The 4 Percent Universe

by Richard Panek

  lab press release: "Supernova Cosmology Project Named in Science Magazine's Breakthrough of the Year," Dec. 17, 1998, http://www.osti.gov.news/releases98/decpr/pr98192.htm.

  "Basically": John Noble Wilford, "In the Light of Dying Stars, Astronomers See Intimations of Cosmic Immortality," New York Times, Apr. 21, 1998.

  "Observational Evidence": Riess et al. 1998.

  A straw poll: The Editors, "Revolution in Cosmology," Scientific American, January 1999.

  167 "Their highest": Turner.

  "It made": Turner.

  [>] "Admit it": Schmidt.

  "Cosmology Solved? Maybe": M. Turner 1998a.

  straightforward "Cosmology Solved?": M. Turner 1998b.

  [>] "distasteful": John Noble Wilford, "New Findings Help Balance the Cosmological Books," New York Times, Feb. 9, 1999.

  When he thought: Wilford, "New Findings Help Balance."

  "half enthusiast": Wilford, "New Findings Help Balance."

  [>] "ridiculous": Turner.

  "purposefully provocative": M. Turner1999.

  [>] Adam Riess: Riess.

  Not only did: Carroll et al., pp. 503–4.

  "No worker": Carroll et al., p. 504.

  [>] "you wouldn't be able": Turner.

  wouldhave cooled: Carroll et al., p. 503.

  [>] "I have not": Thompson, p. 1065.

  "superfluous": Stachel, p. 124.

  "You observational": Filippenko.

  [>] "Nobody has ever": Riess.

  [>] made their point: Gilliland et al.

  He couldn't stop: Riess.

  [>] "astronomy of the invisible": Dennis Overbye, "From Light to Darkness: Astronomy's New Universe," New York Times, Apr. 10, 2001.

  [>] Among the observers: "The Dark Universe: Matter, Energy, and Gravity," Space Telescope Science Institute, Baltimore, Apr. 2–5, 2001.

  as she pointed out: Rubin 2003, p. 1.

  10. THE CURSE OF THE BAMBINO

  [>] Karl van Bibber: van Bibber.

  catchingan axion: van Bibber and Rosenberg, p. 31.

  [>] "cold planets": Rubin 1997, p. 128.

  Paczynski suggested: Paczynski 1986a, 1986b.

  [>] "Of course": Gates, p. 71.

  "the probability": Gates, p. 72.

  188 discovered that deuterium: Riordan and Schramm, p. 81.

  "baryometer": Turner 1999.

  By similar reasoning: Riordan and Schramm, pp. 81–83.

  [>] and perhaps higher: Riordan and Schramm, pp. 85–86.

  [>] a "Great Wall": Geller and Huchra.

  Two-degree-Field: Peacock et al.

  Sloan Digital: Abazajian et al.

  Galaxies formed first: Finkbeiner 1996.

  Cosmic Evolution Survey: Massey et al.

  [>] closely parsed: Clowe.

  [>] "you could put": Turner.

  [>] a group of twelve: Mahapatra.

  "Of course": Cabrera.

  [>] "We would have totally": Cooley.

  "Dark matter discovered?": http://monkeyfilter.com/link.php/17049.

  "Has Dark Matter": http://www.popsci.com/science/article/2009–12/evidence-dark-matter-emerges-worlds-most-sensative-detector.

  "Rumor has it": http://greenteabreak.com/2009/12/08/rumor-has-it-that-the-first-dark-matter-particle-has-been-found/.

  "¿Se ha descubierto": http://www.migui.com/ciencias/fisica/¿se-ha-descubierto-la-materia-oscura-en-el-cdms.html.

  "Pátránípo supersymetrické": http://www.scinet.cz/patrani-po-supersymetricke-skryte-hmote.html.

  "": http://ameblo.jp/physics/entry-10409525072.html.

  "the Thursday speakers": http://resonaances.blogspot.com/2009/12/little-update-on-cdms.html.

  [>] Discover magazine: http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/cosmic-variance/2009/12/17/dark-matter-detected-or-not-live-blogging-the-seminar/.

  "The results": http://titus.stanford.edu/public/movies/vmt6ud.mov.

  "I'm in love": Rosenberg.

  [>] "I called this particle": Wilczek 1991.

  "vanishingly small": van Bibber.

  In 1989: van Bibber.

  [>] Juan Collar: Collar.

  [>] "sort of a rude": van Bibber.

  11. THE THING

  [>] William L. Holzapfel: Holzapfel.

  [>] For Holzapfel: Holzapfel.

  [>] acceleration paper: Perlmutter et al. 1999.

  [>] "But I don't": Bennett.

  [>] The first question: National Research Council, p. 2.

  [>] "In a Universe": Michael S. Turner, "Dark Energy and the New Cosmology," http://supernova.lbl.gov/~evlinder/turner.pdf. in January 2002: National Research Council, p. 184.

  "the most vexing": National Research Council, p. 144.

  [>] Dark Universe meeting: Riess et al. 2001.

  In 2004: Riess et al. 2004.

  and 2006: Riess et al. 2007.

  Peebles had noted: Peebles and Yu.

  mapped the locations: Eisenstein et al.

  [>] "I hit 'go'": George.

  [>] required shipping: William Mullen, "Dark Energy in the Spotlight," Chicago Tribune, Dec. 31, 2007.

  And because much: Crawford, McMahon.

  [>] Twice a day: Vanderlinde.

  started making noises: Crawford, McMahon.

  [>] signed off on a paper: Staniszewski et al.

  12. MUST COME DOWN

  [>] weeklong meeting: "Origins of Dark Energy," Origins Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, May 14–17, 2007; Perimeter Institute, Waterloo, Ontario, May 18–20, 2007.

  [>] "I'm the last": Schmidt.

  [>] "Experience remains": Einstein 1934, p. 274.

  [>] "I hold it": Einstein 1934, p. 274.

  "Saul thinks": Suntzeff.

  "Saul is going": Filippenko.

  [>] "big enough": Riess.

  "mentioned NASA": Mather and Boslough, p. 236.

  "appear to be": Filippenko.

  [>] Filippenko's personal: Filippenko 2001.

  Kirshnerpublished: Kirshner.

  "Well, it tells me": Cahn.

  "The High-z accounts": Groom.

  [>] "Dear Saul": Kirshner.

  Over the years: Schmidt NLA.

  "We announced": http://www.shawprize.org/en/laureates/2006/astronomy/Perlmutter_Riess_Schmidt/autobiography/Perlmutter.html.

  227 "Thoughts on": http://www.cfa.harvard.edu/~rkirshner/whowhatwhen/Thoughts.htm.

  "Dear Bob": Perlmutter.

  Kirshneraddressed: Kirshner.

  [>] the feeling among some: Filippenko.

  "My team": Goldhaber.

  ranan article: Sharon Begley, "In 'Dark Energy,' Cosmic Humility," Newsweek, Oct. 1, 1998.

  Part One began: http://newscenter.lbl.gov/news-releases/2007/12/12/dark-energys-10th-anniversary-2/.

  "Fundamentalist Physics": White.

  [>] another cosmology meeting: American Astronomical Society meeting, Minneapolis, May 29-June 2, 2005.

  [>] "We have not": American Astronomical Society meeting, Washington, DC, Jan. 6–10, 2002.

  "deep theory": Riess.

  Perlmutter liked to begin: Perlmutter.

  a friend: Glazebrook.

  yet one more conference: "New Views of the Universe" symposium, Chicago, Dec. 8–13, 2005.

  "heyday for talking": Carroll. 232

  "not worth it!": "A Decade of Dark Energy," Space Telescope Science Institute, Baltimore, May 5–8, 2008.

  "standing out": Schmidt.

  "then it's a number": Livio.

  one of the dark-energy conferences: "A Decade of Dark Energy," Space Telescope Science Institute, Baltimore, May 5–8, 2008.

  [>] even its defenders: McGaugh.

  [>] less than a millimeter: Adelberger.

  [>] "Have you heard": Peebles 2003, p. 4.

  [>] didn't explain the mechanism:John Peacock, "A Decade of Dark Energy."

  EPILOGUE

  [>] The trumpet fanfare: Video, Peter and Patricia Gruber Foundation, New York.

  240 "Let's just pause": "A Decade of Dark Ene
rgy," Space Telescope Science Institute.

  [>] George Smoot's: Smoot.

  [>] "The really hard problems": Turner.

  "If you put": Andreas Albrecht, "Origins of Dark Energy," McMaster University.

  [>] "In a very real": Rubin 1997, p. 129.

  The world changes: Rubin.

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