 843 that provided the agenda for modern European history.
20. Fernández Álvarez, Corpus documental, 3: 429.
21. Ibid., 3: 445.
22. The escudos could be converted as 66,718,841 maravedís or 1,482,508 pesos. Hampe, 198.
23. R. O. Jones, The Golden Age (London, 1971), 54.
24. Fernández Álvarez, Corpus documental, 3: 505–506.
25. Ibid., 3: 548.
26. Ibid., 3: 626–27.
27. See Fernández Martín, Hernando Pizarro.
28. For the Pizarros’ holdings in Spain, see Rafael Varón Gabai and Auke Pieter Jacobs, “Peruvian Wealth and Spanish Investments,” HAHR 67 (1987): 657–95. For their holdings in Peru, see Varón’s Francisco Pizarro and His Brothers (Norman, Okla., 1997), passim.
29. Varón, Francisco Pizarro, 285.
CHAPTER 47. THE EMPEROR AT BAY
1. Memorial que embió Francisco Duarte de lo que le dixó Nicolás Nicolai, in AGS E leg. 98, f. 274, quoted in Kamen, 55.
2. For Diocletian’s withdrawal to Salona, see Edward Gibbon, The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, chapter 13.
3. Simón Renard was French, born in Vesoul, and had been persuaded by Granvelle to work for him and for Spain.
4. G. Constant, “Le mariage de Marie Tudor et de Philippe II,” Revue de l’histoire diplomatique 26 (1912): 36.
5. See David Loades, “Charles V and the English,” in Carlos V y la quiebra, 1: 263; Anna Whitelock, Mary Tudor (London, 2009), 136.
6. (English) Calendar state papers, Spain, 11: 290, 4045.
7. With his commoner wife, the beautiful Philippina von Welser, he would establish a collection or Kunstkammer in Ambras near Innsbruck, the Ferdinandeum, which would house many interesting Mexican objects, some from his great-aunt Margaret’s collection.
8. William Howard, first Lord Howard of Effingham, was a great survivor, being lord high admiral under Queen Mary, 1553–57, and lord chamberlain, 1558–72, under Queen Elizabeth. He was a son of the second duke of Norfolk and had studied and been a protégé of Gardiner at Trinity Hall, Cambridge.
9. Kamen, 57.
10. Andrés Muñoz, El viaje de Felipe segundo a Inglaterra, Gayangos, ed. (Madrid, 1877), 97, 113.
11. Sandoval, Historia de la vida, 3: 127.
12. English state papers, Spain, 13: 138–39.
13. Skinner, 2: 94.
14. For a study of Charles’s journeys, see Cadenas, Caminos, 147ff.
15. CDI, 4: 390ff.
16. He added: “Acordándome de ruestra fidelidad y lealtad, y del amor y oficción especial que entre rostros he conocido, mandaría mirar por lo que general y particularmente os tocare, haciéndo os merced al favor en lo que justo sea, como lo merceis.” CDI, 4: 392ff.
17. Carande, 3: 210.
18. On the Emperor in Yuste, there is W. Stirling-Maxwell, The Cloister Life of the Emperor Charles V (London, 1853), especially 8–15; and G. Gachard, Retraite et mort de Charles-Quint (Brussels, 1854–55). There is also J. J. Martín González, El palacio de Carlos V en Yuste, Archivo Español del Arte, 1950–51).
19. Citing F. Morán y Checa, El coleccionismo en España (Madrid, 1990).
20. The list includes what is described as “a portrait on wood by Thomas More of the Queen of England,” which would seem improbable.
21. Dávila had been with the Emperor on nearly all his campaigns, about some of which, notably those in Germany, he had written a book. He became Marquess of Mirabel.
22. David Watts, The West Indies. Patterns of Development, Culture and Environmental Changes Since 1492 (Cambridge, U.K., 1987), 125.
23. Damián de la Bandera, cited in Luis Miguel Glave, Trajinantes (Lima, 1989), 84.
24. Colin Palmer, Slaves of the White God (Cambridge, Mass., 1981), 67.
25. Grunberg, L’univers, 151.
26. See Zavala, Ideario de Vasco de Quiroga.
27. Zavala, La utopía, 13, in Recuerdo de Vasco de Quiroga. It would be a mistake to overlook Quiroga’s magnificent ordenanzas for the two hospitals called Santa Fe that appear in his will of 1565.
28. The Castillos were illegitimate descendants of Enrique IV’s wild queen Juana.
29. Burckhardt, Reflections on History, 39.
30. See Francisco Cervantes de Salazar, Túmulo imperial (Mexico, 1564). There were also funeral services in Lucca, Bologna, Naples, Mainz, Rome, Florence, Valladolid, and Augsburg, as well, of course, as Brussels.
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
HUGH THOMAS studied history at Cambridge and Paris. His career has encompassed both America and Europe, and history and politics, as a professor at New York and Boston Universities and as chairman of the Centre for Policy Studies in London. He was awarded a peerage in 1981. Hugh Thomas is the author of The Spanish Civil War, which won the Somerset Maugham Prize; Cuba: The Pursuit of Freedom; An Unfinished History of the World, which won the National Book Award for History; Armed Truce: The Beginnings of the Cold War; The Conquest of Mexico; and The Slave Trade. He won the Nonino prize and the Boccaccio prize in Italy in 2009, the Gabarrón prize and the Calvo Serer prize in Spain in 2006 and 2009, and the PEN prize in Mexico in 2011. He has the Grand Cross of the Order of Isabel the Catholic in Spain, the Order of the Aztec Eagle in Mexico, and is a Commander of the Order of Arts and Letters in France.
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