Castiglione’s architecture, 47
civil service examinations, 212, 219
China Courts Bill, 329, 330
and comet (1811), 206
drought in (1800), 99
Flint’s petition to (1759), 3, 5, 6, 16, 20
Forbidden City, 58, 205–210, 213
gates to, 165–6
Lin Zexu called to (1838), 336
and Macao, invasion of (1808), 92
Macartney mission (1793), 16–20, 25, 26, 29, 31, 36–41, 70, 73, 410
and Manning, 132
missionaries in, 39, 47, 84, 131, 132
and Napier, 270
and opium, 210, 212, 217, 308, 326, 336, 365, 374
and Opium War (1839–42), 395, 396, 398, 403–4
and piracy, 112, 114
Qing conquest (1644), 46, 106
scientists in, 132
size, 67
and Staunton, 73, 77, 119, 120, 148, 253, 382
and White Lotus rebellion (1794–1804), 62, 102, 103, 209
White Lotus invasion (1813), 205–210
Bengal, 16, 72, 90, 122, 133–4, 185–6, 243, 244, 295, 320, 367, 425
Bhutan, 134–6, 142
Bible, 124–5, 178
Chinese translation of, 88, 124–6, 128–30, 158, 180, 240, 258, 260
Bombay, 4, 186, 189–90, 367, 413
Boston, Mass., 178, 191, 266, 283, 323, 416, 418
Boswell, James, 19
Bridgman, Elijah, 200, 265, 267, 348, 365, 419
“Brief Account of the English Character, A,” 260–61
Britain
Amherst mission of, see Amherst mission
China’s trade with, see Chinese trade with Britain
civil service in, 54
Conservative Party in, 377–8, 388–9, 405–6, 408
debt, 117
diplomatic missions to China, see Amherst mission; Macartney mission
empire of, 117
France, relations with, see under France
and Hong Kong, 398–9, 406
India, see under India
industry in, 12, 17, 18, 19, 31, 245, 249, 250, 295–6
liberal political wave (1830s), 297, 314
and Macao, see under Macao
Macartney mission of, see Macartney mission
military presence at Canton, 71, 77, 226
military strength, xxiv, 155, 173, 157, 225–30, 291–2, 349, 370, 376, 398–9
nationalism and rise of, xxviii, 155
Parliament of, see British Parliament
and piracy, 90, 111–14, 118
resentment toward China in, 42–3, 121, 172–3, 229
Royal Navy of, see Royal Navy
slavery and, xxiv, 200, 251, 297–8, 313–14, 358–60, 371, 375, 382, 414–15
and Southeast Asia, 227
and Taiwan, 286–7
taxes on tea imports in, 88–9, 93, 244, 379
and tea, see tea
textiles of, 17, 18, 222, 228, 245–6, 257–8, 260, 264, 368
Treaty of Amiens (1802), 73, 82, 90, 91
in War of 1812, 149–51, 193
Whig Party in, 243–4, 250, 251, 314, 366, 371, 376–8, 380, 387, 388, 394, 404–5, 412
Xiao Lingyu’s treatise on, 226–30
British Guyana, 313–14, 318, 345, 358
British Museum, 125, 126, 127
British Parliament
and China Courts Bill, 328–31, 387
and East India Company charter, 245–55, 273, 295
Great Reform Act, 249–50, 314
Jardine in, 191, 412
Lindsay in, 412
Manning in, 143, 391
Matheson in, 412
Opium War debate (1840), 377–90
and Qishan negotiations (1840), 397
petitions to, 237, 239, 243–4, 245, 249, 268, 301
Staunton in, 250–54, 328–30, 382–90
see also House of Commons; House of Lords
brothels, 104–5
Bruce, James, 8th Earl of Elgin, 425
Broughton, Lord, see Hobhouse, John
Buckingham, James, 295
Buddha, 51, 54
Buddhism, 51, 138–9, 141–2
Burma, 100
Calcutta, 133–4, 142, 185–7, 239, 257–8, 297, 324, 367, 368
Calhoun, John, 415
cannons, 105, 108, 227–8, 418
Canton (Guangzhou), xvii–xxvii
bars, xx
Baynes affair (1830), 231–7
British military presence at, 71, 77, 226
brothels, 104–5
and China Courts Bill, 328–31
Chinese naval forces at, 109, 114, 229
corruption in, 3, 6, 7, 20, 67, 69, 194, 250, 252, 281, 385, 424
factory compound, xix–xxiii, 69, 179, 277, 281, 283, 342, 346, 351–6, 362; see also factory, British
“floating cities”, 104–5
foreign women forbidden at, 72, 130, 231–8, 254
free trade, change in character under, 325, 364
Hunter, capture of (1814), 149–50, 152, 193
Lin Zexu’s crackdown (1839), 336–7, 348–66, 373, 375, 376, 384, 386, 392, 404
Low’s visit (1830), 236–7
opium trade at, see Canton opium trade
piracy near, 105–16
placards on immorality of British, 234, 238
Qing conquest (1647–50), 11
riot (1838), 343–4
scholars in, 224
shrubbery incident (1831), 238–9, 240, 245, 249, 254, 378
“Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge in China”, 267
square in, xix–xxi
Treaty of Nanjing (1842), 426
Weddell’s expedition (1637), 10–12
Canton opium trade, 189, 191, 194, 199, 200, 214, 215–16, 239, 257, 318–28, 337
British opposition to, 295–8, 375–7, 409
Deng Tingzhen’s crackdown (1837–9), 342–4, 350, 351, 381
Elliot’s proclamation (1838), 344–5
executions of dealers, 342–4, 346, 349
House of Commons debate (1840), 377–88
House of Lords debate (1840), 389–90
Lin Zexu’s crackdown (1839), 348–66, 373–4, 375, 376, 384, 386, 392
Nanjing, Treaty of (1842), 406–8
Canton Press, 344
Canton Register, 189, 194, 200, 234, 265, 267, 275, 319, 345, 346, 357, 359, 367, 394
Canton trade, xvii–xxvii, 8, 10–12, 39–41, 46, 118, 149, 181–2, 214–15, 304, 429–30
American, 16–17, 191–3, 416–17, 429–30
and Amherst mission (1816), 149, 151–2
Bao Shichen’s view of, 221–4
British, xx–xxi, xxvi, 8, 10–12, 16, 39–41, 46, 149, 152; see also Chinese trade with Britain
British-Chinese cooperation, 118
British factory, see under factory, British
Cheng Hanzhang’s view of, 224–5
chief superintendent position, 273, 277
competition in, 181–2
customs commissioner (hoppo), 3, 5–7, 69, 71, 113–14, 132, 151, 159, 224, 231, 311
Davis appointed superintendent (1834), 300–301, 315
East India Company and, see East India Company
economic dependence on, 224
Elliot appointed superintendent (1836), 315–18
factories, xix–xxiii; see also factory, British
free trade, see free trade
Hong merchants and, see Hong merchants
Houqua and, 201–4
and Hunter, capture of (1814), 150, 152
international cooperation, 206, 204, 429–30
legal and illegal, cohabitation of, 289
Napier as superintendent (1833–4), 273, 277–84
and Macao, invasion of (1808), 89–94
and Nanjing treaty (1842), 406
opium, see Canton opium trade
and Qianlong, 47
Western goods, demand for, 214�
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Carrington, Edward, 87
Castiglione, Giuseppe, 47
Cathcart, Charles, 15, 24
Catherine II, Empress of Russia, 16
Catholics, Catholicism, 121, 227, 233
Jiaqing’s suppression of, 131
Jesuits, 10, 21, 47, 82, 121, 126, 127, 225, 266
missionaries, 21, 22, 26, 36, 47, 84, 124–5, 126, 127, 131, 137, 140–42
and Manning, 137, 140–42
chain trade, 192
Charles I, King of England, 10
Charlotte, Queen of Great Britain and Ireland, 80
Chartist reform movement, 375–6
Cheng Hanzhang, 224–5, 291
China
Amherst mission to, see Amherst mission
books in, 45
British diplomatic missions to, see Amherst mission; Macartney mission
British racism in, 325
British resentment toward, 42–3, 121, 172–3, 229
British trade with, see Chinese trade with Britain
Century of Humiliation, xxii
civil service examinations in, 49–50, 59, 146, 212, 213, 219
civilization of, 25, 40, 121, 135, 157, 378
as closed empire, xxvi, 143, 261, 262, 267
coast of, xxiii, 18, 106–7, 225, 291, 292, 307, 392, 403
Confucianism in, see Confucianism
famines, 287
floating cities in, 104–5
and France, 9, 10, 23, 49, 70–71
Great Wall of, 29, 157–8, 205
Han ethnic group in, see Han Chinese
Han River Highlands in, 52–3, 57, 63, 67
Macartney mission to, see Macartney mission
Macartney’s views on, 42–3, 54, 121, 378
Ming dynasty (1368–1644), see under Ming dynasty
modernization of military, 423–4
nationalism in, xxii, 426
opium trade as harmful to economy, 221–5, 288–91, 298
peasants in, 50, 56, 59–63, 99, 102, 286, 288–90, 334, 403, 410, 425
People’s Republic (1949–), xxii
political unity, 10
population of, 47–8, 49, 52, 310, 378, 427
power of, xxii–xxiii, xxv, 9, 43
prosperity of, 10, 19, 27, 32, 42, 45, 47
rains in, 287
Republic of (1912–49), xxii
standard of living, 10
Taiping Rebellion (1850–71), xxii, 425
Tang dynasty (618–907), 211
taxes on land, 48
Tibet as protectorate of, 139
trade and, see Chinese trade
travelers to, 10, 81
and “unequal treaties”, 406
and United States, 417–21
Western goods, demand for, 214–15, 223
Western views of, xxvi–xxvii, 9–10, 122–3, 378–9
White Lotus rebellion, see under White Lotus rebellion
Yuan dynasty (1271–1368), 198
see also Qing dynasty; Qing emperors
China Courts Bill, 328–31, 387
Chinese Courier, 320
Chinese language
Bible translation, 88, 124–32, 158, 180, 240, 258, 260
Chinese-English dictionary, 128, 129, 143–7, 189, 240, 265
and East India Company, 4, 20, 74–5, 86, 91, 128, 180, 234
and Flint, 3–4, 5, 8, 20, 35, 79
and Gutzlaff, 259, 265–7
and Hager, 82
Kangxi Dictionary, 145
and Lindsay, 259
living nature of, 147
and Macartney mission (1793), 81–4, 86, 87, 91, 127, 129, 132–3, 391
and Manning, 81–4, 86, 87, 91, 127, 129, 132–3, 391
and Morrison, 87–8, 91, 124–32, 143–7, 180, 189, 258, 260, 265, 319
Pidgin English and, xviii, 202
and Staunton, 24, 35, 39, 74, 75, 77, 78–9, 82, 86–7, 120–27, 227, 277, 319
Chinese Repository, 265, 319, 348, 359
Chinese trade
calls for shutdown of, 221–4, 293, 309, 348–9
Chinese government’s limitations on, 234
with France, 8, 23, 70–71
free trade and, see free trade
as harmful to Chinese economy, 221–5, 288–91
with India, xx, xxiv, 8, 41, 76, 81, 149, 182, 188–9, 193, 379
and opening of China, xxvi, 392, 416
opium, see opium trade
scholars’ discussions of merits and dangers of, 221–30, 288–91, 348–9
see also Canton trade
Chinese trade with Britain, xxvi
and Amherst mission (1816), 149, 151–2
and Anglo-French War (1793–1802), 93
Britain’s tax revenues from, 93, 379
and British strength, 155
at Canton, xx–xxi, xxvi, 8, 10–12, 16, 39–41, 46, 149, 152
free trade and, see free trade
and Hunter, capture of (1814), 150, 152
importance to Britain, 93, 230, 254, 379
Jardine and Matheson’s petition to House of Commons (1831), 239, 243–4, 245, 249
Matheson’s pamphlet on, 305–7
and Macao, invasion of (1808), 89–94
and Macartney mission (1793), 15–44; see also Macartney mission
and Nanjing treaty (1842), 406
at Ningbo, 5
and Morrison’s dictionary, 144
Weddell’s expedition (1637), 10–12
Wu Lanxiu on, 293
Xiao Lingyu’s history of, 226–30
see also East India Company
Chinese trade with America, xxi, xxvi, 8, 16–17, 177–9, 181, 191–3, 320–23, 416–17, 429–30
and Anglo-French War (1793–1802), 71
free trade, 81, 172, 182, 246–8
and Houqua, 202–3, 247, 321
and Hunter, capture of (1814), 149–50
opium, 188, 193, 195, 222, 324, 345–6, 417, 424
silver, 47, 289–90
Chinese Vindicated, The (Bullock), 376
Cho, Padre, 24, 25–6, 35, 70
Christianity, 37, 130–33, 139, 241, 277, 322, 434–35
Jiaqing’s suppression of, 139; see also Bible; Catholics, Catholicism; missionaries
Chusan (Zhoushan), 31, 165, 379
in Opium War, 412, 417
civil service examinations, 49–50, 59, 146, 212, 213, 219
Clive (ship), 259, 264
Cochin-China, 71
Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, vii, 82–3, 180, 197–9, 390
“Kubla Khan,” vii, 198
“Coleridge and Opium-Eating” (De Quincey), 198–9
Columbia River, 193
comet (1811), 141, 206
compradores, xix
Confessions of an English Opium-Eater (De Quincey), 197, 410
Confucianism, xxvi, 10, 46, 48–9, 60, 88, 97–8, 145, 146, 196, 219–20, 235, 266, 293, 334
and statecraft scholarship, 220
Conservative Party, 377–8, 388–9, 405–6, 408
copper, 287–8, 291
corruption, 95–100, 117, 170, 194, 209, 210, 220, 237, 262, 288, 333, 382, 426
in Canton, 3, 6, 7, 20, 67, 69, 194, 250, 252, 281, 385, 424
of Heshen, 59–60, 95–7, 194, 220
of hoppo, 3, 6, 7, 69
and navy, 108
and opium trade, 194, 212, 215, 216, 217, 218, 293, 309, 331, 335, 424
and pirates, 110, 430
and White Lotus rebellion (1794–1804), 61, 64–5, 67, 97, 99, 110, 285, 402, 430
cotton, xxiv, 17, 187, 189, 191, 214, 224, 245, 258, 264, 296, 331, 368, 413
crash (1837), 322
Cushing, Caleb, 418–20
Cushing, John Perkins, 201, 239, 248, 418
Dalai Lama, 137–41, 143, 164, 391
Daman and Diu, 186, 424
Daoguang emperor
accession to throne (1820), 210, 212
and Elliot, 327, 363
decline under, 28
5, 287
and Deng Tingzhen, 311, 323–4
heir apparent, rumors of overdose, 242, 296
and Lindsay’s tract, 261
and Lin Zexu’s crackdown (1839), 336–7, 350, 361–2, 365, 395, 422
and Lu Kun, 291, 292, 294, 308
and Napier, 276, 280, 291, 292, 301
opium, use of, 210
opium, policies on, 212–18, 223, 242, 286, 293–4, 308–11, 320, 323–6, 333–7, 381, 424
and Opium War, 395, 398, 399, 402, 403, 418
Palmerston’s letter to (1840), 395
and Qishan’s negotiations (1840), 398, 399
and scholars, 223
and silver crisis, 287–8, 291
and United States, 418–19
and White Lotus invasion (1813), 205–9
and Xu Naiji, 310–11, 320
Davis, John, 300–301, 315–16
Defoe, Daniel, 183
Delano, Warren, 348, 355
Deng Tingzhen, 310, 323, 324–5, 331, 350, 360, 381, 403
and Elliot, 317, 363
exiled (1840), 395
opium crackdown (1837–9), 342–4, 350, 351, 381
and Daoguang, 311, 333, 337, 395
and Lin Zexu, 363
Dent, Lancelot, 347–8, 352–3, 356, 365
De Quincey, Thomas, 196–9
Opium War and, 410–11, 415
Dilkes, John, 77–8
Dinghai, 394
Dinwiddie, James, 19, 29, 36–7, 46–7
Discovery (ship), 157–8
Doris, HMS, 149–50, 152, 193
Drury, William, 91–4, 108, 112, 116, 119, 129, 140, 172, 228–9, 231, 237
“Duke, the” (Heshitai), 162–3, 164, 166–7, 169, 229, 272
Duncan, Dr., 195
East India and China Association, 316
East India Committee, House of Commons, 179, 246–8, 250, 295–6, 367
East India Company
and accidental killing of two Chinese (1784), 78
Amherst mission (1816), 149, 150, 155, 157, 171–2
and Baynes, 231, 235, 237
and British naval presence at Canton, 71
Canton factory dissolution (1834), 246, 249, 252, 256, 258, 264, 274–5, 300
charter, 245–55, 273, 295
China vs. India trade revenues, 89
and Chinese language, 4, 20, 74–5, 79–80, 86, 90–91, 128–33, 180, 234
competition with, 181
East India House, 120
and Ellis, 156
factory, see under factory, British
exams of, 49
Flint’s petition (1759), 3–9
and free trade, 172, 234, 245–55, 256–7, 268
and Houqua, 201
and India–China trade, 76
and Lindsay, 259
and industrial lobbying organizations, 245–6
Lord Amherst voyage (1832), 259–60, 261–4, 266, 273, 304, 334
and Napier, 271, 272, 273, 276
and Napoleonic Wars (1803–15), 89
Macartney mission (1793), 15–44
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