8. Figures adjusted for inflation. US Bureau of Labor Statistics, “Consumer Expenditure Survey 2010.”
9. Joint and separate married filers combined as married couple households. Internal Revenue Service, “SOI Tax Stats—Individual Statistical Tables by Filing Status” (2009), accessed August 12, 2012, http://www.irs.gov.
10. Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, Office of the Actuary, “National Health Expenditure Projections 2010–2020,” table 3, accessed August 13, 2012, http://www.cms.gov.
Appendix D
1. Charles Dickens, Dombey and Son (Hertfordshire, UK: Wordsworth Editions, 1995).
2. Jeffrey Moussaieff Masson, The Pig Who Sang to the Moon: The Emotional World of Farm Animals (New York: Ballantine, 2003), 27.
3. Scully, Dominion.
4. Ibid.
5. Ibid., 267–68.
6. Quoted in Joanne Stepaniak and Virginia Messina, The Vegan Sourcebook (Los Angeles: Lowell House, 1998), 39.
7. R. Nowak, Walker's Mammals of the World 5.1. (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997); Richard L. Wallace, “Market Cows: A Potential Profit Center,” University of Illinois Extension (2002), accessed August 6, 2011, http://www.livestocktrail.uiuc.edu.
8. Cows have a nine-month gestation cycle, produce milk for about ten months after giving birth, and are re-impregnated about two months into the cycle. This adds up to about one pregnancy—and one newborn calf—per year for each cow.
9. Quoted in Mercy for Animals, “Vegetarian Starter Kit,” 11, accessed September 28, 2012, http://www.mercyforanimals.org.
10. Jason Henderson and Ken Foster, “Characteristics of U.S. Veal Consumers” (staff paper, 00-2, Department of Agricultural Economics, Purdue University, 2000), accessed September 28, 2012, http://ageconsearch.umn.edu.
11. James M. MacDonald et al., “Profits, Costs, and the Changing Structure of Dairy Farming,” Economic Research Report ERR-47 (September 2007).
12. A. L. Legrand, M. A. G. von Keyserlingk, and D. M. Weary, “Preference and Usage of Pasture Versus Free-Stall Housing by Lactating Dairy Cattle,” Journal of Dairy Science 92, no. 8 (2009): 3651–58.
13. Quoted in Animal Aid, “Battery Cows: Zero Grazing and the Dairy Industry,” accessed August 11, 2011, http://www.animalaid.org.
14. Quoted in Jonathan Leake, “The Secret Life of Cows” (2005), accessed July 14, 2012, http://www.rense.com.
15. Discussed in Ibid.
16. Quoted in Compassion over Killing, “A COK Report: Animal Suffering in the Broiler Industry,” accessed August 5, 2011, http://www.cok.net.
17. D. Martin, “Researcher Studying Growth-Induced Diseases in Broilers,” Feedstuffs (May 26, 1997).
18. S. C. Kestin et al., “Prevalence of Leg Weakness in Broiler Chickens and Its Relationship with Genotype,” Veterinary Record 131, no. 9 (1992): 190–94.
19. T. C. Danbury et al., “Self Selection of the Analgesic Drug Carprofen by Lame Broiler Chickens,” Veterinary Record 146, no. 11 (2000): 307–11.
20. Quoted in J. Erlichman, “The Meat Factory: Cruel Cost of Cheap Pork and Poultry—Factory Methods Have Slashed Meat Prices in the Last 30 Years,” The Guardian (October 14, 1991).
21. C. A. Weeks et al., “The Behaviour of Broiler Chickens and Its Modification by Lameness,” Applied Animal Behaviour Science 67, no. 1 (2000): 111–25.
22. Inma Estevez, “Poultry Welfare Issues,” Poultry Digest Online 3, no. 2 (2002), accessed September 28, 2012, http://ansc-test.umd.edu.
23. Marcus, Meat Market, 22.
24. Egg producers added nearly 270 million laying hens to their flocks in 2010. Assuming that an equal number of males and females are born, that's roughly the number of male chicks killed. USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service, “Chicken and Eggs 2010 Summary” (February 2011).
25. Michael J. Gentle et al., “Behavioural Evidence for Persistent Pain Following Partial Beak Amputation in Chickens,” Applied Animal Behaviour Science 27, no. 1 (1990): 149–57.
26. Ibid.
27. Peter Singer and James Mason, Animal Factories (New York: Crown, 1980).
28. Collins English Dictionary, online edition, accessed September 28, 2012, http://www.collinsdictionary.com; FindLaw Legal Dictionary, online edition, accessed September 28, 2012, http://dictionary.findlaw.com.
29. Valerie Brewer, “An Introduction to Chicken Production: A Brief Insight into the Modern Chicken and Egg Industries,” National Chicken Council (2007), accessed September 28, 2012, http://www.ca.uky.edu.
30. Milton H. Arndt, Battery Brooding: A Complete Exposition of the Important Facts Concerning the Successful Operation and Handling of the Various Types of Battery Brooders (Chicago: Orange Judd Publishing Company, Inc., 1931).
31. Ibid.
32. Marcus, Meat Market.
33. US Poultry and Egg Association, “Economic Data” (2010), accessed July 26, 2011, http://www.poultryegg.org; USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service, “Chicken and Eggs 2010 Summary,” February 2011.
34. Ian J. H. Duncan, “Animal Welfare Issues in the Poultry Industry: Is there a Lesson to Be Learned?” Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science 4, no. 3 (2001): 207–21.
35. United Poultry Concerns Inc., “The Animal Welfare and Food Safety Issues Associated with the Forced Molting of Laying Birds,” accessed September 19, 2012, http://www.upc-online.org.
36. American Egg Board, “Factors that Influence Egg Production” (2010), accessed September 28, 2012, http://www.aeb.org.
37. Jeffrey Moussaieff Masson, The Face on Your Plate: The Truth About Food (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2009).
38. Lesley J. Rogers, The Development of Brain and Behaviour in the Chicken (Wallingford, UK: CAB International, 1995).
39. Konrad Lorenz, “Animals are Sentient Beings: Konrad Lorenz on Instinct and Modern Factory Farming,” Der Spiegel (November 17, 1980).
40. Marian Stamp Dawkins, Through Our Eyes Only?—The Search for Animal Consciousness (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998).
41. Masson, The Face on Your Plate.
42. Ibid.
43. American Egg Board, “Facts about the Egg Production Process” (2010), accessed July 28, 2011, http://www.aeb.org; Elizabeth Weise, “Cage-Free Hens Pushed to Rule Roost,” USA Today (April 10, 2006).
44. Born Free, “Progressive Farming,” accessed July 30, 2011, http://www.bornfreeeggs.com.
45. Pollan, Omnivore's Dilemma.
46. Jewel Johnson, “A Rare Glimpse Inside a Free-Range Egg Facility,” Prairie Progress 8, no. 8 (2007), accessed July 31, 2011, http://www.peacefulprairie.org.
47. Masson, The Face on Your Plate.
48. Jennifer Welsh, “Hens Feel for Their Chicks' Discomfort,” LiveScience (March 9, 2011).
49. Rogers, Brain and Behaviour in the Chicken.
50. W. Grimes, “If Chickens Are So Smart, Why Aren't They Eating Us?” New York Times (January 12, 2003).
51. Bernard E. Rollin, Farm Animal Welfare: School, Bioethical, and Research Issues (Ames, IA: Iowa State University Press, 1995), 118.
52. Karen Davis, “My Experience of Empathy and Affection in Chickens and the Social Life of Chickens and the Mental States I Believe They Have and Need in Order to Participate in the Social Relationships I Have Observed,” United Poultry Concerns (2009), accessed August 7, 2011, www.upc-online.org.
53. California Health and Safety Code §§ 25990-25994.
54. Humane Society of the United States, “Today, The HSUS and the United Egg Producers Announced an Agreement which Could Result in a Complete Makeover of the U.S. Egg Industry,” Humane Society Press Release (August 6, 2011), accessed August 6, 2011, http://action.humanesociety.org.
55. Nedim C. Buyukmihci, “A Veterinarian's Perspective on the Rotten Egg Bill” (2012), accessed July 20, 2012, http://stoptherotteneggbill.org.
INDEX
A
Ag-gag laws, 39–40
AHI. See Animal Health Institute
Air pollution caused by anim
al food production, 112, 126
Albatross, 146–147
Albini, Steve, 189
Alda, Alan, xxvi
ALEC. See American Legislative Exchange Council
Alzheimer's, 94, 108
Ambrose, Stephen, 162
American Egg Board, 200, 222, 223
American Legislative Exchange Council, 41–43
American Meat Institute, 20, 50
AMI. See American Meat Institute
Anhang, Jeff, 125
Animal antibiotics, regulation of, 60–62
Animal Enterprise Terrorism Act, 44
Animal foods
Calcium, 194–196
Diabetes, 8, 90, 93–96
Disease, generally, 91–94
Antibiotics, 104–105
Cancer, 23, 28, 94–95, 193–197
Children, 106, 193, 196–198
Effects on human health, 105
Externalized costs related to animal food consumption, 107
Heart disease, 92–96
Human anatomy, 190–191
Human evolution, 190–192
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, 105
Price elasticity of demand, 97–100, 204–205
Quality of protein, 27–28, 189
US consumption, 5, 20–2, 91–92, 96–100
Vitamin B12, obtaining, 191–192
Animal Health Institute, 104
AquaBounty Technologies, 56–58
Aquaculture. See Fish farming
AquAdvantage Salmon, 55–56
Arthritis, 94
Atkins, Robert, 91–92
B
Baird, C. C., 40
Barnouin, Kim, 69
Battery cages, 220–223
Beef
Antibiotics, 104–105
Campylobacter, 102–103
Cancer, 95
Diabetes, 93–94
Heart disease, 92–96
Hormones, 106
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, 105
Price elasticity of demand, 98
Quality of protein, 27–28
Beef industry
American Meat Institute, 20, 50
Subsidies, xv
Berra, Yogi, 73
Bovine growth hormone. See Recombinant bovine somatotropin (rBST)
Broiler chickens, 77
Antibiotics, 104–105
Campylobacter, 102–103
E. coli, 103
Improvements in production, 74
Intelligence and personality, 225–227
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, 105
Organic production, 115–118
Salmonella, 103
Slaughter methods, 37
Treatment in factory farms, 218
Willingness to pay to end inhumane treatment, 141
Bush, George W., 89, 160
Bycatch
Albatross losses, 146–147
Dolphin losses, 146
Economic costs of, 158
Flatfish-related losses, 158
Leatherback turtle losses, 145–146
Nontarget, valuable species losses, 147
Shrimp-related losses, 147
Target species juvenile losses, 147
Worldwide total losses, 147
C
CAFOs. See Factory farms
Cage-free eggs
Denial of hens' urge to roost and dust-bathe, 225–227
Enriched cages, 227–228
Forced molting, 221–222
Generally, 223–225
Partial beak amputation, 218–220
Calcitriol, 195
Calcium and bone health, 194–196
Campbell, T. Colin, 12–13, 28, 194
Campylobacter, 102–103
Cancer
Annual US health care cost, 107–108
Incidence in US, 90
Incidence related to animal food production, 96
Meat consumption, 94–96
Carter, Charles, Jr., 112
Cataracts, 94
Cattle
Antibiotics, 104–105
California “Happy Cows” lawsuit, 22–23
Campylobacter, 102–103
Hormones, 106
Improvements in dairy production, 74
Methane generation, 119
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, 105
Organic production, 117–121
Production and water use, 118–119
Slaughter methods, 47–49
Treatment in factory farms, 22–23, 47–52, 217
Willingness to pay to end zero grazing, 141
Center for Food Safety, 58
CFE. See Customary Farming Exemptions
Charles, Prince of Wales, 117
Checkoff programs, 3–8, 14–15, 174, 207
Cheeseburger laws, 41–42
Chicken meat
Cholestorol content, 12, 93
Health effects, 17, 92, 94, 103, 105
Heart disease, 92
Historical price movement, 96–97
Price elasticity of demand, 205
Treatment of broiler chickens, 218
Chickens. See either Hens (egg-producing) or Broiler chickens (meat-producing)
Children and animal food consumption, 106, 193, 196–198
Cholesterol
Animal foods, xx, 12, 93, 140, 197
Consumption guidelines, 101–102
Different effect of plant- and animal-based diets, 167
Egg consumption, 198–200
No human need for dietary consumption of, 101
Cigarettes
Effect of taxes on demand, 169–171
Price elasticity of demand, 96
Clark, Daniel, 40
Clean Air Act, 129
Clean Water Act, 129
Clinton, Bill, 28, 109
Cohen, Stanley, 24
Colbert, Stephen, 21
Colony Collapse Disorder, 123–124
Common law, 34–35
Commonsense Consumption Act. See Cheeseburger laws
Compassion by the Pound, 134
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act, 129
Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations (CAFOs). See Factory farms
Controlled molting. See Forced molting
Cows. See Cattle
Crohn's, 94
Customary Farming Exemptions, 36–38
D
Dairy
Bone health, 194–196
Calcium, 194–196
Cancer, 193–194
Children, 169–198
Health effects, generally, 192–198
Price elasticity of demand, 205
Recombinant bovine somatotropin, 59–60
Treatment of cows in factory farms, 22–23
US consumption levels, xxi, 5
Dairy industry
Influence in research process, 9–11
National Dairy Council, 13, 28
Davis, Karen, 226
Dealing Dogs, 40
Debeak. See Partial beak amputation
Defamation laws, 38
Demand
Dairy, xxi, 5
Effect of price increase on, 96–100
Law of, 96–99
Meat, xxii, 114
Demand elasticity. See Price elasticity of demand
Descartes, René, 136
Dew, Thomas, 181
Diabetes
Annual US health care cost, 107
Incidence in US, 8, 90, 95
Incidence related to animal food production, 96
Red meat consumption, 93–94
Dickens, Charles, 213
Dirksen, Everett, xxv
Dumping, 84–86
Dust Bowl, 120, 124
E
E. coli, 65–66, 103, 105, 107, 112
Ecological rotation, 114–117
Ecoterrorism laws, 43–45
Eggs
Battery cages, 220–221
Cage-free eggs, 223–225
Denial of hens' urge to roost and dust-bathe, 225–227
Enriched cages, 227–228
Forced molting, 221–222
Health effects, 198–200
Improvements in production, 74
Partial beak amputation, 218–220
Plant-based substitutes, 143
Price elasticity of demand, 98, 205
Production and water use, 118–119
Treatment of laying hens in factory farms, 218–228
Elasticity of demand. See Price elasticity of demand
Energy industry, 76, 113
Enriched cages, 227–228
Environmental Protection Agency
Administrator Stephen L. Johnson, 128
Deficiencies in enforcing green laws against factory farms, 128–129
EPA. See Environmental Protection Agency
Esselstyn, Caldwell, 178
Eutrophication, 153
Evans, Chris, 225
Externalized costs of animal food production
Air pollution, 126
Animal cruelty, 141
Antibiotics, 107
Bycatch, 158
Cancer, 107–108
Climate change, 125
Diabetes, 107
E. coli, 107
Effect of proposed Meat Tax, 166, 176
Electricity generation, 76, 113
Fish farming, 157–158
Fish production, 157–158
Generally, 165, 202
Health care costs, 107–109
Heart disease, 107
Illusion of low prices, 75–76
Incidence, xx, xxv, 59, 75
Manure remediation, 126–127
Overfishing, 157–158
Overview, 165, 202
Pesticides and fertilizers, 125–126
Salmonella, 107
Soil erosion, 124–125
Water pollution, 126–127
Externalized costs of fruit and vegetable production, 78
F
Factory farms
Battery cages, 220–221
Broiler chickens, treatment, 218
Cage-free eggs, 223–225
Cattle, treatment, 22–23, 47–52, 217
Consolidation, 74, 217
Dairy cows, treatment, 22–23
Denial of hens' urge to roost and dust-bathe, 225–227
Effect on local communities, 83–84
Effect on tax revenues, 84
Enriched cages, 227–228
Forced molting, 221–222
Laying hens, treatment, 218–228
Meatonomics Page 33