The Black Circle
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Energology, 248–53
Equality, 223–26
Equilibrium, 223–24; in the Book, 179; of Hegelian system, 157; lack of, in Platonism, 148; logic of, 135; from recognition, 134
Equilibrium, from recognition, 134
Equity, 223–26
Equivalence, 223–26
Erasmus, 297n34
Ereignis, 229–30
Erōs: beauty and, 67–68; Dostoevsky on, 68; higher, lower, 309n35; vertical, horizontal, 66–69
Errancy, 258, 265–68, 271
Errant soul, 23
Error: correctness and, 38; as dogma, 265; egoism and, 274–75; errancy and, 265–68; freedom and, 259–64; of human being, 179, 181–82, 204, 209, 253, 261, 331n78; perfection and, 37–38; self and, 264; truth and, 268; voluntas, 260
Eternal return, 197, 247, 321n38, 322n8
Eternity: the concept and, 149–50, 152, 246; time and, 152–54, 246; truth and, 193–94
Evil, 79, 83, 260–66, 272–73
Existence, authentic, 208
Expansion, of self-consciousness, 166
Experience: mystic, 283; as unfinished, 268–74
External limitations, on human being, 167–68, 175
Faith, 86–87
Family, 96–97, 99
Father Ferapont, 68; as fool, in Christ, 63–64; on God, 64–65; nonsense of, 64; Zosima and, 62–66
Fear, death and, 136–37, 175, 281
Fedorov, Nikolai, 139, 277; on Christ, 99; on the common task, 92–99; on family, 96–97; on history, 98–99; on the learned, unlearned, 94; madness and, 99; on nature, as blind force, 95; “On the Problem of Brotherhood” by, 92; orthodoxy of, 95–96; Philosophy of the Common Task by, 91–92; against Platonism, 94; on practice, theory, 94; on radical transformation, 90; on Russian famine, 92; on science, 304n42; Soloviev and, 71, 81, 100, 146; stages, of project of, 98; on universal empire, 93; on universal resurrection, 90–92, 95–98
Fiction, 40–41, 266, 269–70
Filial love, 96–97
Filial piety, 96, 99
Final freedom, 174
Final harmony, 60–61
Finality, 67, 71, 237, 273; declaration of, 267; Heidegger on, 287; impossibility of, 254–55; negation and, 184–90, 309n41; nonfinality and, 282–84, 288; repetition and, 7–8; truth as, 265–66, 327n38
Final satisfaction, 129–30
Final state, 196–98, 203, 219–21, 226, 254. See also Universal, homogeneous state
Final totality, 148–49
Finite God, 212, 214, 250
Finitude, 26
fool, in Christ, 63–64
Form, content and, 206
Forster, Michael, 1
Free, historical individual, 188–90, 275, 293n16
Freedom: as accepting death, 186–87, 281; action and, 31; animal desire versus, 180; from animal nature, 188–89, 203; the Book in, 188–89; collective, 174; creativity and, 248; of Dasein, 267; dialectical reason and, 38–43; Dostoevsky on, 27–28, 61–62, 273–74; error and, 259–64; exercise of, 271; final, 174; from freedom, 286–87; of God, 281; Heidegger on, 267; as hesitation, 31–33; of human being, 209–10, 258; individual, 173–74, 181, 188–90, 275; madness, as quest for, 32; in master-slave relations, 128; nature and, 28–31, 61; as negation, 174–75, 199; negative, positive, 282; Nietzsche on, 266–67; as nonsense, 33–38, 50, 60–61; perfection and, 27–28; radical, 55; from self-consciousness, 181; suicide and, 180–81, 278, 286; system of, 8–9; transformation of, 62; as uncertainty, 280
Freud, Sigmund, 169, 240
Fundamental structure. See Triad
“Funes the Memorious” (Borges), 228–29
Future, 155
Genius, 45–46
German idealism, 85–86, 302n22
Geroulanos, Stefanos, 11–12, 307n17, 312n5, 320n25, 320n30
the Given, 155, 309n47; nature and, 169–77, 311n60; negating, 174–75; self-preservation as, 310n48
God: active love and, 67; or beast, 99–100, 118–19, 138; body of, 100; as Christ, 100, 145–46; city of, 93; as creator, 123–24; death and, 135–36; evil and, 260–61, 263; Father Ferapont on, 64–65; finite, 212, 214, 250; freedom of, 281; as harmony, 60; human and, 146–47, 151–52, 212, 303n33; Kirillov on, 50–53; Lactantius on, 260; man becoming, 146; nature and, 96, 167; negation of, 262; others and, 63; as pain and fear of death, 52–53; the philosopher and, 145; relation to, 63–64; the sage and, 143, 146; suicide of, 51–53, 212; in universality, 169; will of, 261
Godmen, 74, 100, 147–48. See also Lectures on Divine Humanity (Soloviev); Soloviev, Vladimir
Grammar, universal, 34
“Grand Inquisitor, The” (Dostoevsky), 279–89
Greek tradition, 185–86, 199, 241, 259–61. See also Aristotle; Plato
Groys, Boris, 11–12, 201, 321n38
Harmony: final, 60–61; God as, 60; in nature, 95, 204; transformation in, 55; in universal, homogeneous state, 195
Hegel, G. W. F.: on Aufheben, 128; on Christianity, 185–86; circularity of, 157, 196–97; on death, 168, 177, 187, 194; on difference, 184; Elements of a Philosophy of Right by, 215, 220; equilibrium of, 157; on God, man, 147; on master-slave relation, 104–5, 124, 133; Plato and, 314nn19–20; rejections of, 273; on the sage, 144, 319n14; on sociality, 119; system of knowledge, 230–31; on temporality, 149–50, 155; on time, 157, 249. See also Dialectical reason; Phenomenology of Spirit
Hegel, G. W. F., Kojève on, 1–6, 103–9, 114, 121; absolute knowledge and, 18–19; on death, 168–69; equilibrium and, 157; “Hegel, Marx and Christianity” by, 142; interpretation of, 306n16; Introduction to the Reading of Hegel by, 110–11, 132–33, 136–37, 177, 184–85, 193, 199–200, 203–4, 213–14, 221, 227, 276, 305n1; nature and, 116–17; on negation, 194; on overcoming individuality, 172–73; on Phenomenology of Spirit (Hegel), 104–6, 162–63, 264; on Plato, 144; on relation of concept, time, 149–50; the sage and, 165–66; on self-certainty, 124–25; on theodicy, 272. See also Master-slave relation
“Hegel, Marx and Christianity” (Kojève), 142
Hegelian discourse, 19, 27
Heidegger, Martin, 176; on action, thinking, 30–31; on authentic, inauthentic modes of existence, 208; Black Notebooks of, 304n49; Contributions to Philosophy by, 229–30; on Ereignis, 229–30; on errancy, 265; on exhausted tradition, 230; on finality, 287; on freedom, 267; on identity, 322n6; Kant and the Problem of Metaphysics by, 103–4; Kojève on, 7, 103, 292nn11–12, 308n29; on Leibniz, 144; on Nietzsche, 215; “On Plato’s Doctrine of Truth” by, 27, 295n17; “On the Essence of Truth” by, 267; on technology, 271; on thinker, 215–16; transforming philosophy, 266–67; on truth, 267–68; on unfinishedness, of experience, 268–74
Hermeneutic circle, 233–34
Hero, of will, 68–69
Hesitation: freedom as, 31–33; of Kirillov, 54–55, 59; of Raskolnikov, 45; of the underground man, 68
History, 203, 323n18; action in, 219; autobiography of, 156; completion of, 166; the concept as, 154–56; as cyclical, 292n10; deification and, 71; emancipation in, 153; eradicating, as breakdown, 209–12; Fedorov on, 98–99; human, 157; as master-slave dialectic, 222–23; master-slave relation in, 127–29, 138–39; nature and, 114, 309n39; Phenomenology of Spirit and, 155–56; philosophical comprehension of, 233; as project, 98; rational, 232; slave in, 154, 311n1, 311n64; temporality of, 148–49, 154–57. See also End of history; Post-historical state
Hobbes, Thomas, 8, 10, 276, 325n14
Hölderlin, Friedrich, 170
Homelessness, 283–84
Horizon, conceptual, 183–84
Howse, Robert, 325n12
Human, 65–66, 80–81, 89, 93; agency, 259–60; into the Book, 179; brotherhood, 95; Christ as, 145–46; creativity of, 210–11; desire, as birth of, 111–19; desire of, 115–20, 126–27, 175; end of, 162; end of history, as death of, 170–71; errancy of, 271; error of, 179, 181–82, 204, 209, 253, 261, 331n78; evil and, 261; external limitations on, 167–68, 175; freedom of, 209–10, 258; God and, 146–47, 151–5
2, 212, 303n33; as historical, 157; as hole, in space, 154–55, 329n59; as incomplete animal, 201; nature and, 114–15, 204–6; negation and, 114, 308n32; reality of, 122–24; as self-consciousness, 111–12; as self-creating, 210; struggle, 180; thinking, 321n40; as time, 177–79; will, 261–63. See also Divine humanity; Godmen; Lectures on Divine Humanity (Soloviev); Perfect humanity; Time
Humanity, of slave, 137
Humbling oneself, before others, 64–65
Humiliation, 61
Hyperion (Hölderlin), 170
Hyperouranian realm, 123
Hypo-thesis, 244
the I: of desire, 113; imitations of, 117; Kojève on, 111–13; otherness and, 127; in Phenomenology of Spirit, 169, 189; the we and, 212
Idealism. See German idealism
Identity: action in, 114; collective, 136–37; communal, 264; in death, 139; Heidegger on, 322n6; homogeneous, 117; lack of, 135; negation in, 243; parody of, 274–75; of philosophy, 236, 238; provisional, 269–70; self-assertion in, 125; of slave, 134–35
Ideology, 239
Ignorance, 241
Imitation, 89, 117
Immortality, 20–21, 210
Imperfection, 26–27, 119, 201–2
Implied author, 40–41
the Impoverished, 95
Incarnation, 77
Incomplete animal, human as, 201
Incompletion, 247
Indecision, 45
Indifference, suicide and, 53–54
the Individual, 275–76. See also Free, historical individual
Individual freedom, 173–74, 181, 188–90, 275
Individuality, 172–73, 202, 253, 274
the Infinite, 89, 229
Instinct, 201, 204–5
Intelligence, mortal, 22
Internalization, 184
Interpretation, 106, 108–10, 306n16, 313n10
Interpretive violence, 104
Introduction to the Reading of Hegel (Kojève). See Desire; Hegel, G. W. F., Kojève on; Master-slave relation
Irony. See Mockery
Irrational number, 150
Ivan Karamazov, 279, 284
Jackson, Robert Louis, 299n23
Japan, 205–6
Juridical system, of Kojève, 222–23
Justice, 222–26
Kant, Immanuel, 90; as Christian philosopher, 251–52; on the concept, 152–53; Kojève on, 152–54; on perfection, 156; theism of, 327n40; on thing-in-itself, 252–53
Kant and the Problem of Metaphysics (Heidegger), 103–4
Kenosis, 169
Kepler, Johannes, 47, 298n4
Kierkegaard, Søren, 296n22
Kinship, 96–97
Kirillov. See Alexei Nilych Kirillov
Knowledge, 36, 83–84, 150; absolute, 18–19, 179; the concept and, 249–50; impossibility of, 241; of philosopher, 269; truth and, 153–54; wisdom and, 168. See also Self-knowledge
Kojève, Alexandre. See specific topics
Kripke, Saul, 303n24
Labor, 316n37. See also Work
Lack, of identity, 135
Lactantius, 260
Ladder of love, 24
Language, 205, 296n23
the Last man, 172
Late modernism, 258
Lawfulness, of nature, 28–29
the Learned, 94
Lectures on Divine Humanity (Soloviev), 71–73, 81–82; on Christ, 87–88; on Godmen, 74; on the negative absolute, 75–76; on positive absolute, 76–80
Leibniz, Gottfried, 61, 84, 144, 263, 297n35
Lenin, Vladimir, 91–92
Levinas, Emmanuel, 63
Life, in time, 89–90
Livingston, Paul, 315n31
Logic: circular, 196–97; closed, 42–43; of equilibrium, 135; of negation, 196, 282
Logos, 89, 197–98
Love, 24, 67, 96–97
Löwith, Karl, 75–76
Lukács, George, 272, 330n77
Machiavelli, Niccolò, 45, 298n3
Madness: crime and, 49; divine, 21, 23–24, 44, 64, 68–69; Fedorov and, 99; Kojève on, 17–19, 46, 49–50, 83, 119, 159, 275; Plato on, 19–27, 68–69; private language as, 83; as quest, for freedom, 32; the Sage and, 141; striving for perfection as, 25–26. See also the Underground man
Making It Explicit (Brandom), 205
Malevich, Kazimir, 17
Man. See Human
Manifesto for Philosophy (Badiou), 293n14
Man of action, 38–39
Man of inaction, 39
Marx, Karl, 172, 226
Marxism, 255, 271, 320n25, 329n64, 330n77, 332n22
Master-slave relation, 311n65; consciousness in, 140–41; disequilibrium of, 134–35; equality and, 223–25; equity and, 225–26; freedom in, 128; God, nature in, 167; Hegel on, 104–5, 124, 133; in history, 127–29, 138–39, 222–23; Kojève on, 125–31, 133–34, 137, 156, 170, 226; in nature, 187–88; negation in, 197; recognition in, 134–35
Mathematics, 315n36, 326n29, 328n53
Meditation, 31
Memory, 228–29
Mental picture, 268
Metaphysics, tension of, 174
Mockery, 32, 34–35, 254–55, 297n32
Modernity, emancipation in, 176
Mortal intelligence, 22
Moscow, 163–64
Movement, negation and, 194–95. See also Dialectic movement
Multiplicity, 82
Music, 29, 35
Mystic experience, 283
Mythic narrative, 21–23
Napoleon, 18, 46–47
Narrative, 183–84; the Book as, 194; of emancipation, 180, 254, 256; mythic, 21–23; of negation, 197; self-cancelling, 194; truth and, 179–80, 193–94
Natural law, 170, 172
Natural religion, 78–79, 82
Natural will, 78
Nature, 116–17, 296n23; as blind force, 95; the Concept and, 249; death, truth and, 168; freedom and, 28–31, 61; the given and, 169–77, 311n60; God and, 96, 167; harmony in, 95, 204; history and, 114, 309n39; the human and, 114–15, 204–6; humiliation and, 61; lawfulness of, 28–29; liberation, of slave from, 187–88; negation of, 79; physics and, 249; self-preservation and, 187–88; social relation to, 169–70; space and, 329n59
Negation, 59–61, 79–80; absolute, 195–96; circular, 196–97; creation and, 211; death as, 194–95; desire and, 113, 115, 154–55, 162; as determinate, 183; in dialectical reasoning, 118; finality and, 184–90, 309n41; freedom and, 174–75, 199; of the given, 174–75; of God, 262; human and, 114, 308n32; in identity, 243; logic of, 196, 282; in master-slave relation, 197; movement and, 194–95; narrative of, 197; pure, 126; subject, substance in, 185; subject as, 113, 187; by the underground man, 282, 294n4
the Negative absolute, 75–76, 79
Negative freedom, 282
Negative religion, 79
the New Jerusalem, 45–50
Newton, Isaac, 47, 298n4
Nietzsche, Friedrich, 28–29, 35, 46, 56, 118; Beyond Good and Evil by, 265, 334n9; on Christianity, Platonism, 146–47; on eternal return, 247, 321n38, 322n8; on evil, 265–66; on fiction, 269–70; on freedom, 266–67; on the Greeks, 241; Heidegger on, 215; on last man, 172; on mockery, 297n32; Toward a Genealogy of Morality by, 70, 106; on truth, 265–66; Twilight of the Idols by, 57, 296n21; on will, 262
Nonfinality, 282–84, 288
Nonsense, 294n1; of Father Ferapont, 64; freedom as, 33–38, 50, 60–61; heroes of, 275; of Kirillov, 55; sense, pseudo sense and, 234–37; of the Underground man, 230
Notes from Underground (Dostoevsky), 27–28, 32–33, 35–36, 38, 40–45, 61. See also the Crystal Palace; the Underground man
Nothing, 150, 154–55
Novalis, 131–32
Novelty, 50
Nullity, slave as, 134
Object: of desire, 116, 121, 175, 309n47; mental picture and, 268
Objective truth, 125, 167
Oblivion, 208
Oedipus at Colonus (Sophocles), 288
Omniscience, 144, 149, 156–58, 162
On Free Choice of the Will (Augustine), 260
“On Plato’s Doctrine of Truth” (Heidegger), 27, 295n17
“On the Essence of Truth” (Heidegger), 267
“On the Problem of Brotherhood” (Fedorov), 92
Ontology, 248–51, 310n51
Oreithyia, 20
Original sin. See Evil
Origins, 123–25
Others: desire for, 120–21, 127; God and, 63; humbling oneself before, 64–65; the I and, 127; responsibility to, 62–63, 65; in self-consciousness, 122; Zosima on, 62–64
Otherworld, of slave, 270
Outline of a Phenomenology of Right (Kojève), 218, 220–21, 254, 288, 310n51
Paganism, 252. See also Attempt at a Rational History of Pagan Philosophy (Kojève)
Pain and fear of death, 52–53
Parathesis, 244–46
Parmenides, 149–52
Parmenides (Plato), 88
Partaking, participation and, 88
Participation, 144
the Particular, 82–83, 86, 202
Past, 98–99, 155
Pedagogy, philosophical, 148, 166–69, 172, 182, 313n15
Perfect humanity, Christ as, 87–88
Perfection, 22–23; error and, 37–38; freedom and, 27–28; Kant on, 156; madness, as striving for, 25–26; Plato on, 67, 76, 156; the underground man on, 33–34. See also Imperfection; Self-perfection
Phaedrus (Plato), 19–21, 24, 28, 35, 45–46, 49, 53, 295n8
Phenomenology, 248–51
Phenomenology of Spirit (Hegel), 1, 110, 124, 133, 139; as autobiography, of the sage, 140–48; desire, self-consciousness in, 309n33; on dialectical restlessness, 116; history and, 155–56; the I in, 169, 189; interpretations of, 313n10; Kojève on, 104–6, 162–63, 264; omniscience of, 158; pictorial representation of, 151; subject in, 82, 264
Philosopher: the believer and, 143; God and, 145; knowledge of, 269; Kojève as, 216–17; Plato on, 144; the sage and, 142; self-consciousness of, 168; as slave, 132
Philosophy: Christian, 251–52; from commentary, 107–8; completion of, 159–60; comprehending history, 233; as discourse, 182–83, 238–40; Heidegger transforming, 266–67; identity of, 236, 238; pedagogy and, 148, 166–69, 172, 182, 313n15; possibility of, 236–42; propaganda and, 172; self-awareness of, 147; servitude and, 133–40; theology versus, 158–59; universalism and, 239; wisdom from, 227, 236
Philosophy of the Common Task (Fedorov), 91–92
Physics, 249
Piano key, 36
Pippin, Robert, 1, 119