19. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/11/magazine/11 Neurolaw.t.html.
20. As Flynn relates in his book Relentless Pursuit (New York: Berkley Books, 2008).
2 1. The grotesqueness of Harrell's act-evisceration of his victims-would seem to place him at the extreme end of the Gradations scale. But torture and sexual crimes were not part of the picture, so he would be placed in category 16: multiple vicious acts.
22. Martin Daly and Margo Wilson, Homicide (New York: Aldine de Gruyter, 1988), p. 83. These authors estimate the risk may be greater by a factor of a hundred.
23. Judith A. Rudnai, The Social Life of the Lion (Wallingford, PA: Washington Square East Publishers, 1973).
24. The parent lion may then recognize these cubs as his own, by means of histocompatibility genes common to parent and offspring. Cf. R. Gadagkar, "Kin Recognition in Social Insects and Other Animals," Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences (Animal Sciences) 94 (1985): 587-621.
25. Daly and Wilson, Homicide, pp. 87-89.
26. Ibid., pp. 107-10.
27. http://www.Psyih.com/2007/12/03/Kimberly-dawn-trenor-and-royce- zeigler.
28. The original is even harsher: "He that spareth the rod, hateth his son." Proverbs 13:14.
29. http://www.wkyc.com/news/news_article.aspx?storyid=78719.
30. Because the actions of this couple involved torture, although without the sexual element, the appropriate level on the Gradations scale is 18: torturemurder, though the torture element is not prolonged.
31. Texas Prosecutor 35 (July/August 2005): 1, 11-15.
32. New York Post, June 15, 2006.
33. New York Daily News, June 15, 2006.
34. New York Post, March 25 and 27, 1990.
3 5. Cf. Mark Gado, essay on Julio Gonzalez, Crime Library/Time Warner, 2007, http://www.trutv.com/library/crime/notorious_murders/mass/happy- land/trial 7.html.
36. New York Times, December 4, 1998.
37. Jason Wright, Associated Press, December 7, 1998.
38. Dr. Katherine Ramsland, "About Evil," Crime Library, http://www .truty. com/library/crime/ind ex. html.
39. Blaise Pascal, Pensees, no. 894, 1670.
40. Cited at http://michellemalkin.com/2007/12/12/whitewashing-the- murder-of-aqsa-parvez/. Also, Ellen Harris, Guarding the Secrets (New York: Scribners, 1995), pp. 228-29.
41. http://riverfronttimes.com/2006/06/05/news/still-lips-still-whisper.
42. http://michellemalkin.com/2007/12/12/whitewashing-the-murder-of- agsa-parvez/, based on New York Times article, October 28, 1991; also Harris, Guarding the Secrets, p. 149.
43. Erica Lynn Smith, "Zein Isa-Honor Killings and a Family Affair: The Murder of Tina Isa," http://www.bellaonline.com/articles/art47666.asp.
44. Zein Isa's place in the Gradations scale is problematical: he subjected his daughter to torture and terror, though without sexual violation. His act is closest to those of Category 18.
45. http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,141121,00.html.
46. Because so little is known about Gale, it is not possible to situate him accurately on the Gradations scale. Perhaps Category 6 would be appropriate (impetuous, hot-headed murderer, without marked psychopathic features); if he showed strong psychopathic features, a level higher on the scale would be more appropriate.
47. "Erfurt, 26 April," Der Stern, April 30, 2000, p. 20: "auffallig unauffallig."
48. A full classification is provided in a book by Paul Mullen, Michele Pathe, and Rosemary Purcell, Stalkers and Their Victims (London: Cambridge University Press, 2000). Another excellent source is Reid Meloy, Violent Attachments (Northvale, NJ: J. Aronson Press, 1992. The relentless pursuit of a psychiatrist by a psychotic patient she had seen just once is described by Doreen Orion in I Knew You Really Loved Me (New York: Dell Publishers, 1997).
49. Wilt Browning, Deadly Goals (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1996).
50. What is meant here by obsessive love is what Meloy speaks of under the heading of borderline erotomania (Violent Attachments, p. 26). The original term erotomania referred to a delusional (psychotic) disorder where a person imagined that someone, usually of a higher social class, was secretly in love with that person. There is no real relationship between the two persons. In borderline erotomania, there has been a real relationship, but the object of the person's love is not as much in love with the erotomanic person, as the latter is with the loveobject. That is: A loves B considerably more than B loves A-in this asymmetric and not-fully-requited love. I prefer the phrase obsessive love in this context. Persons showing this obsessional preoccupation with the love object are, of course, prone to feelings of overwhelming abandonment should the loved one break off the relationship. Intense jealousy is aroused also and may lead to violence, including murder.
51. D. T. Hughes, Lullaby and Goodnight-The Blood-chilling Story of a Woman Who Wanted a Baby Badly Enough to Murder for One (New York: Pocket Books, 1992).
52. Jacqui Goddard, "Mother Admits Killing Stranger to Steal Unborn Baby," http://www.rense.com/general60/unbon.htm.
53. M. William Phelps, Sleep in Heavenly Peace (New York: Pinnacle Books, 2006).
54. A race involving two cars coming fast toward each other on the median strip of a road, with the "loser" being the driver who is first to swerve to avoid being killed. That person is called, derogatorily, the "chicken."
55. http://pysih.com/2007/11/14/alexander-james-letkemann-and-jean- pierre-orlewicz/.
56. http://www.truecrimeweblog.com/2007/11/greater-evil-thrill-kill-in -michigan.html.
57. As described by the research group D. Lyman et al., "Longitudinal Evidence that Psychopathy Scores in Early Adolescence Predict Adult Psy- chopathy,"Journal ofAbnormal Psychology 116 (2007): 155-65.
CHAPTER FOUR. MURDER ON PURPOSE: THE PSYCHOPATHIC SCHEMERS
1. Donald Black, Bad Boys, Bad Men (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999).
2. Robert D. Hare, Without Conscience-The Disturbing World of the Psychopaths Among Us (New York: Pocket Books, 1993).
3. Robert I. Simon, Bad Men Do What Good Alen Dream (Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press, 1996).
4. Suzanne Finstad, Sleeping with the Devil (New York: William Morrow, 1991).
5. http://www.press-enterprise.com/newsarchive/2000/07/18/963897968.htm1.
6. http://www.spring.net/yapp-bin/public/read/tv/69.
7. Finstad, Sleeping with the Devil, p. 187.
8. Ibid., p. 207.
9. Ibid., p. 151.
10. Ibid., p. 135.
11. Ibid., p. 175.
12. J. R. Seguin, P. Sylvers, and S. 0. Lillienfeld: "The Neuropsychology of Violence," in The Cambridge Handbook of Violence and Aggression, ed. D. J. Flannery, A. T. Vazsonyi, and I. D. Waldman (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007), pp. 187-214.
13. Cf. A. R. Damasio, "A Neural Base for Sociopathy," Archives of General Psychiatry 57 (2000): 128-29.
14. Steven Levy, The Unicorn's Secret (New York: Prentice Hall, 1988).
15. Ibid., p. 280.
16. Ibid.
17. Ibid., p. 282.
18. Times Herald Record, October 18, 2002.
19. http://www.trutv.com/library/crime/notorious_murders/famous/ einhorn/index-l.html.
20. Joseph Sharkey, Death Sentence: The Inside Story ofJohn List (New York: Signet Books, 1990).
21. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_List.
22. http://www.trutv.com/library/crime/notorious_murders/family/list/8.html.
23. Kay Halverson, "The List Murders Stun Westfield in 1971," Westfield Leader and Times, February 17, 2001.
24. Ed Friedlander, http://www.pathguy.com/lbdsm.htm.
25. At a local production in Anaheim, California. John Glatt, Deadly American Beauty (New York: St. Martin's Press, 2004), p. 14.
26. The origin of the saying is George Herbert's 1651 Jacula Prudentum (Things Thrown to the Wise): "For want of a nail, the shoe is lost, for want of a shoe, the horse is lost, for want of a horse, the rider is lost." This was
cited later by Benjamin Franklin, commenting on how small troubles can breed great mischief.
27. Glatt, Deadly American Beauty.
28. Seamus McGraw, "The Rose Petal Murder," http://www.trutv .com/library/ crime/notorious_murders/family/kristen_rossum/2.html.
29. As in the case of Martha Ann Johnson in Georgia, who killed her four children, http://www.crimezzz.net/seriallcillers/J/JOHNSON_martha_ann.php.
30. T. E. Moffitt and A. Caspi, "Childhood Predictors Differentiate LifeCourse Persistent and Adolescence-Limited Pathways among Males and Females," Development and Psychopatholoi 13 (2001): 355-75.
31. Carlton Smith, Love, Daddy (New York: St. Martin's Press, 2003), p. 56.
32. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2005/05/31/48hours/main698725 _page2.shtml.
33. Smith, Love, Daddy.
34. Category 13 (inadequate, rageful psychopaths) is not covered in this chapter. An example is that of Richard Speck, discussed in an earlier chapter.
3 5. Leona Helmsley had earned public opprobrium for her comment that "taxes are for the little people."
36. Robert Scott, Kill or Be Killed (New York: Pinnacle Books, 2004).
3 7. Ibid., p. 95.
38. Ibid., p. 76.
39. Ibid., p. 135.
40. http://www.redding.com/news/2007/oct/21/murder-tale-to-air-on-tv/.
41. Adrian Havill: The Mother, the Son, and the Socialite (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1999).
42. Adrian Havill, http://www.trutv.com/library/crime/notorious_murders/ women/kimes/l.html.
43. http://www.ojp.usdoi.gov/bjs/pub/pdf/spousmur.pdf.
44. Steven Long, Every Woman's Nightmare (New York: St. Martin's Press, 2006). The man Long was writing about was Mark Hacking.
45. R. Robin McDonald, Secrets Never Lie (New York: Avon Books, 1998). The husband of this story was attorney Fred Tokars, who hired a hit man to kill his wife.
46. http://www.physicsforum.com/archives/index.php/t-174914.html.
47. Clifford Linedecker: The Murder of Laci Peterson (America Media Inc., 2003).
CHAPTER FIVE. SPREE AND MASS MURDER: EVIL BY THE NUMBERS
1. For example, Clyde Barrow and Bonnie Parker were a team of outlaws who robbed stores and gas stations in the South during the Depression era between 1932 and 1934. Bonnie never shot anyone; Clyde killed approximately ten people in that time span, until they were gunned down by the police in Louisiana in May of 1934.
2. Incorrectly referred to as "mass" rather than as "spree" by author William Allen in his Starkweather: The Story of a Mass Murderer (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1976).
3. The figure "four" is used by the FBI in Robert J. Morton, ed., Serial Murder i%Iulti-Disciplinary Perspectives for Investigators, US Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation, National Center for the Analysis of Violent Crime/Critical Incident Response Group (June 2008): 11. The number is arbitrary. Some law authorities use the figure "three or more," but one must take into consideration that there are many instances of attempted mass murder in which an assailant shoots or stabs three or four or a dozen people in one incident, killing no one, or killing one or two, with the rest surviving. The intention in such cases is obviously mass murder; one may choose (as I have done here) to call these examples mass murder manque.
4. Mark Fiore, Daily Pennsylvanian, 1996, http://media.www.dailypennsyl- vanian.com/media/storage/paper882/news/1996/09/3 0/Resources/Gun-Vio- lence.Strikes. Campuses.Across.U.s-2175918.shtml.
5. Mikaela Sitford, Addicted to Murder (London: Virgin Publications, 2000).
6. Paul B. Kidd, Never to Be Released: Australia's Most Vicious Murderers (Sydney, Australia: Pan Macmillan, 1993).
7. Ibid., p. 57.
8. James Gleick, Chaos: Making a New Science (New York: Penguin Books, 1987).
9. Michael H. Stone, Personality Disorders-Treatable and Untreatable (Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press, 2006).
10. Lindsey Marie Welch, "Charles Manson," http://ygraine.membrane .com/enterhtuinl/live/Dark/Charles-Manson.html.
11. Ibid., p. 2.
12. Vincent Bugliosi, Helter Skelter: The True Story of the Manson Murders, after-word (New York: W. W. Norton, 1974), pp. 640-41.
13. Cf. Grant Duwe, "A Circle of Distortion-The Social Construction of Mass Murder in the United States," Western Criminology 6 (2005): 59-78.
14. Ibid., p. 75, note 14.
15. Shelly Leachman, http://truthasaur.com/local/secretcity48.html.
16. Duwe, "A Circle of Distortion," p. 75.
17. Ibid., p. 59.
18. Truman Capote, In Cold Blood (New York: American Library, 1965).
19. Duwe, "A Circle of Distortion," p. 72.
20. Brian Lane and Wilfred Gregg, An Encyclopedia of Mass Murder (London: Penguin Group, 1997).
21. James Fox and Jack Levin, The Will to Kill (Boston: Pearson Education, 2006), p. 167.
22. The percentages cited here reflect my analysis of 150 mass murderers from the last thirty years.
23. Fox and Levin, Will to Kill, p. 166.
24. Sanmarco killed six, as did P. J. Ford; Phan Thi Ai set fire to a house and killed five; Sue Eubanks killed four of her children (properly speaking, she committed infanticide); Jill Robbins shot one person to death at the University of Pennsylvania campus: this was mass murder manque (she wounded some others), as was the case of Laurie Dann.
25. Joel Kaplan, George Papajohn, and Eric Zorn, Murder of Innocence: The Tragic Life and Final Rampage ofLaurie Dann (New York: Warner Books, 1990).
26. The pun on Dann/Danai (an ancient name for the Greeks) didn't occur to me till later.
27. Demeter, "Thomas Hamilton and the Dunblane Massacre," http:// www.everything2.com/index.pl?node-id=101 1701.
28. Ibid.
29. Cf. Robert Merton, "Social Structure and Anomie," American Social Review 5 (October 1938). Merton characterized the intention behind certain dramatic crimes: to relieve the intolerable "anomie," or sense of being incapable of fulfilling one's goals.
30. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/jonathan-fast/steve-kazmierczak-the -sec-b-8703 I.html.
31. Yahoo! News, June 8, 2008.
32. AOL News, December 5, 2007.
33. http://massmurder.zyns.com/george_hennard_01.html.
34. http://www.users.on.net/-bundy23/wwom/hennard.htm.
3 5. New York Times, October 18, 1991.
36. Gary Kinder, Victim-The Other Side of Murder (New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 1999 [1982]).
37. Jack Katz, The Seductions of Crime (New York: Basic Books, 1988), p. 282. Ordinarily primordial means "present from the very beginning, at the very origin of." I am not sure in what sense Katz was using the word here: perhaps to signify "quintessential" or "evil at its very roots," as though it is the example of evil by which all others are measured-a Platonic ideal of evil. Katz is probably reacting to the fact that it would not be easy to find an example of cruel and sadistic behavior in the crime literature that would match that of Pierre.
38. http://www.fbi.gov/libref/historic/famcases/graham/graham.htm.
39. http://www.trutv.com/library/crime/notorious_murders/mass/jack _graham/12.html.
CHAPTER SIX. THE PSYCHOPATH HARD AT WORK
1. We know that Gilles de Rais, the lieutenant of Jeanne D'Arc in the midfifteenth century, besides being the richest man in France, was also a confirmed and murderous homosexual pedophile, raping and killing hundreds of boys whom he brought to his castle-until he was finally hanged and burnt in 1440: George Bataille, The Trial of Gilles de Rais (Los Angeles: Amok Books, 1990). But this was a century and a half after Dante. The Countess Erzsebet Bathory, whose sexual sadism was practiced on young girls, was a figure of the late sixteenth century. Regarding whether there were examples of such serial sexual killers from Dante's time or before, information is sparse or lacking. The Roman emperor Caligula is known to have indulged in sadistic sexual practices, many with lethal consequences for the victims (who could be of either sex): George Ryley Scott, A History of Tor
ture (London: Bracken Books, 1940), p. 142. What few examples of serial sexual killers we know of from the distant past belong to the nobility (however ignobly they behaved). We do not know of examples from men in the ordinary walks of life.
2. Elizabeth Daly et al., "Timeline on Kristin Gilbert," http://maamodt.asp .radford.edu/Psyc%2 0405/serial%20killers/Gilbert,%2 OKristen%2 0-%2 02005.pdf.
3. William Phelps, Perfect Poison (New York: Pinnacle Books, 2003).
4. James Stewart, Blind Eye (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1999).
5. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2000/09/21/national/main235425.shtml.
6. It is not clear whether Swango was aware of Hitler's hatred of his violent and physically abusive father, though it is of interest that for both men, hatred of the father served as fuel to energize their murderous proclivities. Hitler, of course, was eventually able to murder on a scale incomparably greater than that of Swango. This is part of the reason I have purposely restricted the discussion of evil here to persons committing certain acts in peacetime. Hitler, Mao, Stalin, Saddam Hussein, Pol Pot, Ceausescu, and the like belong to a different realm: evil in wartime-a vital topic that demands a separate book.
7. Kelly Moore and Dan Reed, Deadly Medicine (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1988).
8. M. H. Stone, M. Krischer, and M. Steinmeyer, "Infanticide in Forensic Mothers: An Evolutionary Perspective," journal of Practical Psychiatry 11 (2005): 3 5-45.
9. Irene Pence, No, Daddy, Don't: A Father's Murderous Revenge (New York: Pinnacle Books, 2003).
10. http://www.csmonitor.com/2002/1018/pO3sOl-usju.html.
11. State of Illinois Review Board, October 2002 session, People's Response by Linda Woloshin and Catherine Sanders.
12. State of Illinois Review Board, October 2002 session, p. 25. Dr. Paul Karsten Fauteck granted permission for me to cite his observations.
13. Written after World War II by Ryonosuke Akutagawa and later made into a movie by Akira Kurosawa.
The Anatomy of Evil Page 44