21. “How Did We End Up Here?,” Charlie Hebdo, March 30, 2016, https://charliehebdo.fr/en/edito/how-did-we-end-up-here/. The quoted portions of the editorial are drawn from my own translation of the French original at the time of publication and differ slightly in word choice from the English translation subsequently posted online by Charlie Hebdo.
22. Paul Berman, The Flight of the Intellectuals (New York: Melville House, 2011).
23. “How Did We End Up Here?,” Charlie Hebdo. Riss’s views may to some extent be rooted in Charlie Hebdo’s tradition of anticlericalism. However, his editorial strays far beyond a critique of clergy and organized religion and displays an overt hostility toward individual citizens and a willingness to scapegoat any Muslim who happens to be religiously observant.
24. Alain Finkielkraut, interview by author, Paris, June 30, 2016.
25. Paul Scheffer, Immigrant Nations (Cambridge, UK: Polity Press, 2011), 129. When the historian Geert Mak recalled the roundups and deportations of Jews that tore apart his neighborhood, once largely Jewish, in the 1940s, Scheffer dismissed the analogy.
26. See the Introduction for an in-depth discussion of how a single act of Jewish violence was used as an excuse to mobilize mass anti-Semitic pogroms. Jews were barred from the US, the UK, and Australia on these grounds before and after World War II; see Klaus Neumann, Across the Seas: Australia’s Response to Refugees: A History (Collingwood, Australia: Black, 2015).
27. Scheffer, Immigrant Nations, 129.
28. Leo Lucassen, interview by author, Amsterdam, April 22, 2016.
29. Daniel Lindenberg, interview by author, Paris, May 16, 2016.
30. Daniel Lindenberg, Le rappel à l’ordre: enquête sur les nouveaux réactionnaires (Paris: Seuil, 2016).
31. Daniel Lindenberg, interview by author, Paris, May 16, 2016.
32. Olivier Dard, “De Quoi Maurras Est-Il Le Nom?,” Fragments Sur Les Temps Présents, November 29, 2013, https://tempspresents.com/2013/11/29/olivier-dard-de-quoi-maurras-est-il-le-nom/; Olivier Dard, Charles Maurras (Paris: Armand Colin, 2013).
33. Alain Finkielkraut, L’identité malheureuse (Paris: Gallimard, 2015), 90.
34. Simon Kuper, “Macron, Le Pen and the Battle for the Idea of France,” Financial Times, May 29, 2017, https://www.ft.com/content/9720e6e2-2f89-11e7-9555-23ef563ecf9a.
35. Lindenberg, Le rappel à l’ordre, 96–97.
36. Alain Finkielkraut, interview by author, Paris, June 30, 2016.
37. Lindenberg, Le rappel à l’ordre, 92.
38. Ibid., 97–98.
39. Olivier Roy, La laïcité face à l’islam (Paris: Fayard, 2013), 169–170. This is my own translation of the French original. There are very slight differences of word choice in the published English translation. Olivier Roy, Secularism Confronts Islam, trans. George Holoch (New York: Columbia University Press, 2009), 101.
40. Lindenberg, Le rappel à l’ordre, 97.
41. Daniel Lindenberg, interview by author, Paris, May 16, 2016.
42. Stéphane Charbonnier and Adam Gopnik, Open Letter: On Blasphemy, Islamophobia, and the True Enemies of Free Expression (New York: Little, Brown, 2016), 65–67.
43. Ibid., 67–68.
44. Alain Finkielkraut, interview by author, Paris, June 30, 2016.
45. Adam Shatz, “How Did We End Up Here?,” London Review of Books, April 5, 2016, https://www.lrb.co.uk/blog/2016/04/05/adam-shatz/how-did-we-end-up-here/.
46. Ibid.
47. Thilo Sarrazin, L’Allemagne disparait: Quand un pays se laisse mourir, trans. Jean-Baptiste Offenburg (Paris: Editions du Toucan, 2013), 291.
48. James Kirkup, “British Indians: A Remarkable Story of Success,” Telegraph, November 7, 2015, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/11981677/British-Indians-a-remarkable-story-of-success.html.
49. Emmanuel Todd, Who Is Charlie?: Xenophobia and the New Middle Class (Cambridge, UK: Polity, 2015), 68, 6.
50. Ibid., 85, 16. The reference is to the murders of Jewish children, a teacher, and a soldier at a Jewish school in Toulouse.
51. Shatz, “How Did We End Up Here?”
7. NOSTALGIA, FEAR, AND THE FRONT NATIONAL’S RESURRECTION
1. Marine Le Pen, À Contre Flots (Paris: Editions Grancher, 2006), 9–11.
2. Ibid., 13.
3. Ibid., 17–18.
4. Ibid., 19–20.
5. Ibid., 20.
6. Marine Le Pen, interview by author, Nanterre, May 18, 2016.
7. A court rejected this move in 2016 and ordered the party to pay damages to the elder Le Pen.
8. Marine Le Pen, interview by author, Nanterre, May 18, 2016.
9. Julien Rochedy, interview by author, Paris, June 29, 2016.
10. Olivier Faye, “Le FN capte l’attention d’une partie de l’électorat gay,” Le Monde, April 12, 2016, http://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2016/04/12/l-attraction-en-hausse-du-front-national-aupres-de-la-communaute-gay_4900269_823448.html.
11. “M.Le Pen Persiste: ‘Il y a Occupation,’” Le Figaro, December 11, 2010, http://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/2010/12/11/97001–20101211FILWWW00548-mle-pen-persiste-il-y-a-occupation.php.
12. Faye, “Le FN capte l’attention d’une partie de l’électorat gay.”; Michel Henry, “Sébastien Chenu. Un Gay de La Marine,” Libération, February 20, 2015, http://www.liberation.fr/france/2015/02/20/sebastien-chenu-un-gay-de-la-marine_1206743; Didier Lestrade, “Philippot, Chenu: Les Gays Au Centre Du Remaniement Du FN,” Slate, December 13, 2014, http://www.slate.fr/story/95745/gays-fn.
13. Michel Henry, “Sébastien Chenu. Un Gay de La Marine.”
14. Julien Rochedy, interview by author, Paris, June 29, 2016; Abel Mestre, “Sébastien Chenu, un ralliement précieux pour Marine Le Pen,” Le Monde, December 13, 2014, http://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2014/12/13/sebastien-chenu-un-ralliement-precieux-pour-marine-le-pen_4540027_823448.html.
15. Marie-Pierre Bourgeois, Rose Marine: Enquête sur le FN et l’homosexualité (Paris: Du Moment, 2016).
16. Marine Le Pen, interview by author, Nanterre, May 18, 2016. Her comments about the Vel d’Hiv roundup of Parisian Jews may have called this into question. Even the government of Israel criticized her.
17. Alain Finkielkraut, Au nom de l’autre: Réflexions sur l’antisémitisme qui vient (Paris: Gallimard, 2003), 18–19.
18. Albert Camus, The Plague (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1948), 287.
19. Finkielkraut, Au nom de l’autre, 20.
20. Alain Finkielkraut, interview by author, Paris, June 30, 2016.
21. “Le Grand Débat Du Point: Quand Alain Finkielkraut Rencontre Alain Juppé,” Le Point, January 13, 2016, http://www.lepoint.fr/video/le-grand-debat-du-point-quand-alain-finkielkraut-rencontre-alain-juppe-13–01–2016–2009505_738.php.
22. This is a reference to a book by Georges Bensoussan (published under the pseudonym Emmanuel Brenner), Les Territoires perdus de la République: antisémitisme, racisme et sexisme en milieu scolaire (Paris: Mille et Une Nuits, 2002).
23. Alain Finkielkraut, interview by author, Paris, June 30, 2016.
24. Ibid.
25. Marine Le Pen, interview by author, Nanterre, May 18, 2016.
26. Jean Baubérot, La laïcité falsifiée (Paris: La Découverte, 2014), 8–9, 13–16. For an in-depth discussion of Islam and French secularism, see Soheib Bencheikh, Marianne et le prophète: L’Islam dans la France laïque (Paris: Grasset, 1998).
27. Jean Baubérot, La laïcité falsifiée (Paris: La Découverte, 2014), 16.
28. Ibid., 22, 26–27.
29. Marine Le Pen, interview by author, Nanterre, May 18, 2016.
30. Christian Joppke, Citizenship and Immigration (Cambridge, UK: Polity, 2011), 136.
31. This is Caldwell’s metaphor; see Reflections on the Revolution in Europe: Immigration, Islam and the West (London: Penguin, 2010), 255: “Culturally, everyone in a multicultural order is disarmed.… Any fervently espoused religion threatens that monopoly, as surely as a private militia threat
ened the old nation state.”
32. She neglects to mention that only 2–3 percent of meat consumed in Île-de-France is actually slaughtered in Île-de-France. In other words, people eating meat in metropolitan Paris are generally eating meat slaughtered elsewhere, where the number of halal-certified slaughterhouses is far lower.
33. Samuel Laurent, “Porc à la cantine: l’arnaque de Marine Le Pen,” Le Monde, April 7, 2014, http://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2014/04/07/porc-a-la-cantine-l-arnaque-de-marine-le-pen_4396864_4355770.html.
34. Marine Le Pen, interview by author, Nanterre, May 18, 2016.
35. Alain Finkielkraut, interview by author, Paris, June 30, 2016.
8. THE GREAT REPLACEMENT
1. Khan A. and other migrants, series of interviews by author, Calais, April 6–7, 2016.
2. Various migrants, series of interviews by author, Calais, June 13–14, 2016.
3. Khan A. and other migrants, series of interviews by author, Calais, April 6–7, 2016.
4. “Calais: Le Général Piquemal Arrêté,” Le Figaro, February 6, 2016, http://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/2016/02/06/97001–20160206FILWWW00110-calais-le-general-piquemal-arrete.php.
5. Amin Bagdouche, interview by author, Calais, April 8, 2016.
6. Samuel and Pascal (leaders of Reprenons Calais, no surnames given), interview by author, Calais, June 15, 2016.
7. Renaud Camus, Le Grand Remplacement, 3rd. ed. (Plieux, France: Château de Plieux, 2015), Kindle locations 2112–2115, 1172–1180.
8. Ibid., Kindle locations 104–108, 248–254.
9. Ibid., Kindle locations 1102–1104.
10. Samuel and Pascal (leaders of Reprenons Calais, no surnames given), interview by author, Calais, June 15, 2016.
11. Amin Bagdouche, interview by author, Calais, April 8, 2016.
12. Maryline Baumard, “A Calais, commerçants et habitants au bord de la crise de nerfs,” Le Monde, February 3, 2016, http://www.lemonde.fr/immigration-et-diver-site/article/2016/02/03/calais-une-ville-au-bord-de-la-crise-de-nerf_4858300_1654200.html.
13. Rudy Vercucque and Yohann Faviere, interview by author, Calais, June 14, 2016.
14. Macron defeated Le Pen by a 54–46 margin in the town of Grande-Synthe.
15. Damien Carême, interview by author, Grande-Synthe, June 15, 2016.
16. Ibid. All quotes in the paragraphs above are also drawn from this interview.
17. Marine Le Pen, interview by author, Nanterre, May 18, 2016.
18. Alain Finkielkraut, interview by author, Paris, June 30, 2016.
19. Ibid.
20. Marine Le Pen, interview by author, Nanterre, May 18, 2016.
21. David Rachline, interview by author, Paris, June 28, 2016.
22. Samuel and Pascal (leaders of Reprenons Calais, no surnames given), interview by author, Calais, June 15, 2016.
23. Marine Le Pen, interview by author, Nanterre, May 18, 2016.
24. Patrick Weil and Nicolas Truong, Le sens de la République (Paris: Grasset, 2015), 33.
25. Ibid., 34.
26. Marine Le Pen, interview by author, Nanterre, May 18, 2016.
27. Julien Aubert, “Gagner La Guerre de France,” Valeurs Actuelles, July 21, 2016, http://www.valeursactuelles.com/politique/gagner-la-guerre-de-france-63751.
28. Julien Aubert, interview by author, Paris, May 17, 2016. Aubert edged out the FN candidate by one thousand votes in the first round of legislative elections in June 2017, and in the second round he retained his seat with a margin of just 559 votes.
29. Jean-Yves Camus and Nicolas Lebourg, Les droites extrêmes en Europe (Paris: Seuil, 2015), 236.
30. Mabel Berezin, Illiberal Politics in Neoliberal Times: Culture, Security and Populism in the New Europe, (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2009), 201.
31. The CRIF went after Le Pen again in April 2017, when she denied France’s responsibility for the roundup of Parisian Jews in July 1942 on the grounds that the Vichy government, which deported the Jews, didn’t represent France; even the Israeli government, usually a fan, denounced her.
32. Adam Nossiter, “Marine Le Pen Denies French Guilt for Rounding Up Jews,” New York Times, April 10, 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/10/world/europe/france-marine-le-pen-jews-national-front.html. Le Pen blamed the roundup on “those who were in power,” meaning the Vichy regime and argued that the true government was de Gaulle’s government-in-exile. This argument ignored the fact that it was not Germans but French police, under French command, who carried out the orders to round up and deport Parisian Jews.
33. Marine Le Pen, interview by author, Nanterre, May 18, 2016.
34. Julien Aubert, interview by author, Paris, May 17, 2016.
9. FREEDOM OF RELIGION—FOR SOME
1. Gérard Araud’s Twitter feed, posted August 15, 2016, https://twitter.com/gerardaraud/status/765158720728948736.
2. Alissa J. Rubin, “Fighting for the ‘Soul of France,’ More Towns Ban a Bathing Suit: The Burkini,” New York Times, August 17, 2016, https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/18/world/europe/fighting-for-the-soul-of-france-more-towns-ban-a-bathing-suit-the-burkini.html.
3. “Liberté, Egalité, Burkini?,” BBC News, August 24, 2016, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/blogs-trending-37176299.
4. Angela Charlton, “Are France’s Burkini Bans Sexist, or Liberating?,” AP News, August 17, 2016, https://apnews.com/64e5d4f781a44aec9385ecc7989db672/french-prime-minister-backs-local-burkini-bans-urges-calm; Remona Aly, “Five Reasons to Wear a Burkini—and Not Just to Annoy the French,” Guardian, August 15, 2016, https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/aug/15/five-reasons-wear-burkini-annoy-french-cannes-mayor-muslim.
5. Gérard Araud’s Twitter feed, posted August 17, 2016, https://twitter.com/GerardAraud/status/765480848472825856.
6. Gérard Araud’s Twitter feed, posted August 15, 2016, https://twitter.com/GerardAraud/status/765110191461466112.
7. The passengers were removed on many occasions; the US government did not defend the removals at the time.
8. Farhad Khosrokhavar, “Jihad and the French Exception,” New York Times, July 19, 2016, http://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/20/opinion/jihad-and-the-french-exception.html.
9. Iman Amrani, “France’s burkini ban exposes the hypocrisy of its secularist state,” Guardian, August 24, 2016, https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/aug/24/france-burkini-ban-secularist-equality-muslim.
10. Khosrokhavar, “Jihad and the French Exception.”
11. “Radicalization, Laïcité, and the Islamic Veil,” Religional, April 25, 2016, https://religional.org/2016/04/25/french-connection-part-ii-radicalization-laicite-and-the-islamic-veil/.
12. Ibid.
13. Nick Cohen, What’s Left?: How the Left Lost Its Way, updated ed. (London: Harper Perennial, 2007); Pascal Bruckner, The Tears of the White Man, First Printing ed. (New York: Macmillan, 1987).
14. “Finkielkraut: ‘Être français, ce n’est pas une formalité administrative mais une forme de vie,’” Confédération Des Juifs de France et Amis d’Israël, September 10, 2016, http://www.cjfai.com/eventmaster/blog/2016/09/10/finkielkraut-etre-francais-nest-formalite-administrative-forme-de-vie/?print=print.
15. Laura Thouny, “Siam, verbalisée sur une plage de Cannes pour port d’un simple voile,” L’Obs, August 22, 2016, http://tempsreel.nouvelobs.com/societe/20160822.OBS6680/siam-verbalisee-sur-une-plage-de-cannes-pour-port-d-un-simple-voile.html.
16. Naser Khader, interview by author, Copenhagen, April 12, 2016.
17. Constitution of Denmark, § 78.2, 78.3, http://www.grundloven.dk.
18. Søren Espersen, interview by author, Copenhagen, April 13, 2016.
19. Bent Melchior, interview by author, Copenhagen, March 7, 2016.
20. Johanne Schmidt-Nielsen, interview by author, Copenhagen, April 15, 2016.
21. Jakob Scharf (#1), interview by author, Copenhagen, October 20, 2015.
22. Ahmed Marcouch, interview by author, The Hague, September 14, 2016.
&
nbsp; 23. This source wishes to remain anonymous.
24. Ahmed Marcouch, interview by author, The Hague, September 14, 2016. Marcouch is echoing the central argument in Amartya Sen, Identity and Violence: The Illusion of Destiny (New York: W. W. Norton, 2007).
25. Ahmed Marcouch, interview by author, The Hague, September 14, 2016.
26. Paul Scheffer, Immigrant Nations (Cambridge, UK: Polity Press, 2011), 5.
27. Ian Buruma, Murder in Amsterdam: The Death of Theo van Gogh and the Limits of Tolerance, (London: Atlantic Books, 2006), 39, 49–50.
28. Scheffer, Immigrant Nations, 3.
29. Ibid., 3; Paul Scheffer, interview by author, Amsterdam, March 24, 2016.
30. Scheffer, Immigrant Nations, 121, 280.
31. “Pauw & Witteman—24 April 2008,” YouTube video, 5:47, posted by “Pauw & Witteman,” April 25, 2008, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jWx21mY3ZeA.
32. Ahmed Marcouch, interview by author, The Hague, September 14, 2016; Janny Groen, interview by author, Amsterdam, March 22, 2016.
33. Ibid. In Holland, like Denmark, the concept of free speech has been claimed by the right and in many cases redefined to mean the right to insult Islam.
34. Mattea Battaglia and Benoit Floch, “A Saint-Denis, collégiens et lycéens ne sont pas tous ‘Charlie,’” Le Monde, January 10, 2015, http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2015/01/10/a-saint-denis-collegiens-et-lyceens-ne-sont-pas-tous-charlie_4553048_3224.html.
35. Ahmed Marcouch, interview by author, The Hague, September 14, 2016.
36. Jakob Scharf (#1), interview by author, Copenhagen, October 20, 2015.
37. Daniel L. Byman, “Do Syrian Refugees Pose a Terrorism Threat?,” Brookings Institution blog, October 27, 2015, https://www.brookings.edu/blog/markaz/2015/10/27/do-syrian-refugees-pose-a-terrorism-threat/.
38. Jakob Scharf (#2), interview by author, Copenhagen, April 14, 2016.
39. Rasmus Brygger, interview by author, Copenhagen, April 11, 2016.
40. Aydin Soei, Vrede Unge Mænd (Copenhagen: Tiderne Skifter, 2011), 274–276.
41. Paul Scheffer, interview by author, Amsterdam, March 24, 2016.
42. Ibid.
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