43. Rasmus Brygger, interview by author, Copenhagen, April 11, 2016.
44. Kenan Malik, From Fatwa to Jihad (London: Atlantic Books, 2009), 140.
45. Rasmus Brygger, interview by author, Copenhagen, April 11, 2016.
46. Olivier Roy, La laïcité face à l’islam (Paris: Fayard, 2013), 12, 42. This and other translations from the original French version of Roy’s book are my own and in some places may differ slightly from the published English translation.
47. Ibid., 63–64.
48. Ibid., 61.
49. Ibid., 148–149.
50. Ibid., 70, 160.
51. Christian Joppke, Citizenship and Immigration (Cambridge, UK: Polity, 2011), 123, 139–141.
52. When a supposedly liberal state targets one religion’s signs of observance and leaves others alone while celebrating one faith’s holidays and ignoring others, it is not neutral; it is effectively funding the arsenal of one faith, to use Caldwell’s analogy, in order to defeat another. Whether it is letting nuns wear habits to the beach while banning burkinis or celebrating Christmas in public buildings while claiming to be staunchly secular, “the selective exclusion of Islam and endorsement of Christianity rests on a subtle distinction between religion as faith and religion as culture,” a slippery concept that often ends up targeting or marginalizing minority religions. As the Dutch writer Paul Scheffer puts it, “Many countries have regulations that are at odds with the separation of church and state, such as the obligation to pay church taxes in Germany and Denmark.” If they purport to be genuinely secular countries, they must address these small hypocrisies, and if they want to fight political Islam, they will have to defend genuine freedom of religion for everyone so that their secularism does not appear selective.
53. “Le Conseil d’Etat met un terme aux arrêtés ‘anti-burkini,’” Le Monde, August 26, 2016, http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2016/08/26/le-conseil-d-etat-suspend-l-arrete-anti-burkini-de-villeneuve-loubet_4988472_3224.html.
54. Yascha Mounk, “The West Can Have Burkinis or Democracy, but Not Both,” Foreign Policy, August 27, 2016, http://foreignpolicy.com/2016/08/27/the-west-can-have-burkinis-or-democracy-but-not-both/.
55. Ibid.
10. BARBARIANS AT THE GATES
1. “Wilders Tells Dutch Parliament Refugee Crisis Is ‘Islamic Invasion,’” Reuters, September 10, 2015, http://uk.reuters.com/article/us-europe-migrants-netherlands-idUSKCN0RA0WY20150910.
2. “Inwoners Oranje Blokkeren Toegangswegen En Belagen Staatssecretaris,” NU, October 6, 2015, http://www.nu.nl/algemeen/4140129/inwoners-oranje-blok-keren-toegangswegen-en-belagen-staatssecretaris.html.
3. “Elf Mannen Opgepakt Na Bestorming Woerden,” NOS, October 10, 2015, http://nos.nl/artikel/2062272-elf-mannen-opgepakt-na-bestorming-woerden.html.
4. Amanda Vermeulen, interview by author (phone), October 10, 2015.
5. “Ruzie over PVV Splijt AZC Alert,” NOS, October 23, 2015, http://nos.nl/artikel/2064646-ruzie-over-pvv-splijt-azc-alert.html. Vermeulen accused the PVV faction of staging a “coup.”
6. Tanja Jadnanansing, interview by author, The Hague, April 21, 2016.
7. Anita Hendriks and other AZC-Alert activists, series of interviews by author, Den Bosch, April 18, 2016.
8. “Nieuwsbericht—Bolten en Booij blij met verkiezingsuitslag,” KijkopSteenbergen, March 21, 2015, https://kijkopsteenbergen.nl/nieuws/bolten-en-booij-blij-met-verkiezingsuitslag.html; Sheila Kamerman and Freek Schravesande, “Spandoeken Oké, Maar Geweld—Dat Niet,” NRC, November 9, 2015, https://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2015/11/09/spandoeken-oke-maar-geweld-dat-niet-1555251-a1392443.
9. Anita Hendriks and other AZC-Alert activists, series of interviews by author, Den Bosch, April 18, 2016. There is a pattern of groups denouncing everyone one step to their right. Holland’s PEGIDA leader, Edwin Wagenveld, told me the same thing. He’s proud to lead his own group but insists that if anyone comes near his demonstration with a swastika he’ll kick them out. Edwin Wagenveld, interview by author, The Hague, April 9, 2016.
10. Anita Hendriks and other AZC-Alert activists, series of interviews by author, Den Bosch, April 18, 2016.
11. Alexander van Hattem and other provincial officials, series of interviews by author, Den Bosch, April 18, 2016.
12. Ibid.
13. Geert Wilders, “Let the Dutch Vote on Immigration Policy,” New York Times, November 19, 2015, https://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/20/opinion/geert-wilders-the-dutch-deserve-to-vote-on-immigration-policy.html.
14. Alexander van Hattem and other provincial officials, series of interviews by author, Den Bosch, April 18, 2016.
15. Theodor W. Adorno, The Authoritarian Personality (New York: Harper, 1950).
16. Karen Stenner, The Authoritarian Dynamic (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010), 4.
17. Ibid., 17.
18. Ibid., 20.
19. Jens Rydgren, The Populist Challenge: Political Protest and Ethno-Nationalist Mobilization in France, (New York: Berghahn Books, 2003).
20. Stenner, The Authoritarian Dynamic, 329.
21. Ibid., 327.
22. Ibid., 331.
23. Jonathan Haidt, “When and Why Nationalism Beats Globalism,” American Interest, July 10, 2016, http://www.the-american-interest.com/2016/07/10/when-and-why-nationalism-beats-globalism/; David Goodhart, The Road to Somewhere: The Populist Revolt and the Future of Politics (London: C. Hurst, 2017).
24. Paul Scheffer, interview by author, Amsterdam, March 24, 2016.
25. Haidt, “When and Why Nationalism Beats Globalism.”
26. Stenner, The Authoritarian Dynamic, 136.
27. Emmanuel Todd, Who Is Charlie?: Xenophobia and the New Middle Class (Cambridge, UK: Polity, 2015), 127–128, 182.
28. Ibid., 182.
29. Stenner, The Authoritarian Dynamic, 136–137; Haidt, “When and Why Nationalism Beats Globalism.”
30. Edwin Wagenveld, interview by author, The Hague, April 9, 2016.
31. Ibid.
32. Ibid.
33. Ibid.
34. Renaud Camus, Le Grand Remplacement, 3rd. ed. (Plieux, France: Château de Plieux, 2015), Kindle locations 4162–4181.
35. Edwin Wagenveld, interview by author, The Hague, April 9, 2016.
36. Ibid. For governments who have gone to great lengths to keep these locations secret, it is a telling anecdote.
37. Ibid.
11. THEY’RE STEALING OUR JOBS
1. Tanja Jadnanansing, interview by author, The Hague, April 21, 2016.
2. Liz Alderman, “Guiding Refugees in Europe on a Rocky Path to Assimilation,” New York Times, October 18, 2016, https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/19/business/international/guiding-refugees-in-europe-on-a-rocky-path-to-assimilation.html.
3. Paul Schnabel, interview by author, Amsterdam, April 21, 2016.
4. Ibid.
5. Liz Alderman, “Danish Companies Seek to Hire, but Everyone’s Already Working,” New York Times, February 28, 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/28/business/economy/denmark-jobs-full-employment.html.
6. Thomas Gyldal Petersen, interview by author, Herlev, April 13, 2016.
7. Kenneth Kristensen Berth, interview by author, Copenhagen, March 4, 2016.
8. Keith Banting and Will Kymlicka, eds., Multiculturalism and the Welfare State: Recognition and Redistribution in Contemporary Democracies (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006), 26–27.
9. Søren Espersen, interview by author, Copenhagen, April 13, 2016.
10. Kenneth Kristensen Berth, interview by author, Copenhagen, March 4, 2016.
11. Søren Espersen, interview by author, Copenhagen, April 13, 2016.
12. Kenneth Kristensen Berth, interview by author, Copenhagen, March 4, 2016.
13. Thomas Gyldal Petersen, interview by author, Herlev, April 13, 2016.
14. Søren Espersen, interview by author, Copenhagen, April 13, 2016.
15. “Mette Frederiksen: En Åben Udlændingepolitik Ødelægger de Nordiske Velfærdssamfund,” Ugebrev
et A4, January 20, 2016, http://www.ugebreveta4.dk/mette-frederiksen-en-aaben-udlaendingepolitik-oedelae_20352.aspx.
16. Thomas Gyldal Petersen, interview by author, Herlev, April 13, 2016.
17. Yildiz Akdogan, interview by author, Copenhagen, April 12, 2016.
18. Somewhat ironically, their government offices remain in an annex attached to the main parliament building along with those of the far-left Enhedslisten party.
19. Yildiz Akdogan, interview by author, Copenhagen, April 12, 2016.
20. Aydin Soei, interview by author, Copenhagen, April 15, 2016.
21. Johanne Schmidt-Nielsen, interview by author, Copenhagen, April 15, 2016. The party has collective leadership. Schmidt-Nielsen was its most prominent public face until mid-2016, when she announced she’d be stepping back from the spotlight.
22. Aydin Soei, interview by author, Copenhagen, April 15, 2016.
23. Kenneth Kristensen Berth, interview by author, Copenhagen, March 4, 2016.
24. Lars Olsen, interview by author, Humlebæk, April 11, 2016.
25. Thomas Gammeltoft-Hansen, interview by author, Copenhagen, March 3, 2016.
26. “Ikke Så Meget Klynk—Se Så at Komme I Gang,” Berlingske, February 16, 2016, http://www.b.dk/content/item/307945; “Lad Os Nu Få Indslusningsløn,” Berlingske, December 14, 2015, http://www.b.dk/content/item/307943.
27. Jakob Hvide Beim, Thomas Flensburg, and Mathias Petersen, “Nu Er Aftale På Plads: Flygtninge Kan Få Ned Til 49 Kroner I Timen,” Politiken, March 17, 2016, http://politiken.dk/oekonomi/arbejdsmarked/art5615455/Nu-er-aftale-p%C3%A5-plads-Flygtninge-kan-f%C3%A5-ned-til-49-kroner-i-timen; Nilas Heinskou and Jakob Hvide Beim, “FOA: Kommunerne Tror, at de Kan Slippe Med 49 Kroner I Timen,” Politiken, March 10, 2016, http://politiken.dk/indland/politik/art5614265/FOA-Kommunerne-tror-at-de-kan-slippe-med-49-kroner-i-timen;Frederik Hjorth Gernigon, “Under 15 Registrerede: Ny Flygtningeuddannelse Sender Få I Arbejde,” Jyllands-Posten, October 5, 2016, http://jyllands-posten.dk/indland/ECE9056566/ny-flygtningeuddannelse-sender-faa-i-arbejde/.
28. Leo Lucassen, interview by author, Amsterdam, April 22, 2016.
29. Anders Samuelsen, interview by author, Copenhagen, April 12, 2016.
30. Rasmus Brygger, interview by author, Copenhagen, April 11, 2016.
31. Leo Lucassen, interview by author, Amsterdam, April 22, 2016.
12. THE RISE OF WHITE IDENTITY POLITICS
1. Andrew Higgins, “Fake News, Fake Ukrainians: How a Group of Russians Tilted a Dutch Vote,” New York Times, February 16, 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/16/world/europe/russia-ukraine-fake-news-dutch-vote.html.
2. Thierry Baudet, interview by author, Amsterdam, March 21, 2016.
3. “Thierry Baudet, de pianofoto,” Algemeen Dagblad, March 17, 2017, http://www.ad.nl/nieuws/geen-woord-meer-over-de-piano-van-thierry-baudet~a220b92d/100809956/; Derk Stokmans and Wilmer Heck, “Wie is deze ‘belangrijkste intellectueel van Nederland’?,” NRC, September 28, 2016; https://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2016/09/28/de-vele-ideeen-en-vrienden-van-baudet-4508787-a1523858.
4. Thierry Baudet, interview by author, Amsterdam, March 21, 2016.
5. Merijn Oudenampsen, interview by author, Amsterdam, April 20, 2016.
6. Roger Scruton, “OIKOPHOBIA,” Journal of Education 175, no. 2 (1993): 93–98.
7. According to Thijs Kleinpaste, a journalist at the Groene Amsterdammer, a left-wing weekly, Baudet is “more Barrès than Burke”—someone who “inhabits a world of books and is not at home among his crowd” of right-wing social media attack dogs. For Kleinpaste, he is someone who “wants to lose the argument with fighting dignity.” Thijs Kleinpaste, interview by author, Amsterdam, March 23, 2016.
8. Baudet has elsewhere made it clear that he is partial to patriarchy. For an example of his praise for violence-prone pickup artists and the suggestion that women want to be overpowered, even when they say no, see “Internet Zoekt Al 72 Uur Massaal Naar Dit Jaren Oude Artikel van Thierry Baudet (Fvd),” Post Online, March 17, 2017, http://cult.tpo.nl/2017/03/17/julien-blanc-heeft-volkomen-gelijk/.
9. Martin Bosma, Minderheid in Eigen Land: Hoe Progressieve Strijd Ontaardt in Genocide En ANC-Apartheid (Amsterdam: Bibliotheca Africana Formicae, 2015). In fairness to Bosma, he correctly points out that South Africa’s African National Congress, which the Dutch anti-apartheid movement backed in the 1970s and 1980s, committed many crimes of its own during those years and it has now transformed itself from a liberation movement into a power-hungry ruling party that has turned the country into a corrupt kleptocracy. Bosma’s analysis of current events in South Africa is far more convincing than his discussion of historical ones.
10. Thierry Baudet, interview by author, Amsterdam, March 21, 2016.
11. “Naar Het Veelbelovende Land,” De Groene Amsterdammer, June 22, 2016, https://www.groene.nl/artikel/naar-het-veelbelovende-land.
12. Thierry Baudet, interview by author, Amsterdam, March 21, 2016.
13. Christopher Caldwell, Reflections on the Revolution in Europe: Immigration, Islam and the West (London: Penguin, 2010), 7.
14. Ibid., 15.
15. Doug Saunders, The Myth of the Muslim Tide: Do Immigrants Threaten the West? (New York: Vintage Books, 2012), 59.
16. Theodore Schleifer, “King Doubles Down on Controversial ‘Babies’ Tweet,” CNN, March 14, 2017, http://edition.cnn.com/2017/03/13/politics/steve-king-babies-tweet-cnntv/.
17. Thilo Sarrazin, L’Allemagne disparaît: Quand un pays se laisse mourir, trans. Jean-Baptiste Offenburg (Paris: Editions du Toucan, 2013), 64–67, 91.
18. Ibid., 268, 369, 331–332.
19. Bent Melchior, interview by author, Copenhagen, March 7, 2016.
20. Saunders, The Myth of the Muslim Tide, 51–52.
21. Bent Melchior, interview by author, Copenhagen, March 7, 2016.
22. Sarrazin, L’Allemagne disparaît, 315.
23. Ibid., 322–323, 404.
24. Jean Raspail, The Camp of the Saints, trans. Norman R. Shapiro (Petoskey, MI: Social Contract Press, 2015), 190.
25. Thierry Baudet, interview by author, Amsterdam, March 21, 2016.
26. Merijn Oudenampsen, interview by author, Amsterdam, April 20, 2016.
27. Kustaw Bessems, interview by author, Amsterdam, March 24, 2016.
28. “Wilders Met Spruyt in Nieuwe Rechtse Partij,” NU, November 4, 2004, http://www.nu.nl/algemeen/436687/wilders-met-spruyt-in-nieuwe-rechtse-partij.html.
29. Merijn Oudenampsen, interview by author, Amsterdam, April 20, 2016. Spruyt has since criticized Wilders and blamed Islamophobic rhetoric for inspiring the Norwegian murderer Breivik.
30. “A Concise History of the Netherlands by James C. Kennedy,” Cambridge Core, accessed April 7, 2017, https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/concise-historyof-the-netherlands/F5C341B3BCD9FA3F6846BECBC616A696.
31. Merijn Oudenampsen, interview by author, Amsterdam, April 20, 2016.
32. Ian Buruma, Murder in Amsterdam: The Death of Theo van Gogh and the Limits of Tolerance, (London: Atlantic Books, 2006), 98–99, 112–113.
33. Zihni Özdil, interview by author, Amsterdam, March 22, 2016.
34. Tanja Jadnanansing, interview by author, The Hague, April 21, 2016.
35. See Paul Scheffer, Immigrant Nations (Cambridge, UK: Polity Press, 2011), 280. Here, Scheffer calls on Christians to respect Muslims’ religious freedoms.
36. Merijn Oudenampsen, interview by author, Amsterdam, April 20, 2016.
37. Buruma, Murder in Amsterdam, 19.
38. Scheffer, Immigrant Nations, 201–202.
39. Paul Scheffer, interview by author, Amsterdam, March 24, 2016.
40. Kustaw Bessems, interview by author, Amsterdam, March 24, 2016.
41. Nina Siegal, “A Pro-Immigrant Party Rises in the Netherlands,” New York Times, July 29, 2016, https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/30/world/europe/dutch-denk-party.html.
42. Kustaw Bessems, interview by author, Amsterdam, March 24, 2016.
43. Willem Schinkel, inter
view by author, Rotterdam, April 18, 2016.
44. Bas Heijne, interview by author, Paris, March 15, 2016.
45. Kustaw Bessems, interview by author, Amsterdam, March 24, 2016.
46. Ahmed Marcouch, interview by author, The Hague, September 14, 2016.
47. “Dutch PM Rutte: ‘If You Don’t Like It Here, Then Leave,’” BBC News, January 23, 2017, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-38718286.
48. Kustaw Bessems, interview by author, Amsterdam, March 24, 2016.
49. Alain Finkielkraut, Au nom de l’autre: Réflexions sur l’antisémitisme qui vient (Paris: Gallimard, 2003), 11.
50. Bram (pseudonym), interview by author, Amsterdam, September 12, 2016.
51. Ibid.
52. Ibid.
53. Ahmed Marcouch, interview by author, The Hague, September 14, 2016.
54. “WATCH: Netanyahu Offers Handshake, Dutch Politician Leaves Him Hanging,” Haaretz, September 7, 2016, http://www.haaretz.com/world-news/europe/1.740790.
55. Bram (pseudonym), interview by author, Amsterdam, September 12, 2016.
56. Ahmed Marcouch, interview by author, The Hague, September 14, 2016.
57. Bas Heijne, interview by author, Paris, March 15, 2016.
58. “Police Break Up Turkish Consulate Demo, Minister Sent Back to Germany,” DutchNews, March 12, 2017, http://www.dutchnews.nl/news/archives/2017/03/police-break-up-turkish-consulate-demo-minister-sent-back-to-germany/.
59. Bram (pseudonym), interview by author, Amsterdam, September 12, 2016.
60. “Voyage of the St. Louis,” United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, accessed March 27, 2017, https://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005267. See also Sarah A. Ogilvie and Scott Miller, Refuge Denied: The St. Louis Passengers and the Holocaust (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2006).
61. Bram (pseudonym), interview by author, Amsterdam, September 12, 2016.
62. Zihni Özdil, interview by author, Amsterdam, March 22, 2016.
63. Bram (pseudonym), interview by author, Amsterdam, September 12, 2016.
13. WHEN THE RIGHT TURNS LEFT—AND THE LEFT’S VOTERS GO RIGHT
1. Laurent Joffrin, “La Mairie FN d’Hayange Envoie Les Huissiers Au Secours Populaire—Libération,” Libération, September 30, 2016, http://www.liberation.fr/france/2016/09/30/la-mairie-fn-d-hayange-envoie-les-huissiers-au-secours-populaire_1515978.
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