creative destruction and, 86, 184
right-handed power and, 90
and slavery, expansion of both, 33, 413
Caribbean Islands, 3, 4, 42, 297
Certificate of good character, 175, 176 (photo), 177 (table), 178 (table), 180
Chase, Salmon, 371, 372–373, 388–389
Chew, Beverley, 86–87, 89
Child, Lydia Maria, 314, 315
Christianity, African-American, 210–213
Citizenship, birthright, for African Americans, 408
Civil rights movement, 407
Civil War/Civil War era, 393, 397–407, 414
abolishment of slavery and, 405
African-American marriages during, 404–405
African-American voting rights and, 406–407, 408, 409, 411
African Americans as soldiers in, 402–405
Battle of Fort Sumter, 395
cotton production during, 398–400
end of, 406
post-, and treatment of African Americans, 407–410
states’ rights as cause of, apologists’ lie about, 390, 409
threat of, and Missouri crisis, 155, 156–157
veterans’ pensions and, 397–398, 405, 411
Claiborne, William C., 49–55, 59, 60–61, 64, 66
Clarkson, Mary, 241–242, 287
Clay, Cassius, 314
Clay, Henry, 91–92, 141–142, 156, 157–158, 218, 392, 393
banks and, 250, 251–252, 254, 256
Compromise of 1850 and, 337–339, 341
Groves v. Slaughter and, 288–289
Texas and, 302–303
Clothing, of enslaved people, 114, 122
Coffle(s), 1, 22, 26 (photo), 32, 36
conflicts and alliances in, 25
in the US Capitol, 27, 28 (photo)
Colbert, January, 261–262
Colbert, William, 261–262, 263 (photo)
Collins Axe Works, 320–321, 322
Colonial America, 3–4
Compromise of 1850, 332–342, 346, 347, 366, 372
The Confessions of Nat Turner (Turner), 207
Conflict, among enslaved people, 149–150
Congress, U.S.
and expansion of slavery, in northern free states vs. southern slave states, 332–342
expansion of slavery and, 255–258, 297–304
and slave representation in the House of Representatives, 9–10, 20, 153–154, 324
See also specific representatives and senators
Consolidated Associated of Planters of Louisiana (C.A.P.L.), 245–248, 249, 254, 267
Constitution, U.S., 9, 12, 312, 313
interest as governing principle shaping, 10–11
and slavery, ban on, 329–331
substantive due process and, 329–331
Constitutional Convention of 1787, 9–10, 40
Corn-shucking competitions, and enslaved people, 158–160, 161 (photo)
Cornish, Samuel, 194–195, 198
Cotton gin, 18, 19 (photo), 82, 116
Cotton mills, northern, 312, 317
Cotton picker, mechanical, 116
Cotton picking, 125 (photo), 130 (photo)
skill/experience in, 136–139
Cotton prices, 173, 174 (fig.), 176, 269–270, 311–312, 314
Cotton production, 18, 112–114, 114 (table), 125–131, 127 (fig.), 129 (table), 172, 271–272, 413
banks, slave trade, politics and, 229–233, 238–239, 244–259
and capitalism, xviii–xix, 42–43, 77–83, 85–92, 127–131, 141–143, 178–185, 191, 229–233, 239–243, 257–258, 292, 317–323
during Civil War, 398–400
daily quota per enslaved person and, 126, 386–387, 410
economic growth and, 229
in the 1850s, 350, 359, 386–387
enslaved people transferred to southwestern states and, 185
labor systems and, 115–118, 121–122, 123, 130, 135–136, 149
and northern industry, expansion of, 317–322, 322–323
postslavery, 410
role of, in northern vs. southern states, 323
Cotton productivity, and weigh-in/quotas/whipping/torture, 131–136, 132 (photo), 135 (photo), 139–144, 197, 363–365
Cotton textile industry, 80–82, 317, 319, 323–324
Cotton trade
credit, slavery and, 90–94, 108
in New Orleans, 76–77, 78 (photo), 81, 82–83, 87
See also Slave trade
Creative destruction, and capitalism, 86, 184
Credit, 90–94, 100, 108, 229–233, 244–245, 245–248, 249, 254, 272–273
Crittenden plan, 391–392, 393
Cuba, 53–54, 297–298, 354–358, 358 (photo), 373–374
Culture, African-American, 416, 417
Cushing, Caleb, 370, 388
Daniel, Peter, 377, 378
Davenport, Carey, 190
Davis, Jefferson, 339, 356, 366, 370, 387, 388, 392, 393, 404, 406
Declaration of Independence, 6
Delegates, free-state and slave-state, 157
Democracy, white-males-only, 252
Democrats, northern, and abolitionists’ attempts to silence, 327
Deposit Act of 1836, 270
Deslondes, Charles, 58, 62, 63
Destrehan slave labor camp, 60, 61, 62, 109
Devereux, Adaline, 285
Devereux, John, 284–285, 287–288, 304–307
Devereux, Julien, 284–285, 287–288, 304, 305, 307
Dickinson, Richard, 344, 359
Diffusion of slavery, 30, 34–35, 48, 153
Douglas, Stephen, 301, 302, 340, 367, 369–372, 375, 376, 388–389
Kansas-Nebraska Act and, 378, 379
Lecompton constitution and, 381
Lincoln-Douglas debates, 381–383
Douglass, Frederick, 179, 184, 197, 334, 346, 401
Harpers Ferry raid and, 384
Douglass, James, 402–403, 404
Dred Scott v. Sanford, 376–379, 380
Drug foods, 79
Duncan, Stephen, 232, 248, 256, 276, 353, 394
Economic collapse of 2008, 248, 270
Edwards, Bryan, 236, 237 (photo)
Election of 1860, 388–393
Elections, 232
white male equality and, 222–224
Ellsworth, Oliver, 10, 11
Emancipated people, in Boston, 309–315
Emancipation, 399, 400–402, 406
British Empire, 297–298
Haiti, 44–49
Northern US, 4, 7, 14]
Emancipation Proclamation, 400–402, 406
Emerson, Eliza, 368–369, 376, 378
Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 386
Enslaved men
as husbands and fathers, 280–284
manhood and, 219, 262, 281–282
resistance, honor, manhood and, 281–282
Enslaved people
altruism/sharing among, 150–152
clothing of, 114, 122
conflict among, 149–150
corn-shucking competitions and, 158–160, 161 (photo)
evangelical Protestantism/God and, 198–207
food provided for, 118
health/disease and, 114, 122
infant death rates and, 122, 122 (table), 123 (table)
innovation of, 138, 140, 142, 163
language of, 148, 150
mean heights of adults and, 182, 183 (table)
number imported to/sold in New Orleans and, 76, 77 (table), 102, 103 (table)
number transferred from southeastern to southwestern states and, 185
political agenda of, 416–417
population of, 31, 56, 246 (table), 266, 288, 322, 355, 360–361
possessions of, 152–153
solidarity of, 172
songs/music/dancing and, 146–147, 160–168, 165 (photo)
as the Undead, 145–147, 147–148
wages and, 129–130
wealth i
n the U.S. and, 245, 246 (table)
See also African Americans
Enslaved women
as “fancy girls,” 240–241, 242–244
as laborers, 134, 138–139
as mothers, 105–106, 183, 359, 361–363
and pleasures of resistance, 159, 164
and prostitution, forced, 240
rape of, 25, 235, 236–237
sexual exploitation of/sexual assault on, 215–217, 233–244, 305, 359 (see also Sexual desire, slave trade, and financial risk)
as spiritual/magical practitioners, 149–150, 204–205, 294–295
Entrepreneurs, 85–90, 92, 175
creative destruction and, 86
and future slave trading, creation of markets for, 107–108
See also Professional slave trade/traders
European empires, 7, 42–43, 44, 45, 50, 56, 59, 68, 157, 254, 255, 399
European immigration, to the North, 324
Evangelical Protestantism/God, 198–207
Expansion of slavery
false claims about, 29–30
legacy of, 417
Faith bonds, 254, 255, 290. See also Bonds
Falls, Robert, 179, 185, 206, 264
Family separations, 106–107, 107 (photo), 148, 171, 180, 181 (photo), 188, 192, 244 (photo)
“Fancy girls,” enslaved women as, 240–241, 242–244. See also Sexual exploitation, of enslaved women
Faro, Thomas, 401, 409
Federal slave code, 387, 388
Fedric, Francis, 13–14, 16, 159, 160, 163
Fillmore, Millard, 340, 376
Financial capitalism, 33–34, 90–91, 245–258, 270–271
Financial crisis of 2008, 248, 270
Financial risk, sexual desire, and slave trade, 233–235, 236–237, 243–244. See also Sexual exploitation, of enslaved women
Finney, Starling, 25, 190
First Bank of the United States, 91. See also Second Bank of the United States
Fitz, William, 105, 108–109
Fletcher v. Peck, 32–34, 93
Florida, 68, 69, 156, 157–158
Food, 118
Foote, Henry, 336, 339, 341
Forced migration, 1–2, 35–37, 148, 158, 188, 190
of Ball, Charles, from Maryland to South Carolina, 16–37
of Breckinridge slaves to Kentucky, 11–16
by decade, 1790–1859, 3 (table)
escape from, 24–25
financial links to, 4–5
oral history of, 171–172
professional slave trade/traders and, 175
rape and, 25
Fortier, Jacques, 60, 61
Fourteenth Amendment, 408
Franklin, Benjamin, 9
Franklin, Isaac, 231, 234, 238–240, 241, 242, 253, 270, 360
Franklin, James, 240, 243
Freedman’s Bureau, 407–408
Frémont, John, 376, 398
French Revolution, 8, 44–45
Fugitive Slave Acts, 15, 338, 342, 346, 347, 369
Gag rule, 268, 297, 315, 329
Garnet, Henry Highland, 179–180
Garret, Daniel, 66
Garrison, William Lloyd, 194, 195, 197, 209–210, 240, 313
Gender issues, 118, 125, 134
George III, 46
Georgia, 17, 18, 20–21, 21–24, 30, 32
Georgia-men, 21–24, 27, 32, 34, 36, 186
Georgia–Mississippi Land Company, 20–21
Giddings, Joshua, 297, 304, 371
Glen, Tyre, 182, 218, 231, 280
God/evangelical Protestantism, and enslaved people, 198–207
Gowens, Henry, 133–134, 141
Grandy, Moses, 181, 183
Grant, Ulysses S., 329
Gray, Thomas R., 207, 208
Great Britain, 3, 4, 327, 399
cotton textile industry and, 80–82, 129 (table), 317, 319
international slave trade ban and, 48, 186, 297–299, 301
and manufacturing sector, dominance in, 315–316
Texas and, 301, 303
Great Migration, 417
Greeley, Horace, 378
Grimes, William, 23, 149–150
Groves, Moses, 288–289, 290
Groves v. Slaughter, 288–289, 302
Haitian Revolution, 1791–1804, 44–49, 58, 63–65. See Slave rebellion/Haitian Revolution of 1791 (Saint-Domingue)
Hamilton, Alexander, 9, 29, 48–49
Hammond, James Henry, 238, 387
Hampton, Wade, 20, 37, 59, 61, 111, 114, 134, 201, 206
“Hand” concept, 100–105
Harpers Ferry raid, 383–386, 387
Harrison, Thomas, 269, 270, 271
Harrison, William Henry, 267, 278, 279
Hayden, William, 15, 16, 84
“Head” concept, 101
Health/disease, and enslaved people, 114, 122
Hemings, Sally, 6, 235, 236
Henderson, Stephen, 51, 57, 60, 62, 86–87
Henry, Patrick, 20
Hope and Company, 85, 92
Houston, Sam, 267
Hughes, Louis, 96–97, 176, 348
Humiliation, of enslaved people, 261–265
Hunter, Robert M. T., 369, 370
Immigration/immigrants, 328–329, 348, 351, 372, 376, 408
and Northern industry, 324
Indian Removal Act, 228–229, 249, 265. See also Native Americans
Individual transactions, vs. slave auctions, 184
Infant death rates, and enslaved people, 122, 122 (table), 123 (table)
Innovation(s), 344
of enslaved people, 163
labor systems and, 115–118, 121–122, 123, 130, 135–136, 149
mechanical, 116, 128
and professional slave trade/slave traders, innovative trading system of, 173–179
in torture, 121–122, 130
in violence, 117–118
International slave trade, 47–48, 52, 302, 366, 368
ban on, 48, 186, 297–299, 301 (see also Slavery: ban on)
See also Atlantic slave trade; Middle Passage; Professional slave trade/slave traders; Slave trade
Ivy, Lorenzo, xiii–xv, xx–xxvii, 406, 419–420
Jackson, Andrew, 52, 93, 325–326, 329, 377, 393, 395
banks and, 249–254, 256, 266, 268–269, 270
Battle of New Orleans and, 70–73
and B.U.S., veto of, 269, 270
“Hermitage” slave labor camp of, 149
as president, 238, 255 (photo), 265–266
as president, and white male equality, 224–229
Texas and, 266, 268, 297
War of 1812 and, 66–73
Jefferson, Thomas, 51, 153
diffusion and, 30, 34–35, 48
family separation and, 192
foreign trade embargo and, 53
and Hemings, Sally (an enslaved woman), fathering children with, 6, 235, 236
international slave-trade ban and, 48
Jackson, Andrew, and, 67
Louisiana Purchase and, 47, 49, 79
Missouri crisis and, 147
morality and, 235
New Orleans and, 46, 52
Northwest Ordinance and, 7–8
religious freedom and, 201
as slave owner, 6
slavery contradictions and, 4, 6–7, 8, 27, 28–29, 50
Yazoo land sales and, 33–34
Jim Crow laws (or racial segregation), 409, 411, 415
Johnson, Andrew, 407
Kansas, 380–381, 383
Kansas-Nebraska Act, 371–375, 378, 379, 380
Kendall, Amos, 249, 250
Kenner, William, 51, 57, 60, 62, 82, 86–87, 88, 91, 101, 107
Kentucky, forced migration of Breckinridge slaves to, 11–16
Keynes, John Maynard, 235
Kidnappers, slaver traders as, 189–190, 191, 193–199, 199 (photo)
Kilpatrick, Joe, 280–281, 284
Knight, John, 102, 242, 253, 291
> Labor systems, and cotton production, 115–118, 121–122, 123, 130, 135–136, 149
Land speculation, 18–21
Language, of enslaved people, 148, 150
Latimer family, 309, 325
Latrobe, Benjamin, 88, 116
Lawrence, Abbot, 317, 325
Lawrence, Amos, 372, 374
Leavitt, Joshua, 325–326, 327, 345
LeClerc, Charles, 45, 46
Lecompton (Kansas) constitution, 380–381, 383
Lee, Robert E., 329, 385, 406
Left-handed power, 112–113
Lemmon v. People of New York, 382
Life expectancy, 122, 361
Lincoln, Abraham
assassination of, 407
election of 1860 and, 388–389, 390–391
Emancipation Proclamation and, 400–402
family of, 6, 7, 16, 251
interference with compromise and with secessionists and, 392–395
second inauguration of, 406
voting rights for African Americans and, 406–407
Lincoln-Douglas debates, 381–383
Livingston, Robert, 46, 47
Lochner doctrine, 415
Lockhead, John, 267
Long, John Dixon, 180
Lopez, Narciso, 357, 358
Lorsselle, Nicholas, 100–101
Losson, John, 21
Louisiana, 64, 154, 157. See also Orleans Territory
Louisiana Purchase, 47, 49, 69–70, 79, 154, 227
Louverture, Toussaint, 45, 46–47, 48
Lundy, Benjamin, 193–194, 219, 267, 268
Luther, Martin, 112
Lynch, Charles, 294
Madison, James, 9, 33–34, 67, 69, 93, 201, 334
Masculinity, enslaved men and concepts of, 219, 262, 281–282
Manifest Destiny, 301, 356, 357
Marcy, William, 357–358
Marshall, Alfred, 117
Marshall, Amos, 315
Marshall, Hettie, 171
Marshall, John, 30, 32–33, 34
Marshall, Thomas, 209
Marx, Karl, 334
Maryland, 3, 6, 10, 16
Mason, George, 10
Mason, James, 91, 336, 338, 339, 369, 370, 374, 391
Maspero’s Coffee-House and slave auction. See under Slave auctions
May, John, 5
Maydwell, John, 182
McBryde, Duncan, 274
McCallum, Cade, 397–398, 402–403, 404, 409, 411, 414
McCallum, Liza, 397–398, 401, 409, 411, 414–415
McCullogh v. Maryland, 231
McCutcheon, Samuel, 57, 61
McCutcheon, William, 144
McDonough, John, 85, 86–87
McLane, Louis, 252, 317, 318, 319
McLean, Hector, 75, 94, 95, 106, 107, 109
McNeill, Alexander, 95, 97–98, 103, 282
McNutt, Alexander, 290–291, 293–294
Mechanical cotton picker, 116, 128
Mercer, William N., 81
The Half Has Never Been Told Page 70