26. Anna Roosevelt to John Boettiger, January 30, 1945, John Boettiger Papers, Box 6, FDRL.
27. Brown, “Four Presidents as I Saw Them.”
28. Ibid.
29. Ibid.
30. Ibid.; Stephen Early Papers, Box 37, FDRL; “De Gaulle Sees High Official: Hint It’s Hopkins,” Chicago Daily Tribune, January 29, 1945, 2.
31. Brown, “Four Presidents as I Saw Them”; Ship’s Log, Conferences at Malta and Crimea, January 31, 1945, FDRL.
32. Ibid.; Brown, “Four Presidents as I Saw Them.”
33. Ship’s Log, Conferences at Malta and Crimea, January 31, 1945; Anna Roosevelt Halsted Diary, January 31, 1945.
34. Ship’s Log, Conferences at Malta and Crimea, February 1, 1945; Anna Roosevelt Halsted Diary, February 1, 1945; Margaret (Daisy) Suckley Diary, February 9, 1945.
3. Interlude at Malta
1. Roger Crowley, Empires of the Sea: The Siege of Malta, the Battle of Lepanto, and the Contest for the Center of the World (New York: Random House, 2009), xvii; National War Museum, Valletta, Malta.
2. James Holland, Fortress Malta: An Island Under Siege, 1940–1943; “Islands Under Siege,” Malta Times, April 16, 1942, the National Library, Valletta, Malta; Ashley Jackson, The British Empire in the Second World War (London: Bloomsbury Academic, 2006), 122–131; The Oxford Companion to World War II, edited by I.C.B. Dear and M.R.D. Foot (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002), 558.
3. Andrew Buchanan, American Grand Strategy in the Mediterranean in World War II (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2014), 40.
4. Franklin D. Roosevelt, speech at Malta, December 8, 1943, Master Speech File, Box 76, FDRL.
5. Ibid.
6. Presidential Proclamation, “To the People of Malta,” December 8, 1943, Master Speech File, Box 76, FDRL, Hyde Park, New York.
7. Edward R. Stettinius, Roosevelt and the Russians (New York: Doubleday, 1949), 60.
8. Stettinius, Roosevelt and the Russians, 60; Robert Meiklejohn Diary, February 2, 1945, Box 211; also see Harriman Papers, Library of Congress.
9. Edward R. Stettinius Calendar Notes, February 2, 1945, Edward R. Stettinius Papers, Box 278, University of Virginia Library.
10. Edward J. Flynn to Helen Flynn, February 4, 1945, “Yalta Trip: Letters to Family,” Box 25, FDRL; Ship’s Log, February 2, 1945, Grace Tully Papers, FDRL; Anthony Eden, The Memoirs of Anthony Eden: The Reckoning (London: Houghton Mifflin, 1965), 511.
11. Churchill to Roosevelt, January 4, 1945, Map Room Files, FDRL.
12. “Weekly Strategy Resume,” January 23, 1943, ABC 334.4, Policy Committee, Records of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, RG 218, National Archives and Records Administration (hereafter cited as NARA).
13. David Reynolds, Summits: Six Meetings that Shaped the Twentieth Century (London: Allen Lane, 2007), 98.
14. Ibid.; David Reynolds, From World War to Cold War: Churchill, Roosevelt, and the International History of the 1940s (New York: Oxford, 2006), 122–125; Michael Howard, The Mediterranean Strategy in the Second World War (New York: Greenwood, 1993), 36–40.
15. Warren F. Kimball, Forged in War: Churchill, Roosevelt and the Second World War (London: Harper Collins, 1997), 237–238.
16. Churchill to Roosevelt, January 8, 1945, Map Room Files, FDRL.
17. Roosevelt to Churchill, January 9, 1945, Map Room Files, FDRL; Churchill to Roosevelt, January 10, 1945, Map Room Files, FDRL.
18. General Albert C. Weydemeyer to George Marshall, October 8, 1944, Weydemeyer Papers, Hover Institution, Stanford University; Mark Stoler, Allies and Adversaries: The Joint Chiefs of Staff, the Grand Alliance, and U.S. Strategy in World War II (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2000), 223.
19. Kimball, Forged in War, 285–286.
20. Roosevelt to Stalin, October 4, 1944, Map Room Files, FDRL; Roosevelt to Harriman, October 4, 1944, Map Room Files, FDRL.
21. Robert E. Sherwood, The White House Papers of Harry L. Hopkins, Vol. II: January 1942–July 1945 (London: Eyre & Spottiswoode, 1949), 840; W. Averell Harriman and Elie Abel, Special Envoy to Churchill and Stalin, 1941–1946 (New York: Random House, 1975), 355–358.
22. Edward R. Stettinius Calendar Notes, February 2, 1945.
23. Cordell Hull, The Memoirs of Cordell Hull, Vol. II (New York: Macmillan, 1955), 1663.
24. Memorandum of Conversation at the White House, Questions Left Unsettled at the Dumbarton Oaks Conference, November 15, 1944; State Department Memorandum of Conversation, Preparations for the Yalta Conference, January, 8, 1945, Leo Pasvolsky Papers, Box 5, Library of Congress.
25. Edward R. Stettinius Calendar Notes, September 8, 1944; Andrei Gromyko, Memoirs (New York: Doubleday, 1990), 116; Roosevelt to Stalin, September 8, 1945, Map Room Files, FDRL.
26. Edward R. Stettinius, telephone message for the president, September 18, 1944, Harry Hopkins Papers, Yalta, Box 337, FDRL; Leo Pasvolsky to Secretary of State Cordell Hull, Progress Report on Dumbarton Oaks, September 18, 1944, Pasvolsky Papers, Box 5, Library of Congress.
27. Ruth Russell, A History of the United Nations Charter (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 1958), 148; Stephen Schlesinger, Act of Creation: The Founding of the United Nations (New York: Basic Books, 2003), 55–56; Robert C. Hilderbrand, Dumbarton Oaks: The Origins of the United Nations and the Search for Postwar Security (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1990), 249–250.
28. Edward R. Stettinius Calendar Notes, February 1–2, 1945; Stettinius, Roosevelt and the Russians, 69.
29. Edward R. Stettinius Calendar Notes, February 2, 1945; Anthony Eden Diary, February 2, 1945, Cadbury Research Library, Birmingham University, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
30. Anna Roosevelt Halsted Diary, February 2, 1945.
31. Archives of Malta to Franklin Roosevelt, December 9, 1943, William Rigdon Papers, 1942–1945, FDRL; Report for Combined Chiefs of Staff from Bedell Smith, January 30, 1945, Chiefs of Staff Record, CAB 120/178, the National Archives, Kew.
32. Stephen W. Stathis, “Malta: Prelude to Yalta, Presidential Studies Quarterly 9, no. 4 (Fall 1979): 469–482; Marshall to Eisenhower, January 11, 1945, W 90175, as cited in The Papers of Dwight David Eisenhower: The War Years: IV ((Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1970), 2423 (n. 1); Chester Wilmont, The Struggle for Europe (New York: Harper & Row, 1963), 665.
33. Stoler, Allies and Adversaries, 123.
34. Maurice Matloff, “The 90-Division Gamble,” in Kent Roberts Greenfield, ed., Command Decisions (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1960), 367.
35. Forrest C. Pogue, George C. Marshall: Organizer of Victory, 1943–1945 (New York: Viking, 1999), 516–517; Wilmont, The Struggle for Europe, 666.
36. Pogue, George C. Marshall: Organizer of Victory, 517–518; Foreign Relations of the United States (FRUS), Diplomatic Papers, The Conferences at Malta and Yalta, 1945 (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1955), 543.
37. FRUS, Diplomatic Papers, The Conferences at Malta and Yalta, 1945, 544–546; John Davis Memo, November 15, 1943, Office of Strategic Services (OSS), E190, Box 573, Record Group (RG) 226, NARA, as cited in Stoler, Allies and Adversaries, 117.
38. Edward R. Stettinius Calendar Notes, January 2, 1945.
39. See Fredrik Logevall, Embers of War: The Fall of an Empire and the Making of America’s Vietnam (New York: Random House, 2014), 48–66.
40. Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS), 713, Strategy in the Pacific, February 16, 1944, ABC 384 Pacific, RG 165, NARA; Stoler, Allies and Adversaries, 224–225; Logevall, Embers of War, 54–55.
41. Stoler, Allies and Adversaries, 224.
42. FRUS, Diplomatic Papers, The Conferences at Malta and Yalta, 1945, 546; Anthony Eden Diary, February 2, 1945.
43. Anthony Eden Diary, February 2, 1945.
44. Anna Roosevelt Halsted Diary, February 2, 1945.
4. On to the Crimea
1. Robert Meiklejohn Diary, February 3, 1945, W. Averell Harriman Papers, Library of Congress.
2. Will
iam Leahy, I Was There (New York: Whittlesey House, 1950), 296; William D. Leahy Diary, February 2, 1945, Library of Congress; Official Log, Conferences at Malta and Yalta, FDRL.
3. Anna Roosevelt Halsted Diary, February 2, 1945, Box 84, FDRL; FDR, Official Log, Conferences at Malta and Yalta; Robert Meiklejohn, “To Malta in the President’s Plane,” Meiklejohn Diary, January 27, 1945, Library of Congress; Leahy, I Was There, 295–296.
4. Anna Roosevelt Halsted Diary, February 2, 1945, FDRL; Sarah Churchill to Clementine Churchill, February 4, 1945, Sarah Churchill Papers (SCHL) 1/1/8, Churchill Archives, Cambridge; Alanbrooke Diary, February 2, 1945, War Diaries, 1939–1945; Alex Danchev and Daniel Todman, eds., Field Marshal Lord Alanbrooke (London: Phoenix Press, 2002).
5. Interview with Dr. Howard G. Bruenn, conducted by Jan K. Herman, Bureau of Medicine and Surgery, Riverdale, New York, January 31, 1990, Oral History, The Medical Heritage Library, US Navy Bureau of Medicine and Surgery, Office of Medical History Collection, Bethesda, Maryland.
6. Anna Roosevelt Halsted Diary, February, 3, 1945.
7. Martin Gilbert, Winston S. Churchill, Vol. VII: Road to Victory, 1942–1945 (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1986), 1171; Lord Moran Papers, PP/cmw/Q1/S, Wellcome Library, London.
8. Anna Roosevelt Halstead Diary, February 3, 1945; Alexander Cadogan Diary, February 3, 1945, ACAD 148, Churchill Archives, Cambridge.
9. Ibid.
10. Wilson Brown Papers, Special Collections and Archives, Nimitz Library, United States Naval Academy, Annapolis, Maryland.
11. Robert Meikeljohn Diary, February 3, 1945; Sarah Churchill to Clementine Churchill, February 4, 1945, SCHL 1/1/8, Sarah Churchill Papers, Churchill Archives.
12. Robert Meikeljohn Diary, February 3, 1945; Alexander Cadogan Diary, February 4, 1945.
13. Anna Roosevelt Halsted Diary, February 3, 1945.
14. Official Log, Conferences at Malta and Yalta, FDRL; Edward R. Stettinius Calendar Notes, February 3, 1945, Edward R. Stettinius Papers, Box 278, University of Virginia Library.
15. Kathleen Harriman to Pamela Harriman, February 1, 1945; Box 176; W. Averell Harriman Papers, Library of Congress; A. H. Birse, Memoirs of an Interpreter (New York: Coward-McCann, 1967), 178.
16. J. K. Herman, “Cleaning Up Yalta,” Navy Medicine 81, no. 2 (March–April 1990): 14–16; Original Diaries and Notes of Lord Moran, February 4, 1945, PP/CMW/Q1/5, Wellcome Library, London; Vice Admiral (Dr.) Ross T. McIntire, White House Physician (New York: Putnam & Sons, 1946), 215.
17. Lord Moran Diary, February 4, 1945, in Lord Moran, Churchill Taken from the Diaries of Lord Moran (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1966); McIntire, White House Physician, 215.
18. Lady Onslow Papers, February 5, 1945, Churchill Archives, Cambridge.
19. S. M. Plokhy, Yalta: The Price of Peace (New York: Viking, 2010), 233–234.
20. Anna Roosevelt Halsted Diary, February 3, 1945; Kathleen Harriman to Mary Marshall, February 4–10, 1945, W. Averell Harriman Papers, Library of Congress.
21. Ibid.; Edward R. Stettinius Calendar Notes, February 3, 1945.
22. Memorial to Harry Hopkins, written by John Steinbeck, May 22, 1946, Hopkins Papers, Grinnell College Archives, cited in June Hopkins, Harry Hopkins: Sudden Hero, Brash Reformer (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 1999), 2; Robert Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins: An Intimate History (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1948), 2.
23. Anna Roosevelt Halsted Diary, February 3, 1933; James A. Halsted, “Severe Malnutrition of a Public Servant in World War II: The Medical History of Harry Hopkins,” Clinical Nutrition Program, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, 1975.
5. Sunrise over Yalta
1. Franklin D. Roosevelt, Fireside Chat Address to the Nation, February 2, 1942, Master Speech File, FDRL.
2. Edouard Mark, “Revolution by Degrees: Stalin’s National Front Strategy for Europe, 1941–1947,” Cold War History Project, Working Paper No. 31, February 2001, Woodrow Wilson Center; Dennis J. Dunn, Caught Between Roosevelt and Stalin (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1998), 159–160; Lloyd C. Gardner, “FDR and Cooperation with the Soviet Union,” in Franklin D. Roosevelt and the World Crisis, 1937–1945 (New York: D. C. Health, 1973), 135–158; Franklin D. Roosevelt, Memo to General Watson, May 26, 1941, President’s Secretary’s Files (PSF), FDRL.
3. Fraser J. Harbutt, Yalta 1945: Europe and America at the Crossroads (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010), 214–216, 277–279, 285.
4. Anna Roosevelt Halsted Diary, February 4, 1945, Box 84, FDRL.
5. Edward R. Stettinius, Roosevelt and the Russians (New York: Doubleday, 1949), 85–87; Minutes of Meetings of FDR with Joint Chiefs of Staff, 1942–1945, Map Room Files, Box 29, FDRL.
6. Anna Roosevelt Halsted Diary, February 5, 1945.
7. S. M. Plokhy, Yalta: The Price of Peace (New York: Viking, 2010), 56–57; Geoffrey Roberts, Molotov: Stalin’s Cold Warrior (Dulles, VA: Potomac Books, 2012), 52. See also W. Averell Harriman, Special Envoy to Churchill and Stalin, 1941–1946 (New York: Random House, 1975), 535–536.
8. “Harriman, Special Envoy, 80–105; “Prime Minister Declares Moscow an Ally of Britain; Past Fade Out, He Says, Before Sole Aim—Victory,” Washington Post, June 23, 1941, 1; “Our Policy Stated: Welles Says Defeat of Hitler Conquest Plans, Is Greatest Task,” New York Times, June 24, 1941, 1.
9. Stalin to Churchill, November 8, 1941, cited in Sir Llewellyn Woodward, British Foreign Policy in the Second World War, Vol. II (London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1971), 48–49; Ivan Maisky, Memoirs of a Soviet Ambassador, The War: 1939–1943 (London: Hutchison & Co., 1967), 200–201; Anthony Eden Diary, February 2, 1945, Birmingham University Library.
10. Diary of Georgi Dimitrov, January 28, 1945, The Diary of Georgi Dimitrov, 1933–1949, edited by Ivo Banac (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2003); Roberts, Molotov, 78–81; see also p. 83.
11. Charles Bohlen, Witness to History, 1929–1969 (New York: W. W. Norton, 1973), 180.
12. Foreign Relations of the United States (FRUS), Diplomatic Papers, The Conferences at Malta and Yalta, 1945 (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1955), 571; Anna Roosevelt Halsted Diary, February 3, 1945.
13. FRUS, Diplomatic Papers, The Conferences at Malta and Yalta, 572–573.
14. Plokhy, Yalta, 72.
15. FRUS, Diplomatic Papers, The Conferences at Malta and Yalta, 574.
16. William Rigdon, Sailor in the White House (New York: Doubleday, 1962), 136; Brian Lavery, Churchill Goes to War (Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2007); “Summitry and Modern Diplomacy,” Satows Diplomatic Practice, Sixth Edition, edited by Sir Ivor Roberts (London: Oxford, 2009), 18–22. For more on summit meetings as a form of diplomacy, see David Reynolds, Summits: Six Meetings That Shaped the Twentieth Century (New York: Basic Books, 2007).
17. Roberts, Molotov, 86.
18. Alistair Horne, Macmillan, 1894–1956, Volume I of the Official Biography (London: Macmillan, 1988), 165; Warren F. Kimball, The Juggler: Franklin Roosevelt as Wartime Statesman (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1991), 92–93.
19. Donald E. Shepardson, “The Fall of Berlin and the Rise of a Myth,” Journal of Military History 62 (January 1998): 138; John Erikson, The Road to Berlin: Stalin’s War with Germany, Vol. II (London: Castle Books, 1983); Harbutt, Yalta 1945, 290.
20. Plokky, Yalta, 85.
21. Stettinius, Roosevelt and the Russians, 110–111; Diane Shaver Clemens, Yalta (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1970), 135; Plokhy, Yalta, 89.
22. Anna Roosevelt Halsted Diary, February 4, 1945.
23. Ibid.
24. Ibid.; Harriman, Special Envoy, 395.
25. Anna Roosevelt Halsted Diary, February 4, 1945.
26. Ibid.; FRUS, Diplomatic Papers, The Conferences at Malta and Yalta, 589; Bohlen, Witness to History, 181.
27. Stettinius, Roosevelt and the Russians, 112–115; Bohlen, Witness to History, 181; FRUS, Diplomatic Papers, The Conferences
at Malta and Yalta, 590–591.
28. Anna Roosevelt Halsted Diary, February 4, 1945.
6. Coming to Grips with “The German Problem”
1. Howard G. Bruenn, “Clinical Notes on the Illness and Death of President Franklin D. Roosevelt,” Annals of Internal Medicine 72 (April 1970): 579–591; Vice Admiral (Dr.) Ross T. McIntire, White House Physician (New York: Putnam & Sons, 1946), 220.
2. Edward R. Stettinius, Roosevelt and the Russians (New York: Doubleday, 1949), 117–118.
3. Foreign Relations of the United States (FRUS), Diplomatic Papers, The Conferences at Malta and Yalta, 1945 (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1955), 610–611; Charles Bohlen, Witness to History, 1929–1969 (New York: W. W. Norton, 1973), 184–185.
4. Robin Edmonds, The Big Three: Churchill, Roosevelt and Stalin in Peace and War (London: Penguin Books, 1991), 409–410.
5. David Reynolds, Summits: Six Meetings That Shaped the Twentieth Century (London: Allen Lane, 2007), 124.
6. David B. Woolner, “Coming to Grips with the ‘German Problem’: Roosevelt, Churchill and the Morgenthau Plan at the Second Quebec Conference,” in David B. Woolner, ed., The Second Quebec Conference Revisited: Waging War, Formulating Peace: Canada, Great Britain and the United States in 1944–1945 (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1998), 66; Henry Morgenthau, Germany Is Our Problem (New York: Harper & Bros., 1945), v–viii; “Suggested Post-Surrender Program for Germany,” September 1, 1944, Henry Morgenthau Diary, Book 768, September 1–4, 1944, FDRL.
7. Woolner, “Coming to Grips with the ‘German Problem,’” 73–74.
8. Roosevelt to Stimson, August 26, 1944, President’s Secretary’s Files (PSF), Box 82, FDRL.
9. Ibid.
10. Briefing Notes, Yalta Conference, Harry Hopkins Papers, Box 337, FDRL; “Threats on Reich Said to Spur Nazis,” New York Times, October 25, 1944, 9; “Morgenthau Nazi Plan Called Costly to US,” Los Angeles Times, November 1, 1944, 7.
11. FRUS, Diplomatic Papers, The Conferences at Malta and Yalta, 611–612.
12. J. S. Dunn, The Crowe Memorandum: Sir Eyre Crowe and Foreign Office Perceptions of Germany (Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars, 2013); Woolner, “Coming to Grips with the ‘German Problem,’” 85–86.
The Last 100 Days Page 38