and Manning, 83–4, 91, 132, 133, 154–5, 157, 163, 164
and missionaries, 84–5, 87, 91
monopoly of, see under monopoly
and Morrison, 84–5, 86, 88, 90–91, 128–32, 144, 180, 199, 256, 279
and opium trade, 183–7, 199, 215, 289, 295–8, 347, 415, 424
and Parliament, 245–55, 273, 295
and pirates, 109
and Roberts, 90, 93–4, 128, 149
and safety of trade at Canton, 248
and silver, 289
size and unity of, 181
and Staunton, 75–80, 120, 128, 250–54, 267, 268, 295, 321
supercargoes, see under supercargoes
taipan, 73, 148, 276–7, 317, 330
tea trade, 12, 17, 71
East India House, 120
Egypt, xxi
Eden, George, 1st Earl of Auckland, 314–15, 368, 371–2, 408–9
Eldemboo, 100–103
Elgin, Lord, see Bruce, James
Elizabeth (ship), 113
Ellenborough, Lord, see Law, Edward
Elliot, Charles
anger of, 362–3
breakdown of, 400
and China Courts Bill, 328, 330–31
compensation offer, 356–60, 366–9, 371, 383, 394, 396–9
and Daoguang, 327
and Davis, 315–16
and Deng Tingzhen, 317, 323, 325
and Dent, 353, 365
dismissal (1841), 399–400
dispatch calling for war (1839), 363, 366, 369, 370
family, 314–15
and Forbes, 345, 358
on free trade, 325
and Houqua, 330–31
and Jardine, 347, 392
and Kowloon incident (1839), 373–4
Lin Zexu’s crackdown (1839), 353, 356–67, 372, 386, 389, 392
and Matheson, 345
and legalization rumors, 318–20, 323, 324, 326–7, 336, 337, 379
Macao, evacuation of (1839), 374
and Napier, 314, 315
naval police force, 342
opium trade, views on, 319, 326, 380
and Opium War (1839–42), 373–4, 394, 395–9, 404
and Palmerston, 315–17, 318, 326–8, 343–4, 357, 362–3, 366, 368, 377, 379–81, 394
proclamation against smugglers (1838), 344–5
Qishan, negotiations with (1840), 395–9
and riot (1838), 343–4
and slavery, 313–14, 318, 345
and smugglers, 325–31, 341–5, 347, 363, 368
superintendent of trade, appointment as (1836), 315–18
Staunton’s criticism of, 383
Times criticism of, 404
Elliot, Clara, 363–4
Elliot, George, 394, 402
Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, Gilbert, 1st Earl of Minto, 90, 93, 118, 133
Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, Gilbert, 2nd Earl of Minto, 314, 400, 404
Ellis, Henry, 156, 163–4, 166–7, 172, 269, 271–2, 418
Elphinstone (president of select committee), 144
English language
Morrison’s Chinese-English dictionary, 128, 129, 143–7, 189, 240, 265
Pidgin and, xviii, 202
Essay on the Nature, Use, and Abuse, of Tea, An, 195
extraterritoriality, 397, 408
factory, American, 71, 87, 179, 237
factory, British, xx–xxi, 180
and Amherst mission (1816), 151–2, 154, 172
Austen, 113–14
Baynes, 231–6, 245
Davis, 300
dissolution of (1834), 246, 249, 252, 256, 258, 264, 274–5, 300
Elliot at, 317, 353, 362
and Houqua, 201–2
and Hunter, capture of (1814), 150
independent traders, rivalry with, 188–9
and Lord Amherst voyage (1832), 258, 263, 264
and Macao, invasion of (1808), 91, 93, 172
Manning, 83–4, 86–7, 140
Morrison, 86–7, 128–31, 154, 180–81
Napier at, 277, 281, 282, 283, 284
naval fleet, demands for dispatch (1831), 239, 243–4, 245, 249
and opium trade, 185, 194
and pirates, 113–14
shrubbery incident (1831), 238–9, 240, 245, 249, 254, 378
Staunton, 73, 74–5, 80, 86–7, 148, 151–2, 172
Xiao Lingyu on, 228
factory, French, 71
factory, Swedish, 191, 236
Farther Adventures of Robinson Crusoe, The (Defoe), 183
“fast crabs”, 216–17, 309
Fiji, 193
Flint, James, 3–9, 12, 16, 20, 35, 40–1, 79, 216, 228, 242, 292, 330, 352, 393, 395, 420
floating cities, 104–5
Forbes, Charles, 243
Forbes, John Murray, 177–82, 187, 191, 196, 200–204, 233, 230, 247–9, 299–300, 321–3, 417, 418
and Houqua, 201–4, 247, 257, 321–3, 352–3, 428–31
laudanum and, 196
railroad empire of, 428–30
return home, 322–3
Forbes, Robert Bennet, 177–9, 182–3, 201, 233, 243, 322, 345–6, 348, 351–2, 355, 358, 417
Charles Elliot and, 358
investments of, 322, 428
Forbes, Thomas Tunno, 177–9, 181, 191, 201, 233
Forbidden City, 205, 210, 213
White Lotus invasion (1813), 206–8
Formosa (Taiwan), 107
Foster’s Wharf, 178
France
Anglo-French War (1793–1802), 69–71, 72–3, 82, 90, 91
and China, 9, 10, 23, 49, 70–71
Enlightenment, 121
missionaries, 26
Napoleonic Wars (1803–15), xxvii, 88–94, 111, 149, 150, 269, 284, 371, 378
Portugal, treaty with (1801), 72
Revolution (1789–99), 21
and Southeast Asia, 71, 89
Treaty of Amiens (1802), 73, 82, 90, 91
Franklin, Benjamin, 8
free trade, xxiv, 190, 245–55, 296, 297, 387, 407, 415, 420
Amherst mission (1816), 171–2
Canton opened to (1834), 325, 364, 420
and China Courts Bill, 330
India opened to (1813), 246
and Jardine, 195, 234, 235, 237, 239, 255, 257, 266, 268, 295, 326
and Matheson, 190, 234, 237, 266, 267, 306, 319, 326
and Lord Amherst voyage (1832), 260, 262, 263, 274
and Napier, 269, 272, 273, 274, 278, 280, 281, 284
and opium trade, 295–7, 406
and political economy, 265–6
Staunton’s opposition to, 245, 250–54, 256, 267, 268, 300, 383
free traders, 189, 264
and consulships, 181
and Elliot, 316, 328, 330, 341, 362, 396
and Napier, 278, 280, 284, 300
and political economy, 265–7
publishing, 189–90, 265–7, 319
and war in China, 392, 398
United States, 192
Fujian province, 217, 240–41, 242, 292, 350
fur trade, 193
Gansu, 100
Garrison, William Lloyd, 414
George III, King of the United Kingdom, 80, 150
and Macartney mission (1793), 19, 33, 34, 38–40
and piracy problem, 112
Qianlong’s correspondence with, 19, 34, 38–40, 46, 125, 214, 419, 421
George IV, King of the United Kingdom, 238, 239, 378
Gibbon, Edward, 80
Gladstone, William, 381–2
Glasspoole, Richard, 110–11, 115
Gong Zizhen, 349
Gower, Erasmus, 17, 24, 26, 28, 40, 70
Graham, James, 244, 377–9, 383, 388, 402, 405
Grant, Charles, 249, 254, 278, 296, 301
Great Britain, see Britain
Great Reform Act, 249–50, 314
Great Wall of China, 29, 157–8, 205
Grey, Charles, 2nd Earl Grey, 243–4, 249–50, 251
&n
bsp; and Napier, 269–70, 282
Guangdong province, 67, 111
Guangxi province, 46, 67
Guan Tong, 223
“gunboat diplomacy”, 307
Gurkhas, 100
Gutzlaff, Karl, 240–43
China coast voyage (1831), 241–3, 258
and Chinese language, 259, 265–7
and Chinese Repository, 265
Daoguang’s heir, rumors of overdose, 296
and East India Company, 258–64
and Jardine, 264, 319
and Lindsay, 259–61
Lord Amherst voyage (1832), 258–64, 266, 273–4, 304, 334
and Matheson, 264, 319
and opium, 241, 242, 259, 260, 264, 297
“Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge in China”, 267
and Sylph, 265
as spy, 319
Guyana, see British Guyana
Gyangze, 137
Hager, Joseph, 82
Hai River, 5; see also White River
Hamilton-Gordon, George, 4th Earl of Aberdeen, 408
Han Chinese, 43, 60, 227, 280, 285, 402
scholars, 97–8, 220
Han River Highlands, 52–3, 57, 63, 67 Hawaii, 193
Heshen, 31, 58–60
corruption of, 59–60, 95–7, 194, 220
and Dinwiddie, 37
as “Grand Choulaa,” 31, 33, 37, 58
and Macartney mission (1793), 31, 32, 33, 35
and Qianlong, 58–60, 64, 95, 96, 117
trial and execution (1799), 95–8, 122, 194, 220
wealth of, 96–7
and White Lotus rebellion (1794–1804), 64–5, 96
Heshitai (“the Duke”), 162–3, 164, 166–7, 169, 229, 272
Himalayas, 134–5, 140
Hindostan (ship), 15, 18, 22–8, 40, 41, 70, 74, 120, 157, 179
Hindus, 122, 133
Hobhouse, John, 1st Baron Broughton, 371–2, 408–9
Hong Kong, 153, 189, 374, 393–4, 398
and Britain, 398–9, 406
Hong Liangji, 98–9
and Bao Shichen, 220
and Jiaqing, 98–9, 220
Hong merchants, 68–9, 71, 149
accountability, 68
and Amherst mission (1816), 152
and Baynes, 232, 236
and Elliot, 326
exactions by government, 68–9, 106
and immorality of British, 234
and intelligence, 319
and Lin Zexu, 351–2, 354, 355, 360–62
loans to, 76
monopoly on foreign commerce, 67–8, 149, 159, 247, 256, 276, 397
and Nanjing Treaty (1842), 406
and Napier, 275, 277, 279, 281, 282, 300, 301
and opium trade, 182–3, 289–90, 294, 310, 351–2, 360–62, 398
and piracy, 113
and silver, 289–90, 310
and Staunton, 75, 79, 152
and taipans, 276
and White Lotus rebellion (1794–1804), 68, 106
and Zhao, 133
see also Houqua
hoppo (customs commissioner), 3, 5–7, 69, 71, 113–14, 132, 151, 159, 224, 231, 311
hot-air balloon, 19, 37, 418
Houqua (Wu Bingjian), 201–4, 428–31
and China Courts Bill, 330–31
death (1843), 431
and Elliot, 330–31
and Forbes, 201–4, 247, 257, 321–3, 352–3, 428–31
and Lin Zexu’s crackdown (1839), 351–3, 355
and Napier, 276–7, 281, 284
reputation of, 202
wealth of, 202
House of Commons, 180, 412, 427
China Courts Bill, 328–30
East India Company charter debate, 245–56, 273, 295
opium trade/Opium War, 295, 367, 372, 377–88, 389, 408–9, 412, 415, 427
petitions to, 237, 239, 243–6, 249
House of Lords, 243–4, 389–90
Huang Juezi, 331–6, 349
Hubei province, 51, 52, 53, 57, 60, 62, 65, 101, 333, 335, 360
Hunan province, 60, 100, 106, 131, 286, 333, 335, 360
Hunter (ship), 149–50, 152, 193
Imogene, HMS, 282–3, 298
India
British rule, xx, xxi, xxiv, xxv, 21, 41, 83–4, 89, 136, 140, 156, 163, 192, 227, 239, 244, 249, 261, 274, 314, 379, 386, 400
China, trade with, xx, xxiv, 8, 41, 76, 81, 149, 182, 188–9, 193, 379
civilization, 122
cotton exports, 187, 189
economy, 41, 89, 244, 320, 358, 379
exams in, 49
free territories, 186, 327, 424
and free trade, 181, 245, 246
and Macao, blockade of (1802), 72–3
and Macao, invasion of (1808), 91, 93
Manning in, 133, 154
missionaries, 84, 122, 125
and Napoleon, 89
opium cultivation, 183, 185–7, 212, 295, 359, 367, 375, 386, 407–9, 412, 425
opium scrip, 357
opium trade, 184–8, 193, 210, 213, 215, 257–8, 295–8, 327, 357–60, 368, 372, 377–88, 407–13, 424–7
and Opium War, 366–8, 370–71, 376, 381, 394, 400, 404, 405
and Ottoman empire, 370
and petition for war (1831), 239, 243, 249
and piracy crisis (1810), 118
press, 147, 210, 295
tea cultivation, 83
textiles, 246
and Tibet, 41, 136, 137, 138, 140, 142, 154, 227, 243
Indian Ocean, 23, 25
Investigator (ship), 157
Jackall (ship), 22
Jakarta, 25
Japan, xxii
Jardine, Matheson & Co., 189, 237, 425–6
Jardine, William, 188–90
consulship, 190
and Deng Tingzhen’s crackdown (1837–9), 342
and East India Company, 255, 257, 268
and free trade, 195, 234, 235, 237, 239, 255, 257, 266, 268, 295, 326
and India–China trade, 188, 193
and Jeejeebhoy, 190
Jardine, Matheson & Co., 189, 237, 425–6
and Lord Amherst voyage (1832), 258, 264, 266, 297, 319
Magniac & Co., 189, 366, 380
and Napier, 269, 273, 278–9, 283, 298, 302–4
opium smuggling, 190, 195, 257–8, 264, 268, 289, 295, 298, 316, 319, 324, 331, 345, 347, 392–3, 407, 413
and Opium War, 369, 392–3, 397, 402
and placards on immorality of British, 234, 235, 237
and Palmerston, 304, 316, 318, 392, 397
in Parliament, 191, 412
petitions, 237, 239, 268, 301
retirement from Canton (1839), 346–8, 352
shrubbery/king’s portrait incident (1831), 239
and “Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge in China”, 267
and Staunton, 268, 273
war with China advocated by, 239, 243, 298–304
Java, 89, 211
Jeejeebhoy, Jamsetjee, 190–91, 331, 367, 413
death of, 413
knighting of, 413
philanthropy of, 413
Jehol (Chengde), 29, 32, 35–6, 38, 205, 208
Jesuits, 10, 21, 47, 82, 121, 126, 127, 225, 266
jianbi qingye strategy, 102
Jiangsu province, 289
Jiaqing emperor, 57, 77, 95, 116, 122, 157, 209–10, 285
accession to throne (1796), 57, 96
and Amherst mission (1816), 149–74, 229, 272, 301
and Canton troubles in, 151–2
Christianity, suppression of, 131
and corruption, 59–60, 95–8, 117, 170, 194, 209, 210, 220, 285
death (1820), 210, 212
and Eldemboo, 100–103
Heshen, trial and execution (1799), 95–8, 122, 194, 220
and Hong Liangji, 98–9, 220
and Macao, British blockade of (1802), 73, 90
and Macao, British invasion of (1808), 92, 119, 140
&nbs
p; and Macartney mission (1793), 160–61, 163
and Manning, 141–2
military, funding of, 117, 286, 402
and Nayancheng, 101–2
and opium, 212, 214
and pirates, 108, 111–13, 116, 118
and scholars, 97–9, 220
and Staunton, 94, 119, 122, 152, 160
and White Lotus invasion of Forbidden City (1813), 208–10
and White Lotus rebellion (1796–1804), 62, 64, 68, 96, 99–104, 116, 157, 286, 402, 403
Wolcot’s poem, 173
Johnson, Samuel, 80
Kabul, 403
kalpa, turning of, 51, 56, 206
Kangxi Dictionary, 145
Kangxi emperor, 45, 46, 48, 57, 153, 286, 403
pirates and, 106
Korea, 18, 31, 32, 33, 58, 158, 159, 259
Kowloon, 373, 423
kowtow, xxv, 32, 158, 273, 306, 386, 410, 411, 415–16
and Amherst, 158–63, 164, 166, 169, 172–4, 229, 252, 272, 385, 410
and Macartney, 32–3, 35, 158–62, 163, 169, 173, 228, 237, 272, 410, 411
and Manning, 138–9, 164
“Kubla Khan” (Coleridge), vii, 198
Ladrones Islands, 25
Lamb, Charles, 82, 197, 198, 390
Thomas Manning and, 82–5, 134, 154, 180, 390
Lamb, William, 2nd Viscount Melbourne, 371–2, 377–8, 388
“Lament of the Frontier Guard” (Li Bo), vii
Latin America, 290
laudanum, 196
Law, Edward, 1st Earl of Ellenborough, 244
Leeds Mercury, 375
Lewis and Clark expedition, 193 Lhasa, 137–8
Manning’s journey to, 137–42, 154–5, 206
Li, Jacobus (“Mr. Plumb”), 24, 26, 30, 34, 35, 39, 161
Liaodong Peninsula, 158
Liberator, The (newspaper) 414
Lindsay, Hugh Hamilton, 259
at Jardine’s retirement dinner (1839), 347
and Lord Amherst voyage (1832), 259–64, 273–4, 280, 299, 304, 334, 402
and Napiers, 273–4, 280, 299, 304–8, 371
and Palmerston, 304–6, 316, 370, 402
in Parliament, 412
tract of, 260–63
war with China, advocacy for, 304–8, 316, 370, 371, 380, 385, 392
Lindsay & Co., 264
Lintin (ship), 179, 182, 191, 322, 345
Lintin Island, 182–3, 185, 191, 194, 200, 201, 289, 291, 295, 297, 311, 322
and Deng Tingzhen’s crackdown (1837–9), 325, 326, 345
“fast crabs”, 216–17, 309
and free trade, 257–8
and Lin Zexu’s crackdown (1839), 357
Lord Amherst voyage (1832), 259
steamship experiment (1829), 257
Lin Zexu, 333
and Bao Shichen, 349–50
Canton crackdown (1839), 336–7, 348–66, 373, 375, 376, 384, 386, 392, 404, 422
and Daoguang, 334–7, 350, 361–2, 365, 395, 422
and Elliot, 353, 356–67, 372, 386, 389, 392
exiled (1840), 395
and Gong Zizhen, 349
as hero, 441–2
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