13. “War Cabinet Memorandum by the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs (Eden), September 20, 1944, Foreign Office (FO) 371.39080, The National Archives, Kew.
14. Minutes of the Crimean Conference, February 5, 1945, The Crimean Conference, Minutes Prepared by James F. Byrnes, James F. Byrnes Papers, Series 4, Box 19, Clemson University, Special Collections Library, Clemson, South Carolina (hereafter cited as Byrnes Minutes).
15. The Treatment of Germany, January 12, 1945, Political Memoranda for the Yalta Conference, Hopkins Papers, Box 169–171, FDRL.
16. Bohlen, Witness to History, 182–183; Anthony Eden, The Memoirs of Anthony Eden: The Reckoning (London: Houghton Mifflin, 1965), 513.
17. Byrnes Minutes, February 5, 1945.
18. FRUS, Diplomatic Papers, The Conferences at Malta and Yalta, 616–618; Russell D. Buhite, Decisions at Yalta: An Appraisal of Summit Diplomacy (New York: Scholarly Resources, 1986), 29.
19. Buhite, Decisions at Yalta, 33.
20. Ivan Maisky, “The Ivan Maisky Diaries: Red Ambassador to the Court of St. James’s, 1932–1943,” in Gabriel Gorodetsky, ed., The Ivan Maisky Diaries: Red Ambassador to the Court of St. James’s, 1932–1943 (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2015), 546–547.
21. Byrnes Minutes, February 5, 1945; FRUS, Diplomatic Papers, The Conferences at Malta and Yalta, 621.
22. Records of the Proceedings of the Argonaut Conference, February 5, 1945, Prime Minister’s Office Records (PREM) 3/51/4, The National Archives Kew.
7. The Polish Quandary
1. FDR in conversation with Francis Cardinal Spellman, Cardinal Spellman Diary, September 3, 1943, Cardinal Spellman Papers, Archdiocese of New York.
2. Foreign Office Minutes on Poland, January 12, 1945, Foreign Office (FO) 371/47577, The National Archives Kew; Roosevelt to Stalin, December 30, 1945, Map Room Files, FDRL; Recognition of Lublin Committee, Extract from War Cabinet, FO 371/47575, The National Archives Kew; Warren F. Kimball, Forged in War (London: Harper Collins, 1997), 307; Oscar Cox to Harry Hopkins, December 19, 1944, Harry Hopkins Papers Kew; Box 335, FDRL.
3. Cordell Hull, The Memoirs of Cordell Hull, Vol. II (New York: Macmillan, 1948), 1273; FDR as quoted by British Ambassador Archibald Clark Kerr, the Diary of Lord Halifax, September 18, 1943.
4. Record of Conversation Between Arthur Bliss Lane and Roosevelt, November 30, 1944, Arthur Bliss Lane Papers, Sterling Memorial Library, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut.
5. Record of Conversation Between Richard Law and Roosevelt, December 22, 1944, FO 371/44595. The National Archives, Kew.
6. Herbert Feis, Churchill, Roosevelt, Stalin: The War They Waged and the Peace They Sought (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1957), 200; W. Averell Harriman, Special Envoy to Churchill and Stalin, 1941–1946 (New York: Random House, 1975), 245–246, 287–290.
7. Summary of Recommendations, Policy Towards Liberated States: Czechoslovakia, July 18, 1944, Edward R. Stettinius Papers, Box 363, University of Virginia Library; Report on Poland, November 30, 1944, Harry Hopkins Papers, Crisis in Poland, Box 337, and Political Memoranda for Yalta Conference, February 1945, Boxes 169–171, FDRL; Record of Conversation Between Roosevelt and Halifax, January 6, 1945, FO 371/47575, The National Archives, Kew.
8. Feis, Churchill, Roosevelt, Stalin, 374.
9. Geoffrey Roberts, Stalin’s Wars: From World War to Cold War, 1939–1953 (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2006), 212–213; Susan Butler, My Dear Mr. Stalin: The Complete Correspondence Between Franklin D. Roosevelt and Joseph V. Stalin (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2005), 247.
10. Roberts, Stalin’s Wars, 216; “Poles Assail Lack of Aid to Warsaw,” New York Times, September 5, 1944, 9. A good share of the anger that was directed towards the Russians over the Warsaw incident stemmed from the widespread belief that they purposely halted their advance in order ot give the Germans time to destroy the Polish Home Army. Not everyone agreed. As one Foreign Office official put it some months later, he remained convinced that if the Russians could have broken the German line and advanced, they would have done so “with pleasure,” but “military considerations, e.g., weakness of communication, lack of supplies, etc.… prevented them from striking before the winter. However, nothing will convince the Poles that this was the case.” (Minute by M. Nowak, March 15, 1945, FO 371/47577, the National Archives, Kew).
11. Feis, Churchill, Roosevelt, Stalin, 518; Foreign Office Minutes, Mr. Mikolajczyk and London, Minutes by Denis Allen, January 8, 1945, FO 371/47575; “War Cabinet Conclusions and Minutes, December 30, 1944,” Recognition of Lublin Committee, December 30, 1944–January 5, 1945, FO 371/47575, The National Archives, Kew.
12. Memorandum for the President, Stettinius to Roosevelt, January 16, 1945, PSF Subject Files, State Department, 1945. The American press at that time hailed the Moscow conference, especially the Four Power Declaration issued at the end of the gathering, as “a great victory for the United Nations, matching any victory yet achieved on the battlefield”; see, for example, “Triumph at Moscow,” New York Times, November 2, 1943, 24.
13. Record of Conversation Between Andrei Gromyko and Leo Pasvolsky, September 18, 1944, Leo Pasvolsky Papers, Box 5, Library of Congress.
14. Edward R. Stettinius Calendar Notes, February 6, 1945.
15. Anna Roosevelt to John Boettiger, February 7, 1945, John Boettiger Papers, Box 6, FDRL.
16. Alexander Cadogan Diary, February 6, 1945, Churchill Archives; William Rigdon, Sailor in the White House (New York: Doubleday, 1962), 150–151.
17. Hamilton Fish Armstrong to Secretary Stettinius, January 30, 1945, Leo Pasvolsky Papers, Box 5, Library of Congress.
18. Foreign Relations of the United States (FRUS), Diplomatic Papers, The Conferences at Malta and Yalta, 1945 (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1955), 661; Byrnes Minutes, February 6, 1945.
19. Byrnes Minutes, February 6, 1945.
20. Ibid.; Record of Meeting Held at Livadia Palace, Yalta, February 6, 1945, War Cabinet Memoranda, “Record of the Political Proceedings of the ‘Argonaut’ Conference Held at Malta and in the Crimea from 1st February to 11th February 1945,” Cabinet (hereafter cited as CAB) 66/63, The National Archives Kew.
21. FRUS, Diplomatic Papers, The Conferences at Malta and Yalta, 667.
22. James F. Byrnes, Speaking Frankly (New York: Harper, 1947), 37.
23. Lord Moran Diary, February 7, 1945, in Lord Moran, Churchill Taken from the Diaries of Lord Moran (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1966), 241–242.
24. FRUS, Diplomatic Papers, The Conferences at Cairo and Tehran, 1943, 512, 594, 598–602; Byrnes Minutes, February 6, 1945; Remi A. Nadeau, Stalin, Churchill and Roosevelt Divide Europe (New York: Praeger Press, 1990), 133–134.
25. FRUS, Diplomatic Papers, The Conferences at Malta and Yalta, 667.
26. Situation in Poland, January 26, 1945, FO 371/47577; Byrnes Minutes, February 6, 1945.
27. William Leahy, I Was There (New York: Whittlesey House, 1950), 305.
28. FRUS, Diplomatic Papers, The Conferences at Malta and Yalta, 669–670.
29. Ibid., 686; Charles Bohlen, Witness to History, 1929–1979 (New York: W.W. Norton, 1973), 188–190.
30. Ibid.
31. Ibid.; Stettinius Calendar Notes, February 7, 1945.
32. Fraser J. Harbutt, Yalta 1945: Europe and America at the Crossroads (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010), 298; Geoffrey Roberts, Molotov: Stalin’s Cold Warrior (Dulles, VA: Potomac Books, 2012), 241; Anthony Eden, The Memoirs of Anthony Eden: The Reckoning (London: Houghton Mifflin, 1965), 514–515.
33. FRUS, Diplomatic Papers, The Conferences at Malta and Yalta, 711.
34. Diane Shaver Clemens, Yalta (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1970), 189; Ivan Maisky Diary, as cited in Plohky, Yalta, 184.
35. FRUS, Diplomatic Papers, The Conferences at Malta and Yalta, 1945, 715–716; Byrnes Minutes, February 7, 1945; Record of the Meeting Held at the Livadia Palace, Yalta, February 7, 1945, CAB 66/63, The Nation
al Archives, Kew.
36. Byrnes Minutes, February 7, 1945.
37. FRUS, Diplomatic Papers, The Conferences at Malta and Yalta, 1945, 729; Alexander Cadogan Diary, February 7, 1945; Eden, The Reckoning, 517.
38. Byrnes Minutes, February 7, 1945; FRUS, Diplomatic Papers, The Conferences at Malta and Yalta, 716–717.
39. Stettinius, Roosevelt and the Russians, 183–185; Record of Meeting Held at Livadia Palace, Yalta, February 7, 1945, CAB 66/63; Byrnes Minutes, February 7, 1945.
40. Byrnes Minutes, February 7, 1945.
41. Minutes of the first tripartite military meeting, held at the Soviet Headquarters, Yalta, on Monday, February 5, 1945, at 12:00 noon; CAB 120/170, the National Archives, Kew; Minutes of Second Tripartite Meeting, February 6, 1945, FRUS, Diplomatic Papers, Conferences held at Malta and Yalta, 1945, 641–642.
42. Edward R. Stettinius, Roosevelt and the Russians (New York: Doubleday, 1949), 186.
43. Anna Roosevelt to John Boettiger, February 7, 1945, John Boettiger Papers, FDRL.
8. The Birth of the United Nations
1. W. Averell Harriman, Special Envoy to Churchill and Stalin, 1941–1946 (New York: Random House, 1975), 409; Edward R. Stettinius, Roosevelt and the Russians (New York: Doubleday, 1949), 187–188; Lord Moran Diary, February 8, 1945, in Lord Moran, Churchill Taken from the Diaries of Lord Moran (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1966), 226–227.
2. Diane Shaver Clemens, Yalta (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1970), 194–195; Foreign Relations of the United States (FRUS), Diplomatic Papers, The Conferences at Malta and Yalta, 1945 (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1955), 771–772; Eden to the Foreign Office, February 8, 1945, FO371/47577, the National Archives, Kew.
3. Edward R. Stettinius Calendar Notes, February 8, 1945, University of Virginia Library.
4. Stettinius, Roosevelt and the Russians, 189–190; Valentine Lawford, Yalta Diary, February 8, 1945, Valentine Lawford Papers (LWFD) 2/8, Churchill Archives, Cambridge.
5. Harriman to Roosevelt, October 17, 1945, Box 33, Map Room Files, FDRL; Russell D. Buhite, Decisions at Yalta: An Appraisal of Summit Diplomacy (New York: Scholarly Resources, 1986), 88–89; Harriman to Roosevelt, December 15, 1944, W. Averell Harriman Papers, Box 174, Library of Congress.
6. FRUS, Diplomatic Papers, The Conferences at Malta and Yalta, 766.
7. Political Memoranda for the Yalta Conference, February 1945, Box 169–171, Harry Hopkins Papers, FDRL; Buhite, Decisions at Yalta, 93; Michael Schaller, “FDR and the ‘China Question,’” in David B. Woolner, Warren F. Kimball, and David Reynolds, eds., FDR’s World: War, Peace, and Legacies (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008), 166.
8. George Q. Flynn, American Catholics and the Roosevelt Presidency, 1932–1936 (Nashville: University of Kentucky Press, 1968), 128–129; Peter C. Kent, “The Roman Catholic Church and the Division of Europe,” in David B. Woolner, ed., FDR, the Vatican and the Roman Catholic Church in America (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003); 174.
9. Edward M. Bennett, Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Search for Security 1933–1939 (New York: Scholarly Resources, 1985), 23; Yalta Briefing Papers, Political Memoranda for the Yalta Conference, February 1945, The Far East, Harry Hopkins Papers, Group 24, Boxes 169–171, FDRL.
10. FRUS, Diplomatic Papers, The Conferences at Malta and Yalta, 770.
11. Fredrik Logevall, Embers of War: The Fall of an Empire and the Making of America’s Vietnam (New York: Random House, 2014), 64–65; Warren F. Kimball, The Juggler (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1991), 193; Lloyd C. Gardner, “FDR and the Colonial Question,” in David B. Woolner, Warren Kimball, and David Reynolds, eds., FDR’s World: War, Peace, and Legacies (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008), 133.
12. FRUS, Diplomatic Papers, The Conferences at Malta and Yalta, 771.
13. Record of Meeting Held at Livadia Palace, February 8, 1945, CAB 66/63, The National Archives.
14. Byrnes Minutes, February 8, 1945.
15. FRUS, Diplomatic Papers, The Conferences at Malta and Yalta, 775–776.
16. Byrnes Minutes, February 8, 1945.
17. Ibid.
18. William Leahy, I Was There (New York: Whittlesey House, 1950), 309.
19. Sarah Churchill to Clementine Churchill, February 9, 1945, Sarah Churchill Papers, SCHL 1/1/8, Churchill Archives, Cambridge; Kathleen Harriman to Mary Harriman, February 4–10, 1945, W. Averell Harriman Papers, Box 176, Library of Congress.
20. FRUS, Diplomatic Papers, The Conferences at Malta and Yalta, 797; A. H. Birse, Memoirs of an Interpreter (New York: Coward-McCann, 1967), 184–185.
21. Ibid.
22. FRUS, Diplomatic Papers, The Conferences at Malta and Yalta, 798.
23. Stettinius, Roosevelt and the Russians, 219; Kathleen Harriman to Mary Harriman, February 4–10, 1945, Box 176, W. Averell Harriman Papers, Library of Congress.
24. Howard G. Bruenn, M.D., “Clinical Notes on the Illness and Death of President Franklin D. Roosevelt,” Annals of Internal Medicine 72 (April 1970): 579–591 at 589; and Howard Bruenn Papers, 1944–1946, FDRL.
9. The Final Turn
1. Robert Meiklejohn Diary, February 9, 1945, W. Averell Harriman Papers, Box 211, Library of Congress, Washington, DC.
2. Foreign Relations of the United States (FRUS), Diplomatic Papers, The Conferences at Malta and Yalta, 1945 (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1955), 842.
3. FRUS, Diplomatic Papers, The Conferences at Malta and Yalta, 805–806.
4. William Leahy, I Was There (New York: Whittlesey House, 1950), 312; FRUS, Diplomatic Papers, The Conferences at Malta and Yalta, 1945, 834.
5. Robert Hopkins, conversation with the author, June 10, 2000.
6. Byrnes Minutes, February 9, 1945, Clemson University Library: “Record of a Meeting Held at the Livadia Palace, February 9, 1945,” CAB 66/63, The National Archives.
7. Geoffrey Roberts, Molotov: Stalin’s Cold Warrior (Dulles, VA: Potomac Books, 2012), 85.
8. Valentine Lawford Diary, February 9, 1945, Lawson Papers, 2/8, Churchill Archives, Cambridge.
9. Edward R. Stettinius Calendar Notes, February 9, 1945, University of Virginia Library; Edward R. Stettinius, Roosevelt and the Russians (New York: Doubleday, 1949), 223–224.
10. Record of Meeting Held at Livadia Palace, February 9, 1945, CAB 66/63, The National Archives.
11. Charles Bohlen, Witness to History, 1929–1969 (New York: W. W. Norton, 1973), 191–192; “Research Material Yalta Conference,” Charles Bohlen Papers, Box 28, Library of Congress.
12. Halifax to Foreign Office, Record of Conversation with President Roosevelt, January 6, 1945, FO 371/47575, National Archives, Kew.
13. Hugh Dalton Diary, February 23, 1945, in Hugh Dalton, The Second World War Diary of Hugh Dalton (London: Cape, 1986), quoted in David Reynolds, From World War to Cold War: Churchill, Roosevelt, and the International History of the 1940s (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006), 242.
14. Hugh Dalton Diary, February 23, 1945, in Dalton, The Second World War Diary of Hugh Dalton; Reynolds, From World War to Cold War, 239–242.
15. David Reynolds, Summits: Six Meetings That Shaped the Twentieth Century (New York: Basic Books, 2007), 107.
16. William Leahy, I Was There (New York: Whittlesey House, 1950), 315–316 (emphasis added).
17. Byrnes Minutes, February 9, 1945; Foreign Relations of the United States (FRUS), Diplomatic Papers, The Near East and Africa, 1945, Vol. III (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1955), 853–854.
18. Byrnes Minutes, February 9, 1945; Stettinius, Roosevelt and the Russians, 252; Edward R. Stettinius Calendar Notes, February 9, 1945, Edward R. Stettinius Papers, University of Virginia Library.
19. Lord Moran Diary, February 9, 1945, in Lord Moran, Churchill Taken from the Diaries of Lord Moran (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1966), 244; FRUS, Diplomatic Papers, The Conferences at Malta and Yalta, 849, 854; Byrnes Minutes, February 9, 1945.Mifflin, 1966), 244; FRUS, Diplomatic Papers, The Conferences at Ma
lta and Yalta, 849, 854; Byrnes Minutes, February 9, 1945. In a letter sent to Leo Pasvolsky shortly after the conference, Alger Hiss noted that for Churchill “the mere mention of the phrase ‘territorial trusteeships’ almost gave him an attack of apoplexy” (Alger Hiss to Leo Pasvolsky, February 14, 1945, Box 279 Stettinius Papers).
20. Reynolds, Summits, 109–110.
21. FRUS, Diplomatic Papers, The Conferences at Malta and Yalta, 906.
22. Mark Lytle, The Origins of the American-Iranian Alliance, 1941–1953 (New York: Holmes and Meier, 1987), 25.
23. Edward R. Stettinius, Random Notes, Yalta Conference, February 10, 1945, Edward R. Stettinius Papers, University of Virginia Library.
24. Stettinius, Roosevelt and the Russians, 266.
25. FRUS, Diplomatic Papers, The Conferences at Malta and Yalta, 926; S. M. Plokhy, Yalta: The Price of Peace (New York: Viking, 2010), 318.
26. Robert Meiklejohn Diary, February 11, 1945, Yalta Conference, W. Averell Harriman Papers, Box 211, Library of Congress; Linda Lotridge Levin, The Making of FDR: The Story of Stephen T. Early, America’s First Modern Press Secretary (New York: Prometheus Books, 2008), 408–409.
10. The Last Mission
1. “Crimea Is Cleared: Red Army in Three Days Takes Port That Axis Besieged for Nearly Year,” New York Times, May 10, 1944, 1; “Sevastopol—A City of Death and Wreckage,” Chicago Daily Tribune, May 20, 1944, 7.
2. Anna Roosevelt Boettiger to John Boettiger, February 13, 1945, John Boettiger Papers, Box 6, FDRL.
3. Admiral Leahy recorded that the drive along the coast was the most beautiful mountain drive he had ever taken (see William D. Leahy Diary, February 11, 1945); George Stroganoff Oral History, George Stroganoff-Scherbatoff Papers, Columbia University Oral History Project; William Rigdon, Sailor in the White House (New York: Doubleday, 1962), 154.
4. Charles Bohlen, Witness to History, 1929–1969 (New York: W. W. Norton, 1973), 202.
5. Ship’s Log, February 12, 1945, Map Room Files, Box 24; FDRL; Rigdon, Sailor in the White House, 154–155.
The Last 100 Days Page 39