Mexican-American War, 304, 327, 328–329, 333, 341
Mexico, 332–333, 366–367
Middle Passage, 10, 41–42, 48, 186, 190–191, 298. See also Atlantic slave trade; International slave trade
Miller, George, 27–28
Miltenberger, Christian, 55
Minor, John, 91
Minor, Stephen, 88
Mississippi, 18–19
Mississippi Territory, 29, 30, 33–34
Missouri Compromise, 158, 186, 368, 369, 370, 371, 372–373, 377, 392
Missouri crisis, 147, 155–158, 185, 203
Mitchell, Hettie, 189
Money, paper, 229–233, 269
Monroe, James, 46, 47, 154, 156, 157, 158
Morality, 235
Morgan, Charles, 320
Morris, Gouverneur, 9–10
Morris, Robert, 18–19, 20
Mortgaged human “property” list, 275 (photo)
Mossy, Toussaint, 94–95, 98, 100, 101, 105, 108
Mulatto women, white men and, 50, 240, 242
Napoleonic Wars, 69
Nat Turner’s Rebellion. See Slave Rebellion of 1831
Native Americans, 45, 64, 68–69, 73, 227, 315, 360
Indian Removal Act and, 228–229, 249
Necaise, Henri, 296
Nettles, Hattie Ann, 164
New Deal, 415
New England Emigrant Aid Company, 374
New England textile manufacturing, 319
New England–Mississippi Land Company, 21
New Mexico, 338
New Orleans, 43–44, 46–47, 48, 75–78, 154
age group distribution of enslaved people sold in, 102, 103 (table), 106
cotton trade in, 76–77, 78 (photo), 81, 82–83, 87
entrepreneurs in, 85–90
Maspero’s Coffee-House and slave auction in, 76, 83–85, 86–87, 88, 89, 90, 94–109
number of enslaved people imported to and sold in, 76, 77 (table)
number of enslaved people sold in, 102, 103 (table)
as port of exit for tobacco, cotton, hemp, 82
slave prices in, 173, 174 (fig.), 175, 176
See also Orleans Territory
Newby, Dangerfield, 384–385, 385–386
Newby, Harriet, 384–385
Newspapers, 192–195, 240
Nicholas, George, 15
Nickens, Margaret, 148
Nolte, Vincent, 85–87, 92
Nonintercourse Act, 53
The North, European immigration to, 324
North America, slave colonies in, 3–4
North American Land Company, 18–19
Northern cotton mills, 312, 317
Northern industry, 322–332
expansion of, 317–322, 322–323, 323–324
immigration and, 324
Northern states, vs. southern states
and cotton production, role of, 323
expansion of slavery and, 332–342
Northern textile manufacturing, 319, 323–324
Northup, Solomon, 137, 140
Northwest Ordinances, 7–8, 12, 29, 155, 368, 369
Northwest Territory, 8, 154
Notes on the State of Virginia (Jefferson), 6
Nott, Josiah, 350
Odom, Helen, 189
Olmsted, Frederick Law, 348–350
One-eyed man, slave trader as, 243–244
Orleans Territory, German Coast, slave rebellion of 1811. See Slave rebellion of 1811
Orleans Territory (present-day Louisiana)
origins of slaves imported to, 1800–1820, 49–56, 51 (table), 53 (table), 54 (table), 56 (table)
See also New Orleans
Osborn, Charles, 193
Ostend Manifesto, 358, 361, 374
O’Sullivan, John L., 301, 302
Ousatonic Manufacturing Company, 318
Overseers, 114–115, 116, 117–118, 119–121, 135, 136
Pakenham, Edward, 70–71, 88, 250, 395
Pakenham, Richard, 301
Palfrey, John, 51, 53, 57, 62, 310, 314–315, 341, 342
Palfrey, John G., 310–315, 317, 322, 324–328, 332–333, 335
Palfrey brothers/family, 89, 310–311, 313–314, 315
Panic of 1819, 156, 228, 229, 231
Panic of 1837, 274–280, 282, 311, 326–327
bankruptcy and, 279–280
banks and, 274–280, 284–292
bonds and, 285, 287, 290–292
lead-up to, 270–274
slave sales and slave stealing during, 292–297
Panic of 1839, 278–279, 291, 326–327, 352
Panic of 1857, 381
Paper money, 229–233, 269
Papers on the Slave Power (John Palfrey), 325
Parker, Allen, 184
Parker, John, 25
Parker, Theodore, 383–384
Parrott, Alfred, 418 (photo)
Patterson, Delicia, 98
Peace Dale Manufacturing Firm, 319
Peel, Robert, 298
Pelham, John, 222
Perret, Charles, 62
Phillips, Wendell, 345
Picquet, Louisa, 242
Pierce, Franklin, 357–358, 370, 371, 374, 376
Pierce, Granville Sharp, 172–173, 175, 185, 187, 188, 196
Pinckney, Charles C., 10
Plummer, Franklin, 223–224, 253, 256, 257
Poindexter, George, 222–223, 250, 256, 289
Political agenda, of enslaved people, 187–192, 416–417
Politics
cotton, banks, slave trade and, 229–233, 238–239, 244–259
white male equality and, 224, 226
Polk, James K., 233, 253, 254, 302–304, 325, 327, 332
Population, of enslaved people, 31, 56, 246 (table), 266, 288, 322, 355, 360–361
Pottawatomie Massacre, 375
Potter, Robert, 218–221, 251, 252, 267, 281
Poverty, in postwar South, 410
Prigg, Edward, 312
Prigg v. Pennsylvania, 312–313, 325, 330, 336, 338, 377
Prime, Ward, and King, 273, 276
Professional slave trade/slave traders, 173–179, 191
certificate of good character and, 175, 176 (photo), 177 (table), 178 (table), 180
forced migration and, 175
innovative trading system of, 173–179
multitasking entrepreneurs vs., 175 (see also Entrepreneurs)
and prohibitions, loopholes in, 208–211
southwestern expansion of slavery and, 173, 178–179, 180–183, 185
See also Atlantic slave trade; International slave trade; Slave trade; Slave trader(s)
Proslavery argument, 390–391
Public policy, distortion of, and slave power, 325–326, 327
Pushing system of labor, 116–118, 121–122, 123, 135–136, 149
Quakers, 192–193
Quotas
daily, per enslaved person, 126, 386–387, 410
See also Weigh-in/quotas/whipping/torture, and cotton productivity
Rachel (slave), 75–77, 87–88, 100
at New Orleans slave auction, 83–85, 94, 105, 108–109
Racial segregation (or Jim Crow laws), 409, 411, 415
Racism, scientific, 415
Railroad, 180, 351, 355, 366–367, 369, 385
Randolph, John, 34
Randolph, Thomas, 209
Reconstruction, 407, 417
southern white resistance to, 408–409, 415
Red Stick War (aka Creek War), 68–69, 73. See also Native Americans
Reeder, Andrew, 374
Relf, Richard, 86–87, 89
Religion
Christianity, 210–213
evangelical Protestantism, 198–207
Religious freedom, 201
Resistance, 101, 112–113, 116, 117, 147, 264, 281–282
Reynolds, Samuel, 179
Rhett, Robert Barnwell, 388
Rice, David, 12
Richards, John, 89
Right-handed powe
r, and capitalism, 90
Rives, Francis, 92–93, 107, 182, 206–207
Rives, William, 277
Roberts, John, 285–286, 295
Robertson, William, 100
Rogers, Charlotte, 150
Royall, Anne, 93, 258–259
Runaway slaves/fugitives, 14–15, 123, 144, 168–169, 172, 180, 191–192, 347
in Boston, 309–310
during Civil War, 400
as galley slaves, for punishment, 76
in northern states, 172, 312–313, 313–314
Runnels, Hiram, 286
Rust, George, 293
Rutherford, C. M., 358, 361–362, 363
Rutledge, John, 10–11, 12
Sable Venus, 236, 237 (photo)
Sanford, Eliza Irene, 368
Santa Anna, Antonio López de, 267
Schumpeter, Joseph, 86
Scientific racism, 415
Scott, Dred and Harriet, 368–369, 376–379
Scott, Winfield, 328–329, 357
Secession/secessionists, 387–395, 414
Second Bank of the United States (B.U.S.)
establishment of, 91–92
Jackson’s veto of, 269, 270
Panic of 1819 and, 156, 228, 229
Panic of 1837 and, 277–278
slave trade, cotton, politics and, 230, 231–233, 238–239, 244–245, 248, 249–254, 255, 255 (photo), 257
Secret resistance/left-handed power, 112–113
Seneca Falls Convention, 1848, 334
Seward, William, 339, 371, 388–389
Sexual desire, slave trade, and financial risk, 233–235, 236–237, 243–244. See also Sexual exploitation, of enslaved women
Sexual exploitation, of/sexual assault on, enslaved women, 25, 215–217, 233–244, 305, 359, 244 (photo). See also Sexual desire, slave trade, and financial risk
Sharecropping, 408
Sharp, Granville, 185–186
Shepherd, Joseph, 148
Shepherd, Richard, 85, 86–87
Sidney, Allen, 117–118
Simmons, Betty, 296
Slaughter, Ben, 343–345, 347, 359
Slaughter, Richard, 343–345, 347
Slaughter, Robert, 288–289, 290
Slave auctioneers, 94–95
Slave auctions, 36–37, 96 (photo), 244 (photo), 289 (photo), 349 (photo)
credit at, 100
family separation and, 106–107
“hand” concept and, 100–105
individual transactions vs., 184
interrogation of enslaved at, 96–99
at Maspero’s Coffee-House, 76, 83–85, 86–87, 88, 89, 90, 94–109
sexualization of enslaved women’s bodies at, 99–100, 241 (see also Sexual exploitation, of enslaved women)
skills/expertise of enslaved people and, 103–104
slave inspected at, 97 (photo)
Slave bonds, 245–248, 247 (photo), 254. See also Bonds
Slave-catchers, 309
Slave code, 32
Slave colonies, in North America, 3–4
Slave conspiracies, rumors of, 195, 211–212, 386
Slave importing states, and forced migration, by decade, 1790–1859, 3 (table)
Slave mission, 210–211
“Slave Power,” Southern politicians as the, 312, 325–326, 327, 328, 332, 341, 342
Slave pen, 402 (photo)
Slave price(s), 173, 174 (fig.), 175, 176, 179, 269–270, 311–312
in 1850s and 1860, 359
enslaved people transferred to southwestern states and, 185
Slave rebellion, on Amistad (Cuban slave ship), 355
Slave Rebellion of 1822 (Denmark Vesey slave conspiracy), 195, 228
Slave Rebellion of 1811 (German Coast, Orleans Territory), 56–66, 199–200
tribunal and executions, 62–64
Slave Rebellion of 1831 (Nat Turner’s Rebellion), 207–208, 209–210
Slave rebellion/Haitian Revolution of 1791 (Saint-Domingue), 44–49, 51, 58–59, 63–64, 73
Slave rebellions, 40, 101, 347–348
Slave representation, in the House of Representatives, 9–10, 20, 153–154, 324
Slave ships, 39–42, 43
Slave speculators, 179–185
Slave trade
banks, cotton, politics and, 229–233, 238–239, 244–259
international, ban on, 48, 186, 297–299, 301
sexual desire, financial risk and, 233–235, 236–237, 243–244
and sexual exploitation, of enslaved women, 215–217, 233–244, 244 (photo)
See also Atlantic slave trade; International slave trade; Professional slave trade/slave traders; Slave trader(s)
Slave trader(s)
kidnapping methods used by, 189–190, 191, 193–199, 199 (photo)
as one-eyed man, 243–244
sexual desire, financial risk and, 233–235, 236–237, 243–244
and sexual exploitation, of enslaved women, 215–217, 233–244, 244 (photo)
See also Professional slave trade/slave traders
Slavery
abolition of, 405
and capitalism, expansion of both, 33, 413
expansion of, false claims about, 29–30
expansion of, legacy of, 417
proslavery argument for, 390–391
as theft, 187–191, 199–200
Slaves. See Enslaved men; Enslaved people; Enslaved women
Slidell, John, 304
Smith, Adam, 320
Smith, Gerrit, 375, 383–384
Smith, Margaret Bayard, 228
Smylie, James, 211
Solidarity, 172, 309, 417, 419
Somersett, James, 185
Songs/music/dancing, and enslaved people, 146–147, 160–168, 165 (photo)
Soulé, Pierre, 357
South Carolina, 32, 42
South Carolina Yazoo Company, 19–20
Southeast, vs. southwest, sexual pirates and, 241–242
Southeastern states, number of enslaved people transferred from southwestern states to, 185
Southern states, poverty in, postwar, 410
Southern states, vs. northern states
and cotton production, role of, 323
and expansion of slavery, 332–342
Southern white elites, postwar power of, 415
Southern whites, and Reconstruction, resistance to, 408–409, 415
Southgate, William, 274
Southwest, 320, 338, 345
vs. southeast, sexual pirates and, 241–242
Southwest Ordinance, 12
Southwestern expansion, 173, 178–179, 180–183, 185
Southwestern states, number of enslaved people transferred from southeastern states to, 185
Spain, 357, 358
Spanish Empire, 254, 255. See also European empires
Spiritual traditions, African, 149–150
Springs, John, 18, 230
Stanton, Elizabeth Cady, 334
Stevens, John, 273, 276
Stille, James, 105, 109, 111, 143–144
Stock and bond markets, 33
Story, Joseph, 312–313, 313–314, 325, 330, 336
Stout, Jonathan, 14–15
Street, Felix, 294
Strickland, George, 165
Substantive due process, 329–331, 338, 369, 377, 378
Sugar production, 4, 20, 42–43, 44, 47, 51–52, 53–54, 354
Sumner, Charles, 313, 371, 375
Supreme Court, U.S., 377–379
Surget, Francis, 232
Tait, Bacon, 241, 344
Tallmadge, James, 154–155
Taney, Roger, 250, 252, 377–379, 382, 393
Tappan, Arthur, 303
Tappan, Benjamin, 303
Tappan, Lewis, 303
Task system of labor, 115–116. See also Labor systems
Taylor, Zachary, 304, 328, 334, 335, 337, 339
Tecumseh, 278
Tennessee Yazoo Company, 19–20
Terry, Champ,
274
Texas, 157–158, 266–268, 297, 298–304, 304–307, 332, 333
Thistlewood, Thomas, 236–237
Thompson, Darwin, 286
Thompson, Indiana, 286
Thompson, John, 12–13
Thompson, Sadie, 412 (photo)
Thompson, Samuel, 279, 280
Thompson, William, 201, 286
Thoreau, Henry David, 386, 395
Three-Fifths Compromise, 9–10, 20, 153–154, 324
Thurston, Lucy, 145–147, 148, 167, 282
Tobacco, 3, 4, 6, 15, 16, 17, 18, 20, 82, 116, 154
Todd, Francis, 194
Todorov, Tzvetan, 281, 282
Torrey, Jesse, 27
Torture, 121–122, 130, 139–142
behavioral modification techniques and, 264
See also Whipping/torture
Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek, 249
Treaty of Fort Jackson, 73
Treaty of Ghent, 72–73, 85
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, 333
Treaty of Paris, 6
Treaty of San Ildefonso, 69
Treaty of San Lorenzo, 15, 20
Trelick, Josiah, 294
Trepagnier, Etienne, 58, 60
Trepagnier, Jean-François, 60, 62, 63
Trouard, Achille, 59–60
Tubbee, Okah, 120
Turnbull, Robert, 361
Turner, Nat, 207–208, 209–210, 288
Tyler, John, 278, 279, 299, 301, 303
Upshur, Abel P., 299, 301
Urquhart, Thomas, 87
Van Buren, Martin, 225, 226–227, 250, 325–326, 333, 335
inauguration of, 265, 273
Panic of 1837 and, 276–277, 278
Texas and, 302
Vesey, Denmark. See Slave Rebellion of 1822 (Denmark Vesey slave conspiracy)
Vester, Willie, 121
Violence, 117–118
white male equality and, 215–222
Virginia, 3, 6–7, 10, 11–12, 16, 32, 42, 176
Virginia Yazoo Company, 19–20
Voting rights, African-American, 406–407, 408, 409, 411
Wages, and enslaved people, 129–130
Walden, Henry, 264
Walker, David, 195–197, 199, 210
Walker, Quock, 6
Walker, Robert, 249, 253, 256, 257, 289, 302, 322
Walker, William, 367, 374
Walsh, Alonzo, 230
War of 1812, 67–69, 72–73, 394
Washington, Bushrod, 34–35
Washington, George, 9, 34–35
Watkins, Billy, 133
Watson, Henry, 95, 97–98, 102–103
Watson, Joseph, 190
Wealth, US, enslaved people and, 245, 246 (table)
Webb, John, 409
Webster, Daniel, 225, 288–289, 299, 337
Weed, Thurlow, 389, 392
Weigh-in/quotas/whipping/torture, and cotton productivity, 131–136, 132 (photo), 135 (photo), 139–144, 197, 363–365. See also Whipping/torture
Wellington, Lord, 67
Wells, Sarah, 133, 363
Welsh, John, 254
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