The Road to Middle-Earth: How J. R. R. Tolkien Created a New Mythology

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The Road to Middle-Earth: How J. R. R. Tolkien Created a New Mythology Page 51

by Tom Shippey

Laurin (Middle High German poem), 26

  Lautphonetik, 129

  Lawman’s Brut, see La3amon

  Lazamon, 69n, 237, 394

  ‘leapfrogging’, 183

  Leeds University, 8, 13, 40, 254, 311, 316

  Legendarium (see ‘Abbreviations’), 254

  ‘The Legend of Beren and Lúthien’ (collectively), 357–8, 359, 362

  The Legend of Brynhild (Andersson), 354

  Legolas, 130, 134, 141, 146, 157, 183, 186, 189, 214, 221, 239, 241, 373, 412, 414; explains ‘elf-time’, 69; lament of, 38; makes prophecy, 249

  lembas, 384

  Letters (see ‘Abbreviations’), 63, 75–6, 114, 123, 131, 140n, 258, 260, 265, 269, 273, 275, 309, 325, 380, 411

  Lewis, C. S., 27, 68, 100, 223, 224, 225, 273, 338, 342, 382, 394; The Last Battle, 224; Mere Christianity, 160; ‘Narnia’ series, 224; Out of the Silent Planet, 169; A Preface to ‘Paradise Lost’, 267–8; That Hideous Strength, 86n, 136n

  Lewis, Sinclair, 76

  Lex Burgundionum, 21

  Lied vom Hürnen Seyfrid (Middle High German poem), 354, 356

  Lietzmann, Hans, 14

  Life Guards (plumes of), 145n.

  ‘Life of St. Brendan’ (Middle English poem), 327

  ‘light-elves’, 70, 332

  Limbo, 222–31, 259

  Limlight, River, 114, 117

  Lindisfarne, abbot of, 225

  Linear B, 15

  ‘lit.’, 7, 8, 9, 28, 307, 311, 385

  ‘literary’, 30, 32

  ‘literature’, 7–8, 31, 45, 197, 238–9, 274, 324–5, 377

  Literature, Psychoanalysis, and the New Sciences of the Mind (Jackson), 367

  Little Kingdom, The, 111, 112, 113, 115, 123, 139

  ‘The Little Mermaid’, 270

  Loki, 70, 348

  Lombards, 337

  Lonely Isle, 345

  Lonely Mountain, 106, 110, 319

  Long Lake, 110

  ‘The Long Lay of Sigurthr’ (Old Norse poem), 354

  Lönnrot, Elias, 395

  ‘A Look at Exodus and Finn and Hengest’ (Shippey), 390

  ‘loose semantic fit’, 201, 203, 222

  Lord of the Flies (Golding), 370, 375

  Lord’s Prayer, 164, 369

  Lórien, as Paradise, 246–7; loss of, 36, 176, 229, 263; magic of, 67–8, 86n, 151–2, 347; see also Lothlórien

  The Lost Literature of Medieval England (Wilson), 25, 396

  ‘lost lore’, 22, 260

  ‘lost poems, 391

  ‘Lost Straight Road’, 169, 324–8

  Lothlórien, 68, 86n, 152, 153, 176, 181, 184, 241, 347; see also Lórien

  Lotho (Pimple), 195, 232

  Loudwater, River, 116

  ‘louver’, 148

  Love’s Labour’s Lost, see Shakespeare

  Lowdham, Alwin Arundel, 332–3, 338, 339, 341, 342, 343

  Lowes, John Livingston, 387

  ‘low mimesis’, 239, 242, 248

  Lucas, George, 366

  Lucifer, 271

  ‘luck’, 170–4, 186, 187, 196, 198, 287, 288, 385

  Luck of Edenhall, the, 69n.

  Lúthien, 220, 221, 223, 230, 254, 269, 270, 277, 289–90, 292, 293, 294, 295, 296, 305, 306, 343, 357, 358, 359; see also ‘Legend of Beren and Lúthien’

  Lydney, 40

  ‘lyric core’, 277, 284–5, 294

  Mabinogion, 294

  Mablung, 299

  Macbeth, see Shakespeare

  MacDonald, George, 389, 397

  MacNeice, Louis, 370

  Maedhros, 296

  Maeglin, 286–7

  Maggot, Farmer, 119, 125, 321, 324, 334, 366

  Maginot Line, 192

  ‘Magyk natureel’, 150–2

  Maiar, 272

  ‘makers’, 274

  ‘malice’, 31, 303

  mallorn trees, 150

  Malory, Sir Thomas, 182, 202, 203, 205

  Mandeville’s Travels (Anglo-French text), 194, 395

  Mandos, Halls of, 269, 272, 294, 295, 306, 359

  Manichaeus, -anism, 160, 164, 177

  ‘The Man in the Moon’ (Middle English poem) 42–3, 47, 61, 238

  Manlove, C. N., 2, 3, 162, 201–3

  Manwë, 274

  ‘The Man Who Dreamed of Faeryland’ (Yeats), 217

  maps, 109, 114–15, 117–18, 128, 132, 133

  Marignano, Battle of, 244

  ‘the Mark’, 139–40, 150; see also Riddermark

  ‘marshall’, 140

  Marx, Karl, 367

  ‘mask’, 302n

  Masson, David I., 164n

  ‘The Master Thief, 85–6

  Maxims I (Old English poem), 23, 143, 274, 389

  Maxims II (Old English poem), 149, 389

  ‘mediation’, 281, 391

  Meduseld, 141, 142, 146, 148

  Melian, 272, 284, 289, 298, 301, 306, 359

  Melko, Melkor, 267–8, 272–3, 274, 348, 359

  ‘Mercia’, 139–40, 144; see also Old Mercian

  Merry (Meriadoc Brandybuck), 115, 119, 125, 131, 133, 137, 151, 157, 174, 180, 183, 185, 186–7, 188, 190, 199, 236, 240, 242, 246, 352, 373, 414

  ‘Middle-earth’, 5, 9, 106, 107, 124, 132, 136, 149, 151, 156, 159, 165, 172, 174, 176–7, 179, 181, 195, 199, 214, 227, 238, 265, 276, 286, 320, 345

  Middle English, 6, 26, 42, 45, 179

  Middle High German, 19, 26, 279, 389

  Middle Kingdom, 111, 113

  Midgard Serpent, 92

  Milton, John, 41, 110, 216, 217, 222, 236, 238, 251, 261, 267, 426; Comus, 110, 238, 243; ‘On the Late Massacre in Piedmont’, 251; Paradise Lost, 236, 261, 268, 269, 273, 276, 426; Paradise Regained, 268, 269

  Minas Morgul, 162, 163, 167, 215, 242

  Minas Tirith, 133, 146, 175, 187, 192, 249

  Mindolluin, 156

  Mirkwood, 80, 118

  ‘misology’, 385–6

  Misty Mountains, 80, 110, 390

  Mitchison, Naomi, 114

  Modern Fantasy (Manlove), 2, 3, 201–3

  Moe, J. I., 86, 329, 392; see also Asbjörnsen

  ‘moral courage’, 97, 263

  Morannon, 227, 241

  Mordor, 114, 126–7, 131, 159, 166, 174, 180, 185, 188, 190, 211, 212, 242, 246, 248 262

  Morgoth, 268, 284, 287, 294, 295, 298, 299, 337, 359, 360

  Moria, 87, 109, 150, 165, 166, 183, 235, 247, 266

  Moriquendi, 284

  Morris, William, 80, 391, 397

  Morwen, 299, 300, 301–2

  Mount Doom, 154, 163–4

  Muir, Edwin, 5, 175, 181, 363–4, 366–7, 410

  Müllenhoff, Karl, 396

  Müller, Max, 13, 16

  ‘Music of the Ainur, The’, 254

  mythopoeia, 57, 230

  myths, mythology, 33–4, 56, 126, 128, 200–1, 214, 216, 222–3, 231, 237, 238–9, 242, 248, 250, 265, 329, 345–51

  ‘Naith’ of Lórien, 247

  names, 109–12, 114–15, 117–18, 124, 133, 266, 309–11, 336–7, 339, 354

  Nargothrond, 277, 287, 298, 359

  narrator, 88–9, 102–4

  Narsil, 147

  The Nation, 2

  nature-myth, 56, 87

  Nazgûl, 119, 161, 185, 242, 243, 244, 302n; see also Ringwraiths

  Nazis, 192

  Necromancer, 87, 110

  neologisms, 57

  ‘neurotic’, 148

  The New York Review of Books, 197

  New York Times, 393; NYT Book Review, 3

  Nibelungenlied (Middle High German poem), 21, 25, 354–5, 389

  Nienor, 298–9, 300, 302

  ‘niggle’, 49, 313, 324, 333, 342

  ‘The Night that Lasted a Year’ (motif), 69

  Nimrodel, River, 247–8

  Nindalf, 114

  Nineteen Eighty-Four (Orwell), 375

  Njál’s saga, 282

  Njörthr, 278

  Noad, Charles, 254

  ‘Nobottle’, 117, 128

  Nodens
, 40, 41, 42, 63

  Noegyth Nibin, 306

  ‘Nokes’, 310, 311–12, 313, 314, 315

  Noldor, 274, 282, 283, 286, 333

  Norman Conquest, 82, 97, 167

  Norns, 348

  Norse Poems (Taylor and Auden), 390

  Northamptonshire, 111

  Northfarthing, 117

  Northumbrians, 21, 53, songs of, 233

  Nostromo (Conrad), 305

  Numenor, 176, 226, 256, 278, 320, 326, 337, 343, 371

  ‘nunnation’, 310

  ‘nursery rhymes’, 42, 111, 238

  Nymphidia (Drayton), 65

  ‘oak’ (as symbol), 310–11, 316

  Oakenshield, Thorin, 84, 90–1, 172, 229, 240, 372

  Oakley, 111

  Oath of the Sons of Feanor, 362

  oaths, 295, 360

  Oberon, 186

  Observer, 1, 5, 6, 75, 87, 175, 382

  Odáinsakr, 243

  Odyssey (Homer), 80

  Old Age, see Eldo

  Old English, 6, 12–13, 15, 16–17, 23, 25, 26, 32, 39, 45–6, 47, 52, 64, 66, 69, 77–8, 79, 132, 133, 143, 174, 178, 207, 209, 245, 279–80

  Old Entish, 150

  Old Forest, 119, 214–15, 223, 264

  Old Germanic, 338

  Old High German, 15–16, 66, 69

  Old Icelandic, 12

  Old King Cole (Coel), 41–2, 111, 149

  ‘Old Man of the Mountains’, 194

  ‘Old Mercian’, 140n, 341, 376

  Old Norse, concepts in, 66, 69–72, 89–92, 95–6, 102, 228, 247, 279; literature of, 19, 60, 70, 80–1, 94, 95, 166n, 225, 233–4, 243–4, 279, 281, 290–1, 301–2, 329, 347–9, 365, 390–1; relationship with Old English, 52–3, 132, 275n, 381

  Old Northumbrian, 376

  Old Saxon, 122

  Old Slavic, 12, 16

  Old Soldiers Never Die (Richards), 180

  ‘Old Walking Song’, 213

  Old West Saxon, 341

  Olrik, Axel, 22

  Oman, Sir Charles, 396

  The Once and Future King (White), 375

  onomatopoeia, 110, 130

  orcs, 159, 194, 240; as concept, 74n, 81, 270, 350, 362; as irredeemable (?), 265–6

  Orendel (Middle High German poem), 279, 396

  Orlando Furioso (Ariosto), 182

  Orlando Innamorato (Boiardo), 182

  Orodruin, 154

  Orpheus, 72

  orthanc (Old English word), 149, 193

  Orwell, George, 364, 371, 375

  Ossetic, 11

  Oswin, -wine, 337

  Othello, 304

  Othinesbeorg, 223n

  Óthinn, 33, 231, 393

  Ottor (the Wanderer), 346

  ‘Ox-bones’, 329–35, 352, 357

  Oxford Book of English Verse, 223

  Oxford Dictionary of English Place-Names, 117, 194

  Oxford English Dictionary, 7–8, 9, 11, 12, 39, 40, 57, 58–9, 64–5, 76, 77–8, 82, 136, 172, 175, 370, 371, 374

  Oxford English School, 8, 10, 21, 26

  Oxford English syllabus, 200

  Oxford Magazine, 119

  Oxford Poetry 1915, 34, 35

  Oxfordshire, 112, 117, 152

  Oxford University, 8, 10, 27, 111, 117, 123, 254

  paganism, in history, 40, 53–4; vices of, 178–9, 196, 223–4; virtue in, 223–4, 229–30, 234–7, 249–52

  palantír[i], 425, 426, 427

  Palmer, D. J., 26

  panache, 145, 149, 385

  Paradise, 61

  Paradise in the West, 327

  Paradise Lost, see Milton

  Paradise Regained, see Milton

  Paradis terrestre, 395

  ‘pathetic fallacy’, 245

  Path of Dreams, 344, 345

  Paths of the Dead, 190

  Pearl (Middle English poem), 5, 203, 204, 205, 207, 210, 222, 225, 226, 237, 247–8, 251, 274, 325, 394

  Pedersen, Holger, 9–10, 15, 16

  Pekonen, Osmo, 395

  Pelagius, 225

  Pelennor Fields, Battle of the, 18, 145, 175, 183

  Peregrin Took, see Pippin, Took

  Persian, 11

  ‘Peter Pan’ element, 345

  Petty, Anne C, 381

  philology, 6–15, 16, 18, 20–21, 22, 23–4, 26–8, 29, 39, 40, 41, 46, 47, 48, 51–2, 56, 58, 59, 61, 63, 65, 99, 308, 311–12, 328, 329, 339, 364–5, 373, 379–80, 385–6; comparative, 12–13, 14, 15, 329

  philosophical inquiries, 267–73

  phonology, 129, 130, 385

  Pictures (see ‘Abbreviations’), 277

  Pilgrim’s Progress (Bunyan), 104

  ‘pipeweed’, 78–9, 381

  Pippin (Peregrin Took), 126, 133, 151, 157, 174, 180, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 192, 212, 232, 236, 240, 242, 325, 352, 373, 414, 417, 421

  place-names, 37, 40–1, 52, 81–2, 132, 146, 189, 203, 222, 228

  Place-Name Survey, 83n

  Player Piano (Vonnegut), 101

  plot, 133, 157, 193, 250, 356, 363, 381

  Poems of Wisdom and Learning in Old English (Shippey), 166n, 389

  Poetic Edda, 19, 80, 86, 89, 166n, 322, 348, 390–1; Alvíssmál, 86; ‘The Battle of the Goths and Huns’, 391; Dvergatal, 80, 110; Fáfnismál, 102, 105, 302, 390; Rigsþula, 391; Skirnismál, 80, 390; Þrymskviða, 348; Völuspá, 70, 80, 390; Vafðrúðnismál, 105, 390

  Popular Tales from the Norse (Dasent), 392; see also Asbjörnsen

  Popular Tales of the Western Highlands, see Campbell, J. F.

  Portia, 70

  ‘possessiveness’, 156, 161, 273–6

  ‘potato’, 51, 79

  Pott, A. E., 11

  Powell, F. York, 14, 22, 390

  ‘power’, 154–5

  Prancing Pony, The, 42, 108, 118, 120, 161, 209

  ‘pride’, 71–2, 267, 273–6, 286–7, 299, 301

  Primitive Germanic, 23

  ‘profit’, 97

  Prometheus, 128

  pronouns, 2–4, 240, 374

  Prose Edda (Snorri Sturluson), 59, 70–71, 92, 237, 278, 279, 295, 348, 391; Gylfaginning, 59

  Prospero, 110, 199

  Protestant, -ism, 159, 224, 251

  proverbs, 137, 189–90, 216, 249

  Providence, 172–3, 289, 426, 428

  Puck of Pook’s Hill (Kipling), 397

  Puffin Books, 63

  Pûkel-men, 265

  Putnam, Robert W., 391

  ‘The Queen of Elfan’s Nourice’, see English and Scottish Popular Ballads

  Quenya, 130, 131, 203, 221, 275, 319, 332, 338

  Quickbeam, 387

  ‘rabbit’, rabbits, 39, 77–79, 80

  Radagast, 110, 396

  Ragnarök spirit, 92, 177, 196, 231, 234, 303

  Ramer (name and word), 338, 339, 361

  ‘Rapunzel’, see Grimms’ Fairy Tales

  Rashbold, John Jethro (name), 338–9

  Rash Promise (motif), 295, 358

  Rask, Rasmus, 12, 19

  Rauros, 114

  ‘raver’, 339

  ‘real’ (as word), 136

  realism, 154, 197–9, 372

  ‘realistic hypertrophy’, 365, 366, 372

  ‘reality’, 136–7, 197, 306

  ‘reality of history’, 33, 38, 52, 98, 387

  ‘reality of human nature’, 98, 138, 387

  ‘reality of language’, 52, 98

  Reaney, P. H., 117

  ‘reconstruction’, 23, 28, 65, 143, 149, 169

  re-creation, 65, 68

  Red Book of Westmarch, 133

  ‘The Reeve’s Tale’ (Chaucer), 23

  Reilly, R. J., 29

  ‘Rescue of Theodoric’, 41

  Resurrection, 243

  ‘Reuel’, 339

  Revelation, 226

  Review of English Studies, 45

  Rewards and Fairies (Kipling), 397

  Reynolds, R. W, 255

  rhetorical devices, 207

  A Rhetoric of the Unreal (Brooke-Rose), 364

 
‘Rhyme of the Troll’, 209

  Richards, Frank (author of Old Soldiers Never Die), 180

  Richards, Frank (creator of Billy Bunter), 200

  Riddermark, 114, 131, 133, 142, 144

  riddle-contests, 84, 88, 105, 388, 390

  ‘Riddle of Strider’ (Bilbo), 216

  Riders of Rohan (of the Mark), 17, 68, 117, 133, 139–40, 142–4, 145, 147–8, 149, 166, 192, 196, 228–9, 244, 397

  ‘rigmarole(s)’, 80, 177

  Rígsþula, see Poetic Edda

  Riming Poem (Old English poem), 193

  Ring, 86–98, 108, 118, 124, 126, 154–5, 156–7, 161, 162, 163, 165, 170, 176, 197, 211, 212, 241 et passim

  Ringbearer, 155, 248

  Der Ring des Nibelungen (Wagner), 388

  Ringwraith(s), 119, 156, 162, 163, 165, 168, 169, 188, 190, 205, 264; see also Nazgûl

  Rivendell, 118, 131, 173, 176, 210, 211, 213, 214, 217, 220, 227, 230, 244

  Roäc (the raven), 110

  Road, image and sources, 35–9, 52, 149, 210–13, 215, 227, 230, 327

  The Road Goes Ever On (Swann), 129, 258

  The Road to Xanadu (Lowes), 387

  Roberts, Mark, 153, 197, 382

  Robinson Crusoe (Defoe), 231

  ‘rock’, 115, 251, 252

  Rohan, 114, 122, 146, 175, 185, 187, 243, 321; see also Mark

  Rohirric, 130, 132, 133

  Rohirrim, 17, 130, 140–1, 192

  Roland, 244; see also Orlando

  Rollright Stones, 112, 152

  ‘romance’, 15–22, 67, 175, 197–9, 237–49, 265, 269, 307

  Romanticism, 219, 222, 243

  Rome, Roman, 16, 18–19, 36–8, 52, 149

  Roos, 277

  The Roots of the Mountains (Morris), 397

  Roseberry Topping, 223n

  The Ruin (Old English poem), 37, 38, 389

  Running, River, 110

  Ruodlieb (Latin poem), 70

  Sackville-Baggins, 82, 109, 135 as name

  sadness, 175–81

  Sador (Lobadal), 299, 300, 306

  Saeros, 298–9, 300, 301

  Saga of Egill Skallagrimsson, 301

  Saga of Eirik the Red, 94

  Saga of Gísli Súrsson, 291, 300

  Saga of Hrafnkell, 95

  Saga of Hrólfr Kraki, 91

  Saga of King Heidrek the Wise, 60, 72, 80, 105, 166n, 261, 391. See also Hervarar saga

  Saga of the Volsungs, Völsunga saga, 294, 353–8, 391

  sagas, 60, 89, 95, 182, 282, 284, 290–1, 353

  St Augustine, 159, 225, 267

  St Brendan, 326, 327, 394

  St Erkenwald (Middle English poem), 225

  St. Michael, 270, 394

  Sammath Naur, 157, 162, 163–4

  sámmoeðri, 282

  sampo, 275

  Sancho Panza, 239

  ‘sanctity’, 384

 

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