Partial beak amputation, 218–220
Pigs, treatment, 134, 213–215
Veal calves, treatment, 216
Willingness to pay to end inhumane practices, 141
Factory fishing
Bycatch, 147
Fishery collapse, 148–149
Jevons Paradox, 155
Longlining, 146
Overfishing, 149, 153–155
Trawling, 146
Faison, F. J. “Sonny,” 214–215
Farm Bill, 49, 80, 85, 87–89
FDA. See Food and Drug Administration
Fedoroff, Nina, 113
Fertilizers, 125–126
Fish
Blindness caused by fish farming, 158
Capacity to feel fear and anxiety, 137–138
Capacity to feel pain, 136–137
Health effects, generally, 200–201
Mercury content, 140, 200–201
Polychlorinated biphenyls content, 140, 200–201
Slaughter methods, 139–140
Stress related to tight stocking density, 138–139
Susceptibility to parasitic infection, 138–139
Willingness to pay to end inhumane treatment, 141
Fish farming
Cage systems, 149–153
Escapes harming wild populations, 153
Generally, 149–157
In US, 157
Jevons Paradox, 155
Parasitic infection, 138–139
Pen systems, 149–153
Sea lice, 138–139
Slaughter methods, 139–140
Stocking densities, 138–139
Sustainability, 151–153
University of Maryland, 150
Waste generation, 153
Willingness to pay to end inhumane practices, 141
Fishery collapse, 148–149
Fishing subsidies, 148
Fitzgerald, Peter, 65, 174
Food and Drug Administration
Bovine growth hormone (rBST), 59–60
Regulation of animal antibiotics, 60–62
Scope of responsibility for animal foods, 56
Food miles, 121–123
Forced molting, 221–222
Francione, Gary, 178
Freedman, Rory, 169
Frost, Robert, xxi
G
Galbraith, John Kenneth, xiii
Gandhi, Mohandas, 183, 185
Garner, Joseph, 137–138
German, Mike, 44–45
Godwin, Jerry, 214
Goldfish, capacity to feel fear and anxiety, 137–138
Goodland, Robert, 125
Gottleib, Robert, 180
Gout, 94
Government speech, 6
Grandin, Temple, 47
Green Scare, 42–45
Ground beef
Cholesterol content, 93
E. coli, 103
H
HAACP. See Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points
Halal, 47
Ham, 26, 96
Historical price movement, 74
Harkin, Tom, 129
Hayes, Rutherford B., 164
Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points, 65
Heart disease
Annual US health care cost, 107
Chicken consumption, 92
Incidence in US, 90
Incidence related to animal food production, 96
Red meat consumption, 20, 93
Hegsted, D. Mark, 195–196
Hens
Battery cages, 220–221
Cage-free conditions, 223–225
Campylobacter, 102–103
Consumer willingness to pay to move to free-range system, 141
Enriched cages, 227–228
Forced molting, 221–222
Free-range, 223–225
Improvements in production, 74
Inability to roost in factory farms, 225–227
Intelligence and personality, 225–227
Organic production, 115–118
Partial beak amputation, 218–226
Salmonella, 103
Slaughter methods, 37
Treatment in factory farms, generally, 218–228
HMSA. See Humane Methods of Slaughter Act
Hogs. See Pigs
Hormones in beef and dairy, effects on human health, 106
Hughes, Arthur, 49
Humane Methods of Slaughter Act, 24, 47–50, 52
Humane Society of the United States, 44, 49, 227
Huxley, Aldous, 3, 14
I
IMTA. See Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture
Incidental taking. See Bycatch
Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture, 150–151
Iron, 191
J
Jefferson, Thomas, 53
Jevons Paradox, 155
Johnson, Jewel, 224
Johnson, Stephen L., 128
Joshi, Anupama, 180
Joy, Melanie, xxiii
K
Kashrut, 47
Katz, Theodore, 62
Kimbrell, Andrew, 58
Klaper, Michael, 193, 215–216
Kosher meat, 47
Kourda, Dina, 184
L
Laws affecting animal food production
Ag-gag laws, 39–40
Animal Enterprise Terrorism Act, 44
Cheeseburger laws, 41–42
Clean Air Act, 129
Clean Water Act, 129
Common law, 34–35
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act, 129
Customary Farming Exemptions, 36
Defamation laws, 38
Early legislation, 35–36
Ecoterrorism laws, 43–45
Endangered Species Act, 145
Enforcement challenges, 38–40
Humane Methods of Slaughter Act, 24, 47–50, 52
Twenty-Eight Hour Law, 45–47
LCA. See Life Cycle Assessment
Leatherback turtle, 145–146
Lewis, John, 169
Life Cycle Assessment
Generally, 121–122
New Zealand lamb and powdered milk, 122
Lobbying
Cash donations and influence, 33–34
Expenditures, 19, 32
Regulatory influence, 61–62, 66, 68
Local production of animal foods, 121–123
Longevity of vegans and omnivores, 95
Lorenz, Konrad, 222–223
Lovitz, Dara, 43
Lusk, Jayson, 134, 140–141
M
Marine ecosystem services, 159
Market failure, xxiv–xxv
Martin, Dick, 35–36
Masson, Jeffrey, 213–214, 225
McConnell, Mitch, 42
McCrary, Jeffrey, 156
McDougall, John, 189–190
McLuhan, Marshall, xxvi
McWilliams, James, 122, 130–132
Mead, Margaret, 184
Meat Tax, proposed
Benefits, 176–177
Economic effects, 204–212
Effect on demand, 207–208
Feasability, 183–184
Objections, 177–184
Overview, 172–173
Tax credit, 173
Meat, plant-based, 168
Medicaid, 165, 176, 209–211
Medicare, 176, 209–211
Mencken, H. L., 14
Merberg, Adam, 115–117
Mercury in fish, 140, 200–201
Mercy for Animals, 51
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, 105
Mill, John Stuart, 182
Miller, Gregory, 10–11, 14, 28
Miller, Peter, 123
Mills, Milton, 190–191
Monsanto, 58–59, 68–69, 86–87
MRSA. See Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
N
National Academies' Institute of Medicine, 101
National Pork Board, 20, 37
National Restaurant Association, 41
Nestle, Marion, 34, 69
New River manure spill, 111–112
Norwood, F. Bailey, 134, 140–141
O
Obesity
Cheeseburger laws, 41–42
Effect of animal foods, 167
Low-income consumers, 175
Percentage of Americans affected, xxii, 8
Robert Atkins, 91–92
US rate compared to rest of world, 95
Oil industry, xxii, 59
Omega-3s, 154, 160, 200–201
Oppenlander, Richard, 116
Organic Consumers Association, 69
Organic production of animal foods
Baby food containing neurotoxin, 67
Labeling requirements, 66–68
Pasturing requirement for ruminants, 67–68
Oski, Frank A., 198
Overfishing, 149, 153–155
Overpeck, Jonathan, 125
P
Painter, Stanley, 50
Parkinson's, 94, 108
Partial beak amputation, 218–220
Pascal, Blaise, 148
PCBs. See Polychlorinated biphenyls
People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals, 22–23
Pesticides, 78, 118, 124–126, 129
Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine, 23, 64
Pigou, Arthur, 169
Pigovian tax
Cigarettes, 169–171
Generally, 169–171
Pigs
Antibiotics, 104–105
Campylobacter, 102–103
Consumer willingness to pay to move to shelter pasture system, 141
Intelligence and personality, 213–214
Organic production, 118–119
Treatment in factory farms, 213–214
Pimentel, David, 130
Pink Slime, 18–19
Plant-based diet
Calcium, obtaining, 191, 196
Indicated by human anatomy, 190–191
Omega-3 fatty acids, obtaining, 201
Quality of protein, 27–28, 189–190
Substitutes for meat and dairy, 98, 143, 168
Vitamin B12, obtaining, 191–192
Pollan, Michael, xix, 114–115, 224
Polychlorinated biphenyls, 68, 140, 160, 200–201
Polyface Farm, xix, 114–117
Pork
Children, 20
E. coli, 103, 105
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, 105
Quality of protein, 189–190
Pork industry
Consolidation, 74, 83
National Pork Board, 20, 37
National Pork Producers Council, 16
Subsidies, xv
Potter, Will, 43
Price elasticity of demand
Animal foods generally, 97–100, 204–205
Beef, 98
Chicken meat, 205
Cigarettes, 96
Coca-Cola, 98
Dairy, 205
Eggs, 98, 205
Generally, 97–99
Soft drinks, 98
Weighted average for all animal foods, 99, 172, 205
Protein
Animal-based, as cause of cancer, 28, 194
Deficiency, 24–25
Origin of recommended consumption levels, 29–30
Production and water use, 118–120
Quantities in plant foods, 25–28
Q
Qureshi, Adnan, 198–199
R
rBST. See Recombinant bovine somatotropin
Reagan, Ronald, 31, 82
Recombinant bovine somatotropin, 59–60
Red meat
Antibiotics, 104–105
Cancer, 95
Children, 106, 197
Diabetes, 93–94
Heart disease, 20, 93
Human anatomy, 190–191
Quality of protein, 189–190
Rees, William, 123
Regulatory capture, xvii, 58–59, 70, 133
Reich, Robert, 52–53
Rivera-Ferre, Marta, 99
Robbins, John, 216
Rodemeyer, Tracy, 20
Rohrabacher, Dana, 31
Rose, James, 134
Runkle, Nathan, 51
S
Salatin, Joel, 117
Salmon
AquAdvantage Salmon, 55–56
Cholesterol content, 12, 93
Decline of fisheries, 144–145
Farmed, and sea lice, 138–139
Farming of, 138–140, 149–153
Fish farm escapes and wild populations, 153
Hatcheries, 145, 155
Sea lice, generally, 152
Sea lice, harm to wild populations, 152
Slaughter methods, 139–140
Stress related to sea lice, 139
Stress related to tight stocking density, 138
Susceptibility to parasitic infection, 138, 152
Unsustainability of farming operations in Sweden's coastal waters, 156
Salmonella,
Externalized costs related to animal food consumption, 107
Sarcopenia, 25
Saturated fat
Consumption guidelines, 101–102
No human need for dietary consumption of, 101
US consumption of, xx, 8, 91, 102
Schlosser, Eric, 68, 103
Scully, Matthew, 214–215
Sea lice, 138–139, 152
Seng, Joe, 39
Siri-Tarino, Patty, 11–13, 20, 198
Slaughter methods
Cattle, 47–49
Chickens, 37
Fish, 139–140
Halal, 47
Kashrut, 47
Kosher, 47
Smithfield Foods Inc., 180–181
Soil erosion caused by animal food production, 124–125
Sowell, Thomas, 177
Sows. See Pigs
Spock, Benjamin, 197–198
Stanger, Janice, 190
Stigler, George, 58
Subsidies to animal food production
As cause of factory farms' rise, 83–84
Beneficiaries, 80–81, 86–87
Distortion of market forces, 81–83
Dumping, 84–86
Effects on developing nations, 84–85
Effects on taxpayers, 88
Fishing, 148
Generally, 79–89
Local production, 121–123
Reform, proposed, 175
Sullivan, Mariann, 32, 36
Supply management, 82
Supply-driven forces, 96, 100, 116, 145, 155, 159, 164
Sussman, Robert, 192
Sustainability of animal food production, 117–121
Air pollution, 112, 126
Climate change, 125
Ecological rotation, 114–117
Fertilizers, 125–126
Generally, 131–132
Local production, 121–123
Organic production, 117–121
Pesticides, 125–126
Water pollution, 126–127
Water use, 118–120
Swine. See Pigs
Swine flu, 16–18
T
Tax on animal foods. See Meat Tax, proposed
Tax credit, proposed, 173
Terrorism, 43–44
Tilapia, 154–156
Tobacco industry, xx-xxi, 109, 177
Torell, Ron, 135
Trout
Capacity to feel pain, 136–137
Slaughter methods, 139–140
Stocking density in fish farms, 138–139
Stress related to tight stocking density, 138–139
Unsustainability of farming operations in Sweden's coastal waters, 156
Tuttle, Will, xix
Twain, Mark, 17, 173
Tyson Foods, 19, 48, 87
U
US Department of Agriculture
Beef recall, 49–50
Cholesterol guideline
s, 63, 79
Enforcement of Humane Methods of Slaughter Act, deficiencies in executing, 48–50
Food Safety and Inspection Service, 52
Inability to issue mandatory recall, 66
Inherent conflicts of interest, 62–69
Inspection duties, deficiencies in executing, 48–50
Involvement in checkoff programs, 6
Labeling duties, deficiencies in executing, 66–68
Office of Inspector General, 65, 66
Protein guidelines, 26, 29–30
Reduction in subsidy payments, proposed, 175
Reform, proposed, 174
Reminded by Congress to enforce Humane Methods of Slaughter Act, 49
Revolving door of industry personnel, 68–69
Saturated fat guidelines, 101–102
Scope of responsibility for animal foods, 56
Secretary Tom Vilsack, 17, 68–69
United Poultry Concerns, 222, 226
Unruh, Jesse “Big Daddy”, 33
USDA. See US Department of Agriculture
V
Vanderbilt, William, 52
Veal calves, treatment in factory farms, 216
Vegetables, quality of protein, 198–200
Vilsack, Tom, 17, 68–69
Vitamin B12, 191–192
Voit, Carl von, 29
W
Warhol, Andy, 166
Water pollution caused by animal food production, 126–127
Wilde, Oscar, 114
Wilson, Woodrow, 163
Winfrey, Oprah, xvii, 38
Wolfson, David, 32, 36
Wordsworth, William, 184
Wynn, Steve, 109
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
David Robinson Simon is a lawyer and advocate for sustainable consumption. He works as general counsel for a healthcare company and serves on the board of the APRL Fund, a non-profit dedicated to protecting animals.
David received his BA from UC Berkeley and his JD from the University of Southern California. He is also the author of New Millennium Law Dictionary, a full-length legal dictionary. He lives in Southern California with his partner, artist Tania Marie, and their rabbit, tortoise, and two cats.
Visit David at www.meatonomics.com.
TO OUR READERS
Conari Press, an imprint of Red Wheel/Weiser, publishes books on topics ranging from spirituality, personal growth, and relationships to women's issues, parenting, and social issues. Our mission is to publish quality books that will make a difference in people's lives—how we feel about ourselves and how we relate to one another. We value integrity, compassion, and receptivity, both in the books we publish and in the way we do business.
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