Imperial Twilight
Page 66
and Houqua, 351–3, 355
and Kowloon incident (1839), 373–4
Liberator poem, 414
New York statue of, 442
opium suppression campaign (1838), 334–6
and Qishan, 348, 394
Staunton’s view of, 384, 386
Taiwan birthday celebrations, 442
Victoria, letter to (1839), 421–2
Wei Yuan’s view of, 423
Wellington’s view of, 389
Lion, HMS, 15, 17–18, 22–8, 35, 40, 41–2, 50, 70, 157, 394
Literary Club, 80
London Missionary Society, 84, 85, 91, 124, 125–6, 129, 131–2, 297
London Times, see Times (London)
Lord Amherst (ship), 259–64, 266, 273, 304, 334
Louis XVI, King of France, 21, 69
Low, Harriet, 232–3, 236–7, 240, 259, 320
William Wood and, 320–21
Lu Kun, 291–3, 294
Daoguang and, 294, 308
death of, 310
Lord Napier and, 276–7, 278, 280–81, 283, 284, 291–3, 317
opium legalization and, 292–4, 308
Macao
Baynes in, 231–2, 235, 236
Beale in, 180
British departure from (1839), 374
British blockade of (1802), 71–3, 89, 90, 91, 93
British invasion of (1808), 89–94, 108, 112, 119, 140, 172, 228–9
Chinese-English dictionary, printing of, 144–5
Elliot at, 317, 328, 353, 363, 373, 374
Flint at, 4, 5, 7
and Gutzlaff’s voyage (1831), 242
Hunter, capture of (1814), 149, 193
Lord Amherst voyage (1832), 259
and Macartney mission (1793), 25–6, 40, 50, 70
Napier at, 274–6, 278, 279, 281 283, 284, 292, 299, 301–3
Morrisons in, 86, 88, 127–32, 144, 180–81
opium trade, 184, 200, 221
and Opium War (1839–42), 368, 373, 374
pirates at, 109, 110, 112
Portuguese authority in, 71–2, 86, 293, 399
Staunton in, 79, 152
taxation at, 194
Thomas, death of (1829), 179
Treaty of Wanghia (1844), 420
Weddell’s expedition (1637), 10–11
women in, 72, 181, 232–3, 235, 236, 237, 317, 320, 363
Macartney, George, 15–16, 93, 402
China as viewed by, 42–3, 378
death of (1806), 121
predictions on China’s future, 42–3, 54, 121
and Staunton, 79–80
Macartney mission (1793), 15–44, 139, 155–62, 379, 394, 402
Anglo-French War, outbreak of (1793), 70, 150
and Chinese language, 20–22, 24, 125
and civilization of China, 25, 121, 135, 157, 378
failure of, 41–4, 73, 193, 237, 238, 370, 386, 399, 411
and kowtow, 32–3, 35, 158–63, 169, 173, 228, 237, 272, 410, 411
and opium trade, 184
publications on China following, 41–2, 81, 121, 156, 271
and Qianong’s health, 58
resentment toward China following, 42–3, 121
Staunton Jr, 20–22, 24, 25, 29, 30, 34, 35, 36, 39, 120, 156, 160–61, 163
Staunton Sr, 20–22, 24, 26, 30, 34, 59, 73, 120, 156, 163, 271, 272, 273
and tea, 83
and United States, 418–19
Xiao Lingyu on, 228
Macaulay, Thomas Babington, 372, 379
Madison, James, 86, 87
Madras, 16
Magniac & Co., 189, 366, 380
Maitreya, 51, 55
Malaysia, 240
Malwa opium, 186–7, 212, 367, 425
Manchuria, 29, 46, 53, 158
Manchus, 62, 97, 106, 117, 135, 139–49, 205–6, 213, 220, 262, 402
generals, 100–103
Napier and, 274, 280
Manila, 89, 193, 362
Manning, Thomas, 81–4, 132–43
and amban, 140–42, 143, 206
on Amherst mission (1816), 154–5, 157, 163, 164, 180
beard, 83, 133, 136–7, 155, 180, 184
in Canton, 82–4, 86, 87, 91
Catholic missionary, suspected to be, 141–2
and Chinese language, 81–4, 86, 87, 91, 127, 129, 132–3, 391
on closed nature of China, 143
and Dalai Lama, 138–9, 141, 143
death (1840), 390
and East India Company, 83, 91, 132, 154–5, 157, 163, 164
and “the General”, 136–7, 184–5
and Gutzlaff, 240, 241, 242, 243, 262
and Jiaqing, 141–2
and kowtowing, 138, 139
and Lamb, 82, 134, 154, 180
later years, 390–91
and munshi (Zhao Jinxiu), 133–5, 137, 138, 141, 142
Napoleon, passport issued by, 82
and Parliament, 143, 391
and Royal Asiatic Society, 154, 180
and Staunton, 83–4, 86
Tibet, journey to (1811–12), 134–43, 154–5, 184–5, 391
maps, xii–xv
Marie Antoinette, 21
Massachusetts, 125, 178, 179, 200, 232, 428, 429, 431
Massachusetts Historical Society, 416
Matheson, Alexander, 380
Matheson, James, 189–90
and Canton Register, 189–90, 194, 200, 267, 319, 346, 367
and competitors, 193, 257, 407
consulship, 190
death (1878), 412
and Elliot, 318, 345, 353
and free trade, 190, 234, 237, 266, 267, 306, 319, 326
Jardine, Matheson & Co., 189, 237, 425–6
and Lin Zexu’s crackdown (1839), 352, 353, 355, 357, 366–7
and Lord Amherst voyage (1832), 258, 264, 266, 319
Magniac & Co., 189, 366, 380
and Napiers, 278, 283, 298–308, 370
and opium smuggling, 257–8, 264, 268, 289, 295, 298, 316, 319, 331, 345, 347, 392–3, 407, 413
and Palmerston, 302–4, 316, 318, 366–7, 370
in Parliament, 412
and placards on immorality of British, 234, 237
The Present Position and Prospects of the British Trade with China, 305
Red Rover, 257–8
and Smith, 366–7
and “Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge in China”, 267
steamship experiment (1829), 257
and Staunton, 268
war with China, advocacy for, 298–308, 318, 370, 371, 385, 392
Maxwell, Murray, 168, 272, 282
Melbourne, Lord, see Lamb, William
Mercury (ship), 113
meritocracy, 49
Mexico, 192, 289, 290
Mianning, Prince, see Daoguang emperor
Miao people, 60, 100, 106
Michigan Central Railroad, 429
Mill, John Stuart, 266
Ming dynasty (1368–1644), 11, 46, 51, 52, 71, 106, 198, 226, 228
and opium, 211
and pirates, 107–8, 226
and tobacco, 214
Minto, 1st Earl of, see Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, Gilbert
Minto, 2nd Earl of, see Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, Gilbert
Mirage (novel), 69
missionaries, 122, 126, 265–6, 319, 419
Catholic, 21, 22, 26, 36, 47, 84, 124–5, 126, 127, 131, 137, 140–42
London Missionary Society, 84, 85, 91, 124, 125–6, 129, 131–2, 297
opium and, 199–200
Protestant missionaries, 84–5, 124, 126, 130, 180–81, 200, 240, 258, 265–6, 279
Mississippi Valley, 206
Missouri, 206
monopoly, East India Company, 12
abolition of, 172, 245–57, 263, 268, 273, 276, 295–6, 314, 330, 383
and consulships, 81, 181, 190
and India-China trade, 76, 188
and opium trade, 295–6, 324, 411
and private traders, 81,
181, 190, 234
and textiles industry, 368
and United States, 81, 172, 192, 420
Montesquieu, Charles-Louis de Secondat, Baron de, 49
Morrison, James, 130, 143
Morrison, John Robert, 143, 181, 258, 281, 319
and Gutzlaff, 258
Morrison, Mary Morton, 127, 130, 143, 180
death, 180
and death of son, 130, 143
depression of, 130, 143
return to England, 143
return to Macao, 180
Morrison, Rebecca, 143, 181
Morrison, Robert, 84–6, 87
on Amherst mission (1816), 154, 157, 158, 160, 162–4, 166–7
Bible translation, 88, 124–32, 158, 180, 240, 258, 260
in Canton, 84–5, 86, 88, 90, 128–32
and Chinese language, 87–8, 91, 124–32, 143–7, 180, 189, 258, 260, 265, 319
Chinese-English dictionary, 128, 129, 143–7, 189, 265
death (1834), 279, 390
death of son (1810), 130, 143
and East India Company, 84–5, 86, 88, 90, 128–32, 180, 199, 256, 279
and Gutzlaff, 240, 242, 258
and Lindsay’s tract, 261
and Low, 233
marriage to Mary, 127, 130, 143, 180
and Napier, 274–7
opium trade, opinion of, 200
portrait of, with assistants, 124
remarriage (1824), 181
and Roberts, 88, 90
and Staunton, 86, 87, 154, 256
in United States, 84–5
Moseley, William, 125–6
George Thomas Staunton and, 125–6
Mundy, Peter, 11–12
Nanjing
Siege of (1842), 405
Treaty of (1842), 406–8, 417, 420
Napier, Eliza, 271, 275, 302–4, 315, 409
Napier, William John, 9th Lord Napier, 269–84
on Amherst, 272
as “Barbarian Eye,” 277–8
coastal survey, 270
and Daoguang, 280
and Davis, 300
death (1834), 284, 298, 302–6, 370, 384, 409–10
Earl Grey and, 269–70
and East India Company, 271, 272, 273, 276
and Elliot, 314, 315, 316, 362, 363
free-trade sympathies of, 269, 272, 273, 274, 278, 280, 281, 284
and Grant, 278, 301
gunboats, 282–4, 292, 294, 298, 292, 294, 306, 307, 361, 363, 389
and Houqua, 276–7, 281, 284
and Jardine, 269, 273, 278–9, 283, 298, 302
and Lindsay, 273–4, 370, 371
and Lu Kun, 276–8, 280–81, 283, 284, 292–3, 294, 317, 354
and Matheson, 278, 283, 298, 302, 370
on Maxwell, 272, 282
monument to, 302, 305
and Morrison, 274–5, 276, 279
and Palmerston, 270–71, 275, 277–8, 279–80, 281, 282, 284, 297
posters, 281–2
and Staunton, 273, 307
superintendent position of, 269, 273, 277, 317, 383
on Weddell, 272, 282
and Wellington, 386
Naples, 22
Napoleon Bonaparte, 82, 89, 117, 121, 173–4, 206
on British war with China, 174, 423
Lord Amherst and, 174
at Waterloo, 150
Napoleonic Wars (1803–15), xxvii, 88, 149, 150, 269, 284, 371, 378
Native Americans, 193, 267
Nayancheng, 101–2
Nemesis, HMS, 402
Nepal, 100
Netherlands, 8, 25, 107, 211, 266
New England, 81, 295, 322–3, 428–9, 431
New York, 85, 192, 266
statue of Lin Zexu, 422
Ningbo, 5–6, 403, 406
No Opium! (Philip and Thompson), 297
North American Review, 416
Northern Star, 375–6
“Ode to the Lion Ship of War, on her return with the Embassy from China” (Pindar), 42
O’Meara, Barry, 174
opium
addiction to, 188, 197–9, 200, 212–13, 286, 308–10, 319, 331–3, 335, 336, 349, 410
and Amherst mission (1816), 185, 187
British activists against, 297–8, 375–7, 409
Chinese domestic production, 188, 221, 334, 426
civil service examinations and, 212–13
and Confucianism, 196
consumers, suppression of, 331–3, 335, 336, 349
cultivation of, 183, 186, 211, 295, 407, 408, 409, 412, 426
Daoguang’s opposition to, 212–13, 216, 217–19, 223, 242, 286, 294, 310–11
death penalty for use, 332–3, 349
dens, 211, 335, 343
England, use in, 196–9, 332
extent of use in China, 212–13, 216, 296
and Gutzlaff, 241, 242, 258–60, 264, 265, 297
harmful effects of, 195, 212, 308, 319, 322, 380
illegality of, 182, 184, 194–5, 211, 215
and Jiaqing, 210, 212, 213
laudanum, 196
legalization proposals, 292–4, 308–12, 318–20, 323, 326–7, 331, 333, 334, 336, 337, 379, 406–7
and Lin Zexu, see under Lin Zexu
as luxury good, 185, 212, 215, 427
Malwa, 186–7, 212, 367, 425
medicinal use of, 211, 294, 310
and missionaries, 199–200, 297, 319
moral opposition to, 199–200, 212–13, 260, 290, 335, 375–7, 409
officials’ use of, 194, 212, 310
Patna, 186–7, 212, 215, 367
poppies, 183, 186, 211, 223, 292, 334, 375, 386, 407–8, 425
production of, 185, 186, 188, 221, 334
punishments for use, 294–5, 332–3, 336, 349
smoking of, 211, 213, 215
spread and extent of use, 212–13, 216, 296
suppression of, 194, 217–19, 286, 291–5, 308–10, 324–8, 331–7, 342
taxation of, 211, 294, 425
treating users of, 225, 335
Turkish, 188, 197
Wu Lanxiu on, 293–4, 308
Yongzheng emperor’s ban (1729), 211
“Opium” (poem), 414
“opium scrip”, 357
opium trade, 182–8, 216–19, 295–8
Bao Shichen’s view of, 221–4, 225, 226
British opposition to, 295–8, 375–7, 409
British public knowledge of, 295–8, 369, 375
at Canton, see Canton opium trade
via Central Asia, 188
Cheng Hanzhang’s view of, 224–5
competition in, 186–7, 212
and consumer fashion, 215
consumers, suppression of, 331–3, 335, 336
and corruption, 194, 212, 215, 216, 217, 218, 293, 309, 331, 335, 424
Deng Tingzhen’s crackdown (1837–9), 342–4, 381
economy, harm to, 221–5, 290–94, 298
and East India Company, 183–7, 199, 215, 289, 295–8, 347, 415, 424
Elliot’s proclamation (1838), 344–5
Elliot’s view of, 319
executions of dealers, 342–4, 346, 349, 374
foreigners’ wealth from, 222
gluts, 189, 257, 324
growth and extent of, 308–9, 336, 427
and Gutzlaff, 258–60, 264, 265, 297
Houqua and, 201
House of Commons debate (1840), 377–88
House of Lords debate (1840), 389–90
from India to China, 184–8, 193, 210, 213, 215, 257–8, 295–8, 327, 407, 408, 409, 412, 424–7
and international cooperation, 195
legalization proposals, 292–4, 308–12, 318–20, 323, 326–7, 331, 333, 334, 336, 337, 379, 406–7
Lin Zexu’s crackdown (1839), see under Lin Zexu
at Lintin, 182–3, 191, 194, 201, 216–17, 257–8, 291, 295, 326, 345
and Macartney mission (1793), 184
and missionaries, 199–200, 297, 319
&nb
sp; and robberies, 217
and silver, 185, 214, 222–5, 289–91, 294, 308–10, 312, 331, 334
and slavery, xxiv, 200, 297–8, 375, 382, 414–15
smuggling in, see under smuggling speculation in, 190–91, 324
suppression of, 194, 217–19, 286, 291–5, 308–10, 324–8, 331–7, 342
and Taiwan, 211, 286
Tianjin seizure (1838), 336, 348, 360
and United States, 188, 193, 195, 222, 324, 345–6, 417, 424
and uprisings (1836), 286
violent turn in, 325
Xiao Lingyu’s view of, 228
Opium War, First (1839–42), 373–400, 401–27
Adams’s view of, 415–16
aftermath of, 401–27
battles in, 402–4
British ambivalence about, 401
and British national honor, 377, 409, 411–12
British officers’ writings on, 404
British opposition to, 375–90, 404
calls for military action prior to, 363, 366, 369–71
casualties, 405
central question of, xxiv
in Chusan, 394
and compensation demands, 356–60, 366–8, 371–2, 393–4, 396–9
and Conservative Party, 405–6, 408
costs of, 406, 412
De Quincey’s views on, 410–11, 415
Dinghai, capture of (1840), 394
Elliot–Qishan negotiations (1840), 395–9
and “extraterritoriality”, 397
goals, 391–2, 401
Hong Kong, battle of (1839), 374
House of Commons debate (1840), 377–88
House of Lords debate (1840), 389–90
Kowloon incident (1839), 373–4
length of, 403–4
and Lin Zexu, see under Lin Zexu medal commemorating, 401
military strength, imbalance in, xxiv, 402–3
modern Chinese history, beginning of, xxiii, 426
momentum of, 391
monkeys, use of, 403
name of, 377
Nanjing, siege of (1842), 405
Nanjing, Treaty of (1842), 406–8, 417, 420
in Ningbo, 403
and opening of China, 392–3, 406
plans for, 392–3
rationale for, 390
symbolic power of, xxii
Times, reporting on, 404, 405
and United States, 413–21
Wei Yuan’s account of, 423–4
Western histories of, xxv
and Whigs, 366, 371, 376–80, 387, 388, 394, 404
Oregon, 192
Ottoman Empire, 370
Pagri, 135–7, 142
Pakistan, 424
Palmerston, Lord, see Temple, Henry John
Paris, 21, 82
Parsi merchants, 181, 186, 189, 347–8, 354, 357, 358, 367, 373
Patna opium, 186–7, 212, 215, 367
Pearl River, xix, 10, 12, 149, 168, 179, 275, 294, 373–4
Tiger’s Mouth, 10–11, 41, 168, 272, 274–5, 282–3, 291, 299, 307, 326, 364–5, 370
Peel, Robert, 405
Perkins, Thomas Handasyd, 178, 191, 413