Carrier (1999)
Page 49
Stevens, Paul D., ed. The Navy Cross: Vietnam. Sharp & Dunnigan, 1987.
Stevenson, James P. Grumman F-14 “Tomcat.” Aero Publishers, 1975.
—. The Pentagon Paradox. USNI Press, 1993.
Stockdale, Jim and Sybil. In Love and War. Naval Institute Press, 1990.
Straubel, James H. Crusade for Airpower. Aerospace Education Foundation, 1982.
Summers, Harry G., Jr., Colonel USA (Ret.). A Critical Analysis of the Gulf War. Dell Publishing, 1992.
—. The New World Strategy. Simon & Schuster, 1995.
Swanborough, Gordon, and Peter Bowers. United States Military Aircraft since 1909. Smithsonian, 1989.
—. United States Navy Aircraft since 1911. Naval Institute Press, 1990.
Talbott, Strobe. Deadly Gambits. Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., 1984.
Terraine, John. A Time for Courage: The Royal Air Force in the European War, 1939-1945. MacMillan Publishing Company, 1985.
The Intelligence Revolution—U.S. Air Force Academy. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1988.
The World’s Missile Systems. General Dynamics, 1988.
Thomborough, Anthony. Sky Spies: The Decades of Airborne Reconnaissance. Arms and Armour, 1993.
Tilford, Earl H., Jr. Search and Rescue. Center for Air Force History, 1992.
Tillman, Barrett. Corsair. USNI Press, 1984.
—. Dauntless. USNI Press, 1976.
—. Dauntless: A Novel of Midway and Guadalcanal. Bantam, 1992.
—. Hellcat. USNI Press, 1979.
—. Hellcats: A Novel of War in the Pacific. Brassey’s, 1996.
—. MiG Master. USNI Press, 1985.
—. On Yankee Station. USNI Press, 1988.
Toffler, Alvin and Heidi. War and Anti-War: Survival at the Dawn of the 21st Century. Little, Brown, 1993.
Toliver, Colonel Taymond F., and Trevor J. Constable. Fighter General: The Life of Adolf Galland. AmPress, 1990.
Townsend, Peter. Duel of Eagles. Simon & Schuster, 1969.
TRW Space Data, 4th ed. TRW, 1992.
Ulanoff, Stanley M., Brigadier General, USAR, and David Eshel, Lieutenant Colonel, IDF (Ret.). The Fighting Israeli Air Force. Arco Publishing, 1985.
U.S. News and World Report Staff. Triumph without Victory: The Unreported History of the Persian Gulf War. Random House, 1992.
Valenzi, Kathleen D. Forged in Steel: US Marine Corps Aviation. Howell Press, 1987.
Van der Vat, Dan. The Pacific Campaign, World War II. Simon & Schuster, 1991.
Venkus, Colonel Robert E. Raid on Qaddafi. St. Martin’s Press, 1992.
Volkman, Ernest, and Blaine Baggett. Secret Intelligence: The Inside Story of America’s Espionage Empire. Doubleday, 1989.
Von Hassell, Agostino. Strike Force: US Marine Special Operations. Howell Press, Charlottesville, Virginia, 1991.
Wagner, William. Fireflies and other UAV’s. Midland Publishing Limited, 1992.
—. Lightning Bugs and Other Reconnaissance Drones. Aero Publishers, 1982.
Walker, Bryce. Fighting Jets. Time-Life Books, 1983.
Walter, Douglas C. The Commandos: The Inside Story of America’s Secret Soldiers. Simon & Schuster, 1994.
Ward, Commander Nigel “Sharkey,” DSC, AFC, RN. Sea Harrier over the Falklands: A Maverick at War. Naval Institute Press, 1992.
Warden, John A., III, Colonel, USAF. The Air Campaign: Planning for Combat. Brassey’s Publishing, 1989.
Ware, Lewis B. Low Intensity Conflict in the Third World. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1988.
Warnock, A. Timothy. The Battle against the U-Boat in the American Theater. The U.S. Army Air Forces in World War II, 1992.
Watson, Bruce W., Bruce George, MP, Peter Tsouras, and B. L. Cyr. Military Lessons of the Gulf War. Greenhill Books, 1991.
Wedertz, Bill. Dictionary of Naval Abbreviations. Naval Institute Press, 1977.
Weinberg, Gerhard. A World at Arms: A Global History of World War 11. Cambridge, 1994.
Weinberger, Caspar. Fighting for Peace: Seven Critical Years in the Pentagon. Warner Books, 1990.
Weinberger, Caspar, and Peter Schweizer. The Next War. Regnery, 1996.
Weisgall, Jonathan M. Operation Crossroads: The Atomic Tests at Bikini Atoll. Naval Institute Press, 1994.
Weissman, Steve, and Herbert Krosney. The Islamic Bomb. Times Books, 1981.
Werrell, Kenneth P. The Evolution of the Cruise Missile. Air University Press, 1985.
Westerfield, H. Bradford, ed. Inside CIA’s Private World: Declassified Articles from the Agency’s Internal Journal. Yale University Press, 1995.
Whipple, A. B. To the Shores of Tripoli: The Birth of the US Navy and Marines. Morrow, 1991.
Wilcox, Robert. Scream of Eagles. John F. Wiley & Sons, 1990.
—. Wings of Fury. Pocket Books, 1996.
Winnefeld, James A., and Dana J. Johnson. A League of Airmen: US Air Power in the Gulf War. Rand Project Air Force, 1994.
—. Joint Air Operations: Pursuit of Unity in Command and Control 1942-1991. Naval Institute Press, 1993.
Winter, Frank H. The First Golden Age of Rocketry. Smithsonian Institution, 1990.
Winton, John. ULTRA in the Pacific. Naval Institute Press, 1993.
Wood, Derek. Jane’s World Aircraft Recognition Handbook, 5th ed. Jane’s Information Group, 1992.
—. Project Cancelled: The Disaster of Britain’s Abandoned Aircraft Projects. Jane’s Publishing Inc., 1986.
Woodward, Robert. The Commanders. Simon & Schuster, 1991.
Woodward, Sandy, Admiral, RN. One Hundred Days: The Memoirs of the Falklands Battle Group Commander. Naval Institute Press, 1992.
Yergin, Daniel. The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money and Power. Simon & Schuster, 1991.
Yonay, Ehud. No Margin for Error. Pantheon, 1993.
Yoshimura, Akira. Build the Musashi! The Birth and Death of the World’s Greatest Warship. Kodansha, Tokyo, 1996.
—. Zero Fighter. Praeger, 1996.
Zaloga, Steven J. Target America: The Soviet Union and the Strategic Arms Race, 1945-1964. Presidio Press, 1993.
Zumwalt, Elmo, Admiral, USN (Ret.). On Watch. Admiral Zumwalt Associates, Arlington, Virginia, 1976.
Zuyev, Alexander, with Malcolm McConnell. Fulcrum: A Top Gun Pilot’s Escape from the Soviet Empire. Warner Books, 1992.
Pamphlets:
GPS: A Guide to the Next Utility. Trimble Navigation, 1989.
Measuring Effects of Payload and Radius Differences of Fighter Aircraft. Rand, 1993.
Reaching Globally Reaching Powerfully: The United States Air Force in the Gulf War. Department of the Air Force, 1991.
Space Log, 1993. TRW, 1994.
TRW Space Data, 4th ed. TRW, 1992.
Magazines:
Air and Space Smithsonian. Smithsonian Institute.
Air Force. United States Air Force Association.
Air Forces Monthly. Key Publishing, Ltd.
Air International. Expediters of the Printed Word, Ltd.
Airman. Air Force News Agency.
Airpower Journal. United States Air Force.
Aviation Week and Space Technology. McGraw Hill Publications.
Code One. Lockheed Martin.
Command: Military History, Strategy and Analysis. XTR Corporation.
Naval History. United States Naval Institute.
The Economist. The Economist.
The Hook. The Tailhook Association.
USAF Weapons Review. Commandant, USAF Weapons School.
U.S. News and World Report. U.S. News and World Report.
USNI Proceedings. United States Naval Institute.
Wings of Fame. Aerospace Publishing Ltd., Airtime Publishing, Inc.
World Airpower Journal. Aerospace Publishing Ltd., Airtime Publishing, Inc.
Videotapes:
AGM-137 (ISSAM). U.S. Air Force, 9/6/94.
A New Legacy. Northrop Television Communications, 1994.
BLU-109B: Penetrate and Destroy. Lockheed Missiles and Space Company, 1992<
br />
CIA: The Secret Files, parts 1-4. A&E Home Video, 1992.
FIA-18 Hornet ’94. McDonnell Douglas, Northrop Grumman, General Electric, Hughes, 1994.
Fighter Air Combat Trainer. Spectrum HoloByte, 1993.
Fire and Steel. McDonnell Douglas, 1992
Heroes of the Storm. Media Center, 1991
It’s about Performance. Sight & Sound Media, 1994
JSOW Update 1994. Texas Instruments, 1994.
Loral Aeronutronic-Pave Tack Exec. Version. Loral, 1991
MAG-13 Music Video, long version. McDonnell Douglas, 1992
Navy League—1992. McDonnell Douglas & Northrop, 1992.
Navy League—1993. McDonnell Douglas, Northrop, General Electric, Hughes, 1993.
New Developments in the Harpoon and Slam. Media Center, 1996
Night Strike Fighter F/A-18. McDonnell Douglas, Northrop, General Electric, Hughes, 1992
Night Hawk F/4-18 Targeting FLIR Video. Loral Aeronutronic, 1995
Nobody Does It Better. McDonnell Douglas, 1996
OM94008 Lantim Turning Night into DavlllOM94154 Lantim/Pathfinder Cockpit Display. Martin Marietta, 9/29/94.
On the Road Again. McDonnell Douglas, Northrop, General Electric, Hughes, 1995
Operation Desert Storm Night Hawk and Pave Tack FLIR Video for IRIS. Loral Aeronutronic, 1991
Paveway Stock Footage. Defense Systems & Electronics Group, 1991
Slam/Slam ER Product Video. Media Center, 1994
Slam Video Composite. Media Center, 1992
Stealth and Survivability, revision 5. Television Communications, 1994
Storm from the Sea. Naval Institute, 1991.
The Canadian Forces in the Persian Gulf. DGPA-Director General Public Affairs, 1991
War in the Gulf Video, Series 1-4. Video Oradance Inc., 1991.
Wings of the Red Star, volume 1, 2, and 3. The Discovery Channel, 1993.
Wings over the Gulf, volume 1,2, and 3. Discovery Communications Inc., 1991.
Games:
Ace of Aces of Jet Eagles. NOVA Game Designs, Inc., 0-917037-07-3.
Ace of Aces Wingleader. NOVA Game Designs, Inc., 0-917037-06-5.
Ace of Aces WWI Air Combat Game. NOVA Game Designs, Inc., 0-917037-00-6.
Air Strike: Modern Air-to-Ground Combat. Game Designers Workshop, 1987, 0-943580-30-7.
Air Superiority: Modern Jet Air Combat. Game Designers Workshop, 1987, 0-943580-19-6.
Captain’s Edition Harpoon. GDW Games, 1990, 1-55878-054-8.
Dawn Patrol: Role-Playing Game of WWI Air Combat. TSR Hobbies, 1980.
Flight Leader: The Game of Air-to-Air Jet Combat Tactics, 1950-Present. The Avalon Hill Game Company, 1985, 0-911605-22-3.
Harpoon. Game Designers Workshop, 1987, 0-943580-12-9.
Over the Reich: WWII Air Combat over Europe. Clash of Arms Games, 1995.
The Speed of Heat: Air Combat over Korea and Vietnam. Clash of Arms Games, 1993.
1 “Tora ... Tora ... Tora” is Japanese for “Tiger ... Tiger... Tiger.” This was the radio call indicating a fully successful strike on the Hawaiian air and Naval bases.
2 Midway and the Battles of the Coral Sea, Eastern Solomons, and Santa Cruz Islands were all fought between Japanese and American carrier groups in 1942. They were unique in being the first battles where the major opposing forces never actually sighted each other, and the majority of the damage was inflicted by air strikes instead of gun or torpedo fire. In these actions, six Japanese and three American flattops were sunk.
3 In the spring of 1998, oceanographer and adventurer Dr. Robert Ballard led an expedition that located the sunken Yorktown on the ocean floor north of Midway Atoll. Upright on the bottom, she is in excellent shape, with her guns still trained out, as if ready for action.
4 “Littoral” regions are defined geographically as those areas lying within several hundred miles/kilometers of a coastline. Since the majority of the world’s population, finance, industry, and infrastructure reside in littoral regions, the sea services focus on operations there.
5 For more on the ARG and MEU (SOC), see: Marine: A Guided Tour of a Marine Expeditionary Unit (Berkley Books, 1996).
6 The primary Zeppelin base for operations against England and the North Sea fleets was at Tondern near Whelimshaven (on the German/Danish border). In July of 1917, seven Sopwith Camels flying from the flying-off deck of HMS Furious attacked the Zeppelin sheds there; three Zeppelins were destroyed in their hangar.
7 Battle cruisers, a British invention, combined a large hull and power plant with a battleship’s armament. While as fast as a cruiser (twenty-five-plus knots) and as heavily armed as a battleship, they lacked the armor protection of a traditional dreadnought. This made them vulnerable to enemy fire in a gunnery duel, though they could normally run away from a stock battleship.
8 The “5:5:3 ratio” represented the allowable naval tonnage under the treaty for the U.S., Great Britain and Japan respectively. The treaty held until the 1930s, when the run-up to World War II began.
9 Though it would be two decades before practical experience would prove it, the single most important characteristic of carrier design is aircraft capacity. No other factor, including speed, antiaircraft armament, or armor protection is so desirable as the ability to carry and operate lots of aircraft. The British found this out the hard way, when they sacrificed aircraft capacity for armor protection in their Illustrious-class carriers, which could only carry about thirty-six planes (while the American Yorktown (CV-5) and Japanese Shokaku-class carriers could carry ninety).
10 Of the three battleships that sank to the bottom of Taranto Harbor, the Littorio and Caio Duillo were eventually raised and returned to service. The third vessel, the Conte de Cavor, was not repaired prior to the Italian Armistice in 1943.
11 Unlike the Japanese, who tended to keep their warriers in combat until they died, the United States developed a rotation system to rest and replenish its combat personnel at all levels—even admirals. Thus, the fast carrier fleet had two sets of commanders and staffs: the 3rd Fleet under Admiral Halsey, and the 5th commanded by Admiral Raymond Spruance. After each operation, the two fleet staffs would switch, allowing the outgoing group to rest and plan the next mission. Thus, when Halsey was in command, the fleet was known as Task Force 34; and when Admiral Spruance took over, the carrier force was known as Task Force 58.
12 In addition to the loss of the Hiyo, the Japanese also lost the two large fleet carriers Shokaku and Taiho to submarine attacks.
13 One of the few survivors of the purge was Admiral Arleigh Burke, later to become—arguably—the Navy’s greatest modern leader.
14 The CSS Virginia is more widely, though incorrectly, known as the Merrimac, after the Union ship that she was built from.
15 In 1995, the Air Force signed an agreement with the Navy and Marine Corps to retire their fleet of EF- 111A Raven electronic warfarc/jamming aircraft for a series of joint squadrons composed of EA-6B Prowlers. These joint squadrons, which have personnel from all three services, have been formed to provide suppression of enemy air defense (SEAD) services for joint component commanders, and deployed CVWs.
16 Navy jargon for a rookie flier on their first cruise or deployment.
17 The most extreme of these engagements occurred early in the Battle of Leyte Gulf, when the commander of Air Group Nine aboard the USS Essex (CV-9), Commander David McCampbell, and a single wingman, Lieutenant Roy Rushing, engaged an incoming Japanese fighter force of over fifty enemy aircraft. McCampbell shot down at least nine, while Rushing killed six. No other American fighter mission—in any war—shot down so many. For this performance, McCampbell was awarded the Medal of Honor, and Rushing the Navy Cross.
18 A pun. For the Navy, Airedales are not a breed of English terrier but the nickname used by ship’s personnel to describe the Naval aviators of the embarked air wing.
19 The worst of these losses occurred on the 1967/68 cruise of the USS Oriskany (CVA-34) and CVW-16. During 122
days of action on “the line” in the Tonkin Gulf, thirty-nine CVW-16 aircraft were lost to combat and accidents, with twenty air crew killed, and another seven taken prisoner—over half the embarked aircraft, and something over 10% of the aircrew personnel. Vietnam combat cruises with losses of over twenty aircraft were not unusual.
20 Elmo Zumwalt was an early leader in improving conditions for enlisted personnel in the Navy. He provided much of the impetus for the necessary changes required for the all-volunteer military force that followed Vietnam. He also helped redefine the relationship between officers and enlisted personnel, greatly increasing respect and courtesy between the two groups.
21 The name derives from the Tailhook Association, a civilian organization that promotes and supports Naval aviation. The Association, which actually sponsors the Las Vegas conferences, had nothing at all to do with the Tailhook scandal (and was officially exonerated during the Department of Defense investigation). The Association is a fine organization, which publishes a superb magazine, The Hook.
22 There are still a few enlisted billets in naval aviation, but these arc limited to personnel in charge of cargo loading, para-rescue, and some sensor operations. In general, any position of responsibility is going to have an officer in it.
23 The naval aviation program also trains air crews for the Coast Guard, which is technically a part of the Department of Transportation. These include graduates of the Coast Guard Academy in New London, Connecticut, as well as the Coast Guard Officer Candidate School at Yorktown, Virginia. Other nations also send their naval aviation candidates to take their training in the U.S.
24 Just a few years ago, service academy graduates automatically received a regular commission upon graduation. However, in an attempt to even the playing field for non-academy graduates, all new officer commissions are now reserve commissions. Once officers have risen to the rank of lieutenant, they can apply for what is called “augmentation” to a regular status.