9. Franklin Roosevelt to James Byrnes, February 26, 1945, Box 19, Yalta Conference, James Byrnes Papers, Clemson University Library; Harbutt, Yalta 1945: Europe and America at the Crossroads, 320–322.
10. Churchill to Roosevelt, February 28, 1945, Map Room Files, FDRL; Hansard, Record of the House of Commons Debates, February 27, 1945, columns 1299–1300.
11. Churchill to the House of Commons, February 19, 1945, in Robert Rhodes James, Winston Churchill: His Complete Speeches, Volume VII (London: Chelsea House, 1974).
12. Churchill to Roosevelt, February 28, 1945, Map Room Files, FDRL.
13. Arthur Cox to Harry L. Hopkins, Memorandum: “Majority Ratification of Treaties,” January 10, 1945, Arthur Cox Papers, Box 151, FDRL.
14. Alben W. Barkley, That Reminds Me: The Autobiography of the VEEP (New York: Doubleday, 1954), 191–192.
15. Ibid.
16. “Benjamin C. West, Oral History Interview,” Office of the Historian, US House of Representatives, August 24, 2005.
17. James Roosevelt, My Parents: A Differing View (New York: Playboy Press, 1976), 93–94; “Outburst Beats M’Ado’s: Smith Demonstration the Loudest Any Convention Ever Heard,” New York Times, June 27, 1924, 1.
18. “Governor Offered by F. D. Roosevelt,” Washington Post, June 28, 1928, 1.
19. “Smith Forces Stage Huge Demonstration When He Is Placed in Nomination at New York,” Chicago Daily Tribune, June 27, 1924, 36.
20. Dean Acheson, Present at the Creation (New York: W. W. Norton, 1969), 102; Allen Drury, A Senate Journal (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1963), 371–373; “Report on Yalta,” New York Times, March 2, 1945, Halifax Diary, March 1, 1945.
21. Eleanor Roosevelt, The Autobiography of Eleanor Roosevelt, 275; Roosevelt Campaign Speech, Rochester, New York, October 22, 1928, Master Speech File, FDRL.
22. Frances Perkins, Oral History, Columbia University Library Oral History Project.
23. Franklin D. Roosevelt, Address to Congress, March 1, 1945, Master Speech File, FDRL.
24. Rosenman, Working with Roosevelt, 528.
25. “Armchair Speech Stirs Comment on Roosevelt’s Health,” Chicago Daily Tribune, March 2, 1945, 9.
26. “Rome Paper Hints at FDR Health Lapse,” Los Angeles Times, February 25, 1945, 1; “Roosevelt Said to Rest,” New York Times, February 26, 1945, 5; “President Returns Home in ‘Great’ Health; ‘He Is in Grand Spirits,’ Secretary Reports,” New York Times, March 1, 1945, 13.
27. Harold Ickes Diary, February 25, 1945, Library of Congress.
28. Daniels, White House Witness, 266.
29. Ibid.; Margaret (Daisy) Suckley Diary, March 3, 1945, FDRL.
14. March Days
1. Geoff Ward, Before the Trumpet, Young Franklin Roosevelt: 1882–1905 (New York: Harper Collins, 1885), 234.
2. “25,000 See Opening of Mid-Hudson Span: Gov. Roosevelt and Ex. Gov. Smith Praise Projectors and Engineers of Toll Bridge,” New York Times, August 26, 1930, 5; “Funeral Today for Modjeski, Famed Bridge Builder,” Los Angeles Times, June 28, 1940, A12.
3. Margaret (Daisy) Suckley Diary, March 5, 1945, FDRL.
4. Ibid., March 7, 1945; FDRL.
5. Churchill to Roosevelt, March 8, 1945, Map Room Files, FDRL.
6. Ibid.; Warren F. Kimball, Churchill and Roosevelt: Their Complete Correspondence, Vol. III, Alliance Declining (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1984), 546.
7. Churchill to Roosevelt, March 8, 1945, Map Room Files, FDRL.
8. Kimball, Alliance Declining, 545–546.
9. Halifax to Eden, March 8, 1945, FO371/50835; Roosevelt to Churchill, March 11, 1945, Map Room Files, FDRL.
10. James McGregor Burns, FDR: The Soldier of Freedom, 1940–1945 (New York: Harcourt, 1970), 588.
11. “Senate Rejects Williams,” New York Times, March 24, 1945, 1.
12. Ibid.; Jonathan Daniels, White House Witness (New York: Doubleday, 1975), 264–265; Burns, FDR, Soldier of Freedom, 594.
13. Linda Lotridge Levin, The Making of FDR: The Story of Stephen T. Early, America’s First Modern Press Secretary (New York: Prometheus Books, 2008), 417; Charles Bohlen, Witness to History, 1929–1969 (New York: W. W. Norton, 1973), 206.
14. Jean-Paul Sartre, “Jean-Paul Sartre en Amérique,” Le Figaro, March 12, 1945.
15. Harold Ickes Diary, March 9, 1945.
16. James Forrestal Diaries, March 9, 1945, Mudd Library, Princeton; Harold Ickes Diary, March 10, 1945.
17. Mackenzie King Diary, March 9, 1945, National Archives, Canada.
18. Ibid., March 10, 1945.
19. Ibid., March 13, 1945.
20. Anna Roosevelt Halsted, Oral History, Columbia University Oral History Project.
21. Misc. Notes, Anna Roosevelt Halsted Papers, Box 84, FDRL.
22. Mackenzie King Diary, March 13, 1945.
23. Ibid.
24. Drew Pearson, “Washington Merry-Go-Round,” Washington Post, March 18, 1945, 5.
25. Edward R. Stettinius Diary and Calendar Notes, March 12–13, 1945, Edward R. Stettinius Papers, University of Virginia.
26. Vandenberg to J. F. Dulles, February 17, 1945, in Arthur S. Vandenberg, Jr., The Private Papers of Senator Vandenberg (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1952), 151.
27. Vandenberg to Roosevelt, March 1, 1945, in Vandenberg, The Private Papers of Senator Vandenberg, 153.
28. Vandenberg, The Private Papers of Senator Vandenberg, 155.
29. Henry Stimson Diary, March 11–12, 1945, Sterling Library, Yale University; OSS memo to FDR, March 10, 1945, Recently Declassified Holdings, FDRL; S. M. Plokhy, Yalta: The Price of Peace (New York: Viking, 2010), 361.
30. Mackenzie King Diary, March 13, 1945.
31. Mark Stoler, Allies and Adversaries: The Joint Chiefs of Staff, the Grand Alliance, and U.S. Strategy in World War II (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2000), 232.
32. James Forrestal Diaries, March 16, 1945.
33. Godfrey Hodgson, The Colonel: The Life and Wars of Henry Stimson, 1867–1950 (New York: Knopf, 1990), 306.
34. Felix Frankfurter Papers, February, 25 1945, Library of Congress; Martin J. Sherwin, A World Destroyed: Hiroshima and Its Legacies (New York: Random House, 1975), 100.
35. Robin Edmonds, The Big Three: Churchill, Roosevelt and Stalin in Peace and War (New York: Norton & Norton, 1991), 404–405; Churchill to Cherwell, September 20, 1944, Prime Minister’s Office Records (PREM) 3/139/8A, The National Archives, Kew.
36. Hyde Park Memorandum on Tube Alloys, September 18, 1944, PREM 3/139/11A, The National Archives, Kew.
37. Wilson D. Miscamble, The Most Controversial Decision: Truman, the Atomic Bomb and the Defeat of Japan (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2011), 14; Richard Rhodes, The Making of the Atomic Bomb (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2012), 530.
38. Hodgson, The Colonel, 304 (emphasis added).
39. Ibid.; Hyde Park Memorandum, September 19, 1944, FDRL.
40. Hodgson, The Colonel, 310.
41. James G. Hershberg, James B. Conant: Harvard to Hiroshima and the Making of the Nuclear Age (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1993), 221; Diary of Henry Stimson, March 15, 1945.
42. Ibid.
43. Rhodes, The Making of the Atomic Bomb, 635–636; Einstein to Roosevelt, March 25, 1945, FDRL.
44. Leo Szílard Memorandum, Atom Bombs and the Postwar Position of the United States in the World, Spring 1945, Memorandum for the President, attached to the Einstein Letter, March 25, 1945, Leo Szílard Papers, University of South Carolina; also in Leo Szílard, Leo Szílard: His Version of the Facts, edited by Spencer R. Weart and Gertrud Weiss Szílard (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1978), 196–204, 205–207.
45. Dario Fazzi, A Voice of Conscience: Eleanor Roosevelt and the Anti-Nuclear Movement (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016), 43.
15. The Architect
1. “Hottest St. Patrick’s Day on Record,” Washington Post, March 18, 1945, 1.
2. John Q. Barrett, “The Nuremberg Roles of Justice Robert H
. Jackson,” Washington University Global Studies Law Review 6, no. 3 (Symposium—Judgment at Nuremberg, 2007).
3. Robert H. Jackson, That Man: An Insider’s Portrait of Franklin D. Roosevelt, edited by John Q. Barrett (New York: Oxford University Press, 2004), 152.
4. Ibid., 154.
5. Stanley Hornbeck to Roosevelt, February 21, 1945, President’s Secretary’s Files (PSF) Netherlands, 1944–1945, FDRL.
6. “Tighten Belts and Help Feed the World: F.D.R.,” Chicago Daily Tribune, March 17, 1945, 1.
7. Franklin D. Roosevelt, Press Conference, March 16, 1945, Complete Press Conferences, FDRL.
8. “FDR Calls for Food Aid,” Chicago Daily Tribune, March 17, 1945, 1.
9. Franklin D. Roosevelt to Queen Wilhelmina, March 21, 1945, PSF Netherlands, FDRL.
10. Wilhelmina Returns to the Netherlands: To a Joyous and Moving Welcome,” New York Times, March 21, 1945, 12.
11. Franklin D. Roosevelt to Queen Wilhelmina, March 21, 1945, PSF Netherlands, 1944–1945, FDRL.
12. Anne O’Hare McCormick, “Abroad: The Stone Will Not be Rolled Away by a Miracle,” New York Times, March 31, 1945, 18.
13. Douglas Chandor to Grace Tully, January 14, 1947, Correspondence, Douglas Chandor, 1947–1954, Grace Tully Papers, FDRL.
14. Ina Hill Chandor to Grace Tully, January 30, 1947, Correspondence, Douglas Chandor, 1947–1954, Grace Tully Papers, FDRL.
15. Jacob Blaustein to Franklin D. Roosevelt, March 24, 1945, OF 76-C, Box 9, Folder 1, FDRL.
16. “International Bill of Rights to Be Offered at World Peace Parley,” New York Times, March 21, 1945, 13.
17. Ibid.; Joseph Proskauer to Sumner Welles, January 23, 1945, Sumner Welles Papers, Box 197, FDRL.
18. Stephen Schlesinger, Act of Creation: The Founding of the United Nations (New York: Westview, 2003) 194; Lansing Warren, “Hurdles for the San Francisco Conference: Agreement on World Security,” New York Times, March 17, 1945, E3.
19. Ibid.
20. Edward R. Stettinius Calendar Notes, March 12 and March 19, 1945, Edward R. Stettinius Papers, University of Virginia.
21. Edward R. Stettinius Calendar Notes, March 19, 1945; Joseph Grew to Franklin D. Roosevelt, March 22, 1945, in Foreign Relations of the United States (FRUS), Diplomatic Papers, United Nations, 1945, Vol. I (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1967), 144–145.
22. W. Averell Harriman, Special Envoy to Churchill and Stalin, 1941–1946 (New York: Random House, 1975), 426–428.
23. Henry Morgenthau Diary, March 20, 1945, FDRL.
24. John Chamberlain, “FDR’s Daughter,” Life, March 1945, 96–100, 102–108; Henry Morgenthau Diary, March 20, 1945.
25. Raymond P. Schmidt, “A Tower in Nebraska: How FDR Found Inspiration for the Naval Medical Center in Bethesda, Maryland,” Prologue 41, no. 4 (Winter 2009), National Archives and Records Administration.
26. Cordell Hull, The Memoirs of Cordell Hull, Vol. II (New York: Macmillan, 1948), 1721.
27. Usher’s Log, March 12–14, 20, and 21, 1945. FDR also telephoned Lucy at least four times during this period, in conversations that lasted from five to fifteen minutes; see White House Telephone Logs, March 8, 9, 11, and 23, 1945, President’s Secretary’s Files (PPF) 1N, Box 81, FDRL.
28. Harold Ickes Diary, March 31, 1945, Library of Congress.
29. Franklin D. Roosevelt, Speech to Annual Correspondents’ Dinner, March 22, 1941, Master Speech File, FDRL.
30. Allen Drury, Senate Journal, March 24, 1945, in Allen Drury, A Senate Journal, 1943–1945 (New York: McGraw Hill, 1963), 388–390.
31. Harold Ickes Diary, March 22, 1945; Jackson, That Man, 154; Drury, Senate Journal, March 22, 1945, 389–390.
32. Drury, Senate Journal, March 22, 1945, 390.
33. Ibid.
34. Frank Freidel, Franklin D. Roosevelt: A Rendezvous with Destiny (Boston: Little Brown, 1990), 602–603.
35. Arthur Vandenberg Diary, March 23, 1945, in The Private Papers of Arthur Vandenberg (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1952).
36. Arthur Vandenberg Diary, March 27, 1945.
37. Ibid.
38. Notes of Conversation with President, March 23, 1945, Box 40, Anne O’Hare McCormick Papers, New York Public Library.
39. Ibid.; “His ‘Unfinished Business’—and Ours: A Final Interview with Franklin Roosevelt,” New York Times, April 22, 1945, SM3.
40. Ibid.
41. Ibid.
42. Harold Ickes Diary, March 24, 1945.
43. Frances Perkins, Oral History, Columbia University Library.
44. Howard G. Bruenn, M.D., “Clinical Notes on the Illness and Death of President Franklin D. Roosevelt,” Annals of Internal Medicine 72 (April 1970): 579–591 at 22.
45. “Moscow Stresses Desires for Peace: Leaders Imply Rehabilitation Is Principal Aim—Health of Roosevelt Watched,” New York Times, March 23, 1945, 3.
46. Churchill to Roosevelt, March 17, 1945, Map Room Files, FDRL.
47. “U.S. at War,” Time, April 23, 1945, 20.
16. Hudson Requiem
1. “Patton’s Men Storm over Rhine,” Los Angeles Times, March 24, 1945, 1.
2. Jonathan Daniels, White House Witness (New York: Doubleday, 1975), 275; “President Transfers Daniels to Press Job,” New York Times, March 25, 1945, 40; Linda Lotridge Levin, The Making of FDR: The Story of Stephen T. Early, America’s First Modern Press Secretary (New York: Prometheus Books, 2008), 418.
3. William Hassett Diary, March 24, 1945, FDRL; Anna Kasten Nelson, “Anna M. Rosenberg: ‘An Honorary Man,’” Journal of Military History 68, no. 1 (January 2004): 133–161.
4. “F.D.R. Orders Study of Guaranteed Annual Pay,” Los Angeles Times, March 21, 1945, 1.
5. Rosenberg to Roosevelt, January 15, 1945, and Roosevelt to Rosenberg, March 31, 1945, Anna Rosenberg Papers, Schlesinger Library, Harvard.
6. Stalin to Roosevelt, March 22, 1945, Map Room Files, FDRL; Harriman to Secretary of State, March 17, 1945, Foreign Relations of the United States (FRUS), Diplomatic Papers, European Advisory Commission; Austria; Germany, Vol. III (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1968), 732–733; FRUS, Diplomatic Papers, United Nations, 1945, Vol. I (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1967), 151 (n15).
7. Harriman to Roosevelt, March 23, 45, Map Room Files, FDRL.
8. Wilson C. Miscamble, From Roosevelt to Truman (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007), 74.
9. Roosevelt to Stalin, No. 293, March 24, 1945, Map Room Files, FDRL.
10. Roosevelt to Stalin, No. 294, March 24, 1945, Map Room Files, FDRL.
11. William Hassett Diary, March 24, 1945, Box 27, FDRL.
12. “200,000 Germans Trapped in Norway,” New York Times, March 20, 1945, 4.
13. Frances Perkins, The Roosevelt I Knew (New York: Penguin Classics, 2011), 135.
14. Ibid., 138–139.
15. Geoffrey Ward, Before the Trumpet (New York: Harper Collins, 1985), 3–4.
16. Frances Perkins, Oral History, Columbia University Library Oral History Project.
17. Margaret (Daisy) Suckley Diary, March 25, 1945, FDRL.
18. Margaret Fayerweather, Diary, March 28, 1945, Eleanor Roosevelt Papers, Box 1559, FDRL.
19. Ibid. FDR’s references to development work in these last months hint he might resign as President to become the first Secretary-General of the UN. Benjamin Cohen first suggested this idea to FDR as he was contemplating a fourth term run. See “Memo Concerning a 4th Term,” March, 1944, Cohen Papers, Box 12, LOC.
20. Ibid.
21. Arthur Krock, “Secret Yalta Vote Poses Serious Problem,” New York Times, April 1, 1945, E3.
22. “Roosevelt Urges Senate to Adopt Manpower Truce,” New York Times, March 29, 1945, 1; “Strike Is Voted by Heavy Margin in Poll of Soft Coal Miners,” New York Times, March 29, 1945, 1.
23. Jean Edward Smith, “Selection of a Proconsul for Germany: The Appointment of Gen. Lucius D. Clay, 1945,” Military Affairs 40, no. 3 (October 1976): 123�
��129.
24. James F. Byrnes, All in One Lifetime (Harper & Brothers, 1958), 273; William Hassett Diary, March 29, 1945.
25. Edward R. Stettinius Calendar Notes, March 29, 1945, Edward R. Stettinius Papers, University of Virginia.
26. Ibid.
27. “White House Admits Bow to Russia on League Votes,” Washington Post, March 30, 1945, 1.
28. Churchill to Roosevelt, March 27, 1945, Map Room Files, FDRL.
29. Churchill to Roosevelt, March 30, 1945, Map Room Files, FDRL; Roosevelt to Stalin, March 31, 1945, Map Room Files, FDRL.
30. Churchill to Roosevelt, March 30, 1945, Map Room Files, FDRL; Halifax Diary, March 29, 1945.
31. Tully, FDR: My Boss, 356.
32. Ibid., 357; Daniels, White House Witness, 276.
33. Tully, FDR: My Boss, 359.
17. Easter in Warm Springs
1. Michael Reilly and Robert Slocum, Reilly of the White House (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1947), 226–227; letter from Hazel Stephens to William MacKay Davis, April 15, 1945, reprinted in William Warrens Rogers, Jr., “The Death of a President, April 12, 1945: An Account from Warm Springs,” The Georgia Historical Quarterly 75, no. 1 (Spring 1991), 112–113.
2. Franklin D. Roosevelt, Address at the Dedication of Warm Springs Hall, November 24, 1933, Master Speech File, FDRL.
3. Ibid.; Warrens, “The Death of a President,” 113.
4. Margaret “Daisy” Suckley Diary, March 31, 1945, FDRL; Daisy Bonner Notes on Cooking for FDR, Little White House, Warm Springs, Georgia; Adrian Miller, The President’s Kitchen Cabinet: The Story of the African Americans Who Have Fed Our First Families, from the Washingtons to the Obamas (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2017), 139.
5. William Hassett Diary, March 30, 1945, FDRL.
6. Ibid.
7. Margaret (Daisy) Suckley Diary, March 31, 1945.
8. William Hassett Diary, March 31, 1945.
9. Margaret (Daisy) Suckley Diary, March 31, 1945.
10. Margaret (Daisy) Suckley Diary, April 1 1945.
11. “Roosevelt Joins Chapel Dedication,” New York Times, March 28, 1938, 3; Margaret (Daisy) Suckley Diary, April 1, 1945.
12. William Hassett Diary, April 1, 1945; “Roosevelt Hints War Might Upset Plans,” Washington Post, April 10, 1939, 6.
The Last 100 Days Page 41