6. James Landis to Franklin D. Roosevelt, January 17, 1945, Foreign Relations of the United States (FRUS), Diplomatic Papers, The Near East and Africa, 1945, Vol. VIII (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1969), 680–682.
7. Lloyd C. Gardner, Three Kings: The Rise of an American Empire in the Middle East After World War II (New York: The New Press, 2009), 16–20.
8. Peter Novick, The Holocaust in American Life (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1999), 47–53; Richard Breitman and Allan J. Lichtman, FDR and the Jews (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 2013), 1–7, 67–84, 325. Much of the criticism that has been leveled against the Roosevelt administration during the war stems from David S. Wyman’s work, The Abandonment of the Jews: America and the Holocaust, 1941–1945 (New York: New Press, 1984). FDR’s most ardent defenders include William D. Rubenstein, The Myth of Rescue: Why the Democracies Could Not Have Saved More Jews from the Nazis (New York: Routledge, 1997), and Robert N. Rosen, Saving the Jews: Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Holocaust (New York: Thunder Mouth, 2006). For a review of the historical debate over FDR and America’s reaction to the Holocaust, see Novick, The Holocaust in American Life, 47–48. For a more detailed look at the British government’s reaction to the Holocaust, see Bernard Wasserstein, Britain and the Jews of Europe, 1939–1945 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1979).
9. For more on the British Mandate for Palestine, see “Introduction: Palestine from the Balfour Declaration to the Anglo-American Committee,” in James G. McDonald, To the Gates of Jerusalem: The Diaries and Papers of James G. McDonald, edited by Norman J. W. Goda, Barbara McDonald Stewart, and Richard Breitman (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2014), 1–17.
10. Note of Certain Conversations Held Between President Franklin D. Roosevelt and Colonel Hon. Arthur Murray, at Hyde Park on the Hudson, October 16th to the 24th, 1938, handed to the Prime Minister, December 14, 1938, Correspondence of Arthur C. Murray, Scottish National Archives, Edinburgh, Scotland; Arthur Murray to Franklin D. Roosevelt, December 20, 1938, and Franklin D. Roosevelt to Faith and Arthur Murray, January 19, 1939, President’s Secretary’s Files (PSF) Box 38, FDRL.
11. British White Paper of 1939, PSF Box 46, Palestine, FDRL.
12. Roosevelt to Hull, May 17, 1939, PSF Box 46, Palestine, FDRL.
13. Breitman and Lichtman, FDR and the Jews, 241; Adolf A. Berle Diary, May 26, 1939, as cited in Beatrice Bishop Berle, Navigating the Rapids, 1918–1971: From the Papers of Adolf A. Berle (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1973), 223.
14. Allis Radosh and Ronald Radosh, A Safe Haven: Harry S. Truman and the Founding of Israel (New York: Harper Perennial, 2009), 8; “11 Allies Condemn Nazi War on Jews: United Nations Issue Protest on ‘Cold-Blooded Extermination,’” New York Times, December 18, 1942, 1 (emphasis added). For more on the American Jewish Community’s shifting response to the Holocaust, see Thomas Kolsky, Jews Against Zionism: The American Council of Judaism, 1942–1948 (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1990).
15. Henry Morgenthau Diary, December 3, 1942, FDRL; Breitman and Lichtman, FDR and the Jews, 246; diary entry, May 23, 1943, in Henry A. Wallace, The Price of Vision: The Diary of Henry A. Wallace, 1942–1946 (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1973); Henry Morgenthau Diary, June 15, 1943; Foreign Relations of the United States (FRUS), Diplomatic Papers, The Near East and Africa, 1943, Vol. IV (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1964), 792–794. Churchill, who was Colonial Secretary at the time the British Mandate for Palestine was issued, was of a similar mind to FDR about the right of the Jews to establish a homeland in the Levant. As with FDR, however, his ability to push this idea forward was met with considerable resistance within British government and military circles—a fact that clearly grieved the prime minister as Nazi persecution of the Jews intensified. As Churchill said in a minute issued in January 1944, “I have always considered the White Paper a disastrous policy and a breach of understanding for which I was prominently responsible” (Churchill Memo to the Deputy Prime Minister and Foreign Secretary, January 12, 1944, Prime Minister’s Office Records [PREM] 4/52/5, The National Archives, Kew). For more on the British government’s response to the Holocaust, see Bernard Wasserstein, Britain and the Jews of Europe, 1939–1945 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1979), and Monty Noam Penkower, Decision in Palestine Deferred: America, Britain and Wartime Diplomacy, 1939–1945 (New York: Routledge, 2002).
16. Acting Secretary of War Robert Patterson to Secretary of State Cordell Hull, July 27, 1943, forwarded to FDR, July 30, 1943, Samuel Rosenman Papers, Box 13, FDRL; Secretary of War Henry Stimson to Senator Tom Connolly, Chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, February 5, 1944, Pentagon Office Correspondence, Palestine 1944, Box 78, George C. Marshall Papers, Lexington, Virginia.
17. Henry Morgenthau Diary, March 15, 1944.
18. Report on US Consumption of Oil, 1943, James F. Byrnes Papers, Series 4, Box 13, Clemson University, Special Collections Library, Clemson, South Carolina; Ross Gregory, “The Conference of Franklin D. Roosevelt and King Ibn Saud in February 1945,” in J. Gary Clifford and Theodore A. Wilson, eds., Presidents, Diplomats, and Other Mortals: Essays Honoring Robert H. Ferrell (New York: Columbia University Press, 2007), 117–118.
19. David Painter, Oil and the American Century (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986), 8.
20. Ibid., 35.
21. Halifax to the Foreign Office, February 19, 1944, No. 846 FO/371/42688, the National Archives, Kew.
22. Ambassador John Gil Winant to Winston Churchill, June 14, 1943, PREM 4/52/5, The National Archives Kew; Hoskins to Hull, August 31, 1943, FRUS, Diplomatic Papers, The Near East and Africa, 1943, Vol. IV, 807–810; Breitman and Lichtman, FDR and the Jews, 252.
23. Breitman and Lichtman, FDR and the Jews, 259; “President Pledges Free Jewish State,” New York Times, October 16, 1944, 19.
24. Herbert Feis, The Birth of Israel: The Tousled Diplomatic Bed (New York: Norton, 1969), 17.
25. Edward R. Stettinius Calendar Notes, January 2, 1945, University of Virginia Library.
26. FRUS, Diplomatic Papers, The Near East and Africa, 1945, Vol. VIII, 680–682; Donald A. Ritchie, James M. Landis: Dean of Regulators (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1980), 130–131.
27. Record of Conversation Between Franklin D. Roosevelt and Rabbi Stephen Wise, March 9, 1944, FO371/40135, The National Archives Kew.
11. Failure at Bitter Lake
1. Foreign Relations of the United States (FRUS), Diplomatic Papers, The Near East and Africa, 1945, Vol. VIII (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1969), 4.
2. “What Franklin Roosevelt Learned from the Italian-Ethiopian War,” from the unpublished memoir by Vice Admiral Wilson Brown, Special Collections, Nimitz Library, United States Naval Academy, Annapolis, Maryland.
3. William D. Leahy Diary, February 13, 1945, Library of Congress; William Rigdon, Sailor in the White House (New York: Doubleday, 1962), 162.
4. FRUS, Diplomatic Papers, The Near East and Africa, 1945, Vol. VIII, 5–6; Edward R. Stettinius, Roosevelt and the Russians (New York: Doubleday, 1949), 288, “Selassie Puts Wreath on Roosevelt Grave,” Washington Post, May 31, 1954, 9.
5. Captain John S. Keating, “Mission to Mecca: The Cruise of the Murphy,” Proceedings Magazine, US Naval Institute, January 1976, Vol. 102/1/875, 54–55; William A. Eddy, “F.D.R. Meets Ibn Saud,” Original Manuscript, 11, William A. Eddy Papers, Box 14, Mudd Library, Princeton.
6. Official Log, President’s Trip to Malta and Crimea, FDRL; “Our American Minister to Saudi Arabia,” Department of State Publication, William A. Eddy Papers, Box 17, Mudd Library, Princeton.
7. Keating, “Mission to Mecca,” 59; William A. Eddy, “F.D.R. Meets Ibn Saud,” Original Manuscript, 19–20, William A. Eddy Papers, Box 14, Mudd Library, Princeton.
8. Keating, “Mission to Mecca,” 62.
9. Anna Roosevelt to John Boettiger, February 14, 1945, Boettiger Papers, Box 6, FDRL; Michael Reilly and Robert Slocum, Reilly of the White House (New York: Simon & Schuster, 194
7), 221; Rigdon, Sailor in the White House, 164.
10. Reilly and Slocum, Reilly of the White House, 222.
11. William A. Eddy, FDR Meets Ibn Saud, Original Manuscript, 17–19, Eddy Papers, Box 14, Mudd Library, Princeton
12. FRUS, Diplomatic Papers, The Near East and Africa, 1945, Vol. VIII, 7–9.
13. Ibid.
14. Ibid., 2; William A. Eddy, FDR Meets Ibn Saud, Original Manuscript, 26, Eddy Papers, Box 14, Mudd Library, Princeton.
15. William A. Eddy, FDR Meets Ibn Saud, Original Manuscript, 26–27, Eddy Papers, Box 14, Mudd Library, Princeton.
16. Ibid., 27–28; FRUS, Diplomatic Papers, The Near East and Africa, 1945, Vol. VIII, 3.
17. Richard Breitman and Allan J. Lichtman, FDR and the Jews (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 2013), 303.
18. Lloyd C. Gardner, Three Kings: The Rise of an American Empire in the Middle East After World War II (New York: The New Press, 2009), 20.
19. William D. Leahy Diary, February 14, 1945, Library of Congress.
20. James G. McDonald Diary, December 13–15, 1945, as cited in James G. McDonald, To the Gates of Jerusalem: The Diaries and Papers of James G. McDonald, edited by Norman J. W. Goda, Barbara McDonald Stewart, and Richard Breitman (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2014).
21. “Visit of Committee to Riyadh,” report of the Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry, by Sir John Singleton, March 19, 1946, FO371/ 52514/E3067, The National Archives, Kew.
22. Elliott Roosevelt, As He Saw It (New York: Greenwood Press, 1946), 245.
23. Franklin D. Roosevelt, Address to Congress, March 1, 1945, Speech File, FDRL.
24. Breitman and Lichtman, FDR and the Jews, 303–304.
25. Memorandum by Joseph Proskauer to the Leadership of the American Jewish Committee, April 1945, Box 31, YIVO Institute for Jewish Research, American Jewish Historical Society, New York; Jacob Blaustein to FDR, March 24, 1945, OF 76C, Box 9, FDRL.
26. Harold Hoskins, Memorandum of Conversation with FDR, March 5, 1945, FRUS, Diplomatic Papers, Near East and Africa, 1945, Vol. VIII, 690–691.
27. Ibid.
28. William D. Leahy Diary, February 14, 1945.
29. Record of Conversation with King Abdul Aziz Ibn Saud in the Fayoum, February 17, 1945, FO141/1047, The National Archives Kew.
30. Martin Gilbert, Winston S. Churchill: Road to Victory, 1941–1945 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1986), 1225.
31. William Eddy to Secretary of State Edward Stettinius, February 22, 1945, in FRUS, Diplomatic Papers, The Near East and Africa, 1945, Vol. VIII, 689–690; Stettinius, Roosevelt and the Russians, 278; Charles Bohlen, Witness to History, 1929–1969 (New York: W. W. Norton, 1973), 203.
32. Ibid.; Joseph Grew to FDR, March 10, 1945, President’s Secretary’s Files (PSF) Box 50, FDRL.
33. Ross Gregory, “The Conference of Franklin D. Roosevelt and King Ibn Saud in February 1945,” in J. Gary Clifford and Theodore A. Wilson, eds., Presidents, Diplomats, and Other Mortals: Essays Honoring Robert H. Ferrell (New York: Columbia University Press, 2007), 132–133.
34. Joseph Grew to William D. Moreland, March 24, 1945, FRUS, Diplomatic Papers, The Near East and Africa, 1945, Vol. VIII, 697; Roosevelt to Ibn Saud, President’s Personal File (PPF) 7960, FDRL.
35. “Passover Dinner Held at Two Hotels,” New York Times, April 1, 1945, 34; “Roosevelt Asks Spiritual Rebirth in Congratulations to Emanu-El: Tells Congregation All Problems Would ‘Melt’ Before Faith in God—Spellman Also Praises Institution on Its Centenary,” New York Times, April 6, 1945, 17.
12. Going Home
1. Anna Roosevelt to John Boettiger, February 14, 1945, John Boettiger Papers, Box 6, FDRL.
2. Ibid.
3. Margaret (Daisy) Suckley Diary, February, 19, 1945, FDRL; emphasis in original.
4. Ibid.; Franklin D. Roosevelt to Eleanor Roosevelt, February 12, 1945, in Franklin D. Roosevelt, His Personal Letters, 1928–1945, Vol. II, edited by Elliott Roosevelt (New York: Duell, Sloane & Pearce, 1950). The lack of correspondence between Franklin and Eleanor did not go unnoticed both by Anna, who called it a “sad situation,” and by her husband John, who in a letter to Anna referred to the fact that Eleanor had received no mail from her husband to this point in his long trip to Yalta as “somewhat tragic” (Anna Roosevelt to John Boettiger, February 7, 1945, and John Boettiger to Anna Roosevelt, February 11, 1945, Boettiger Papers, Box 6, FDRL).
5. William Leahy, I Was There (New York: Whittlesey House, 1950), 325.
6. Official Log, Conferences at Malta and Crimea, FDRL.
7. Sarah Churchill to Clementine Churchill, February 12, 1945, Sarah Churchill Papers, 1/1/8, Churchill Archives, Cambridge; Valentine Lawford Diary, February 11, 1945, Churchill Archives, Cambridge.
8. Mary Soames, The Personal Letters of Winston and Clementine Churchill (London: Black Swan, 1999), 517; Harold Macmillan Diary, February 14, 1945, in Harold Macmillan, War Diaries: The Mediterranean, 1943–1945 (London: Papermac, 1984), 693.
9. Diary entry dated June 21, 1942, in War Diaries: 1939–1945, Field Marshall Lord Alanbrooke, edited by Alex Danchev and Dan Todman (London: Phoenix Press, 2002), 269; Martin Gilbert, Winston S. Churchill: Road to Victory, 1941–1945 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1986), 128–129.
10. Notes on the President and the P.M., Lord Moran Papers, PP/CMW/K3/1/2, Wellcome Library, London; Roosevelt to Churchill, March 17, 1942, Map Room Files, FDRL.
11. Albert Einstein to Franklin D. Roosevelt, August 2, 1939, Alexander Sachs Papers, FDRL.
12. Wilson C. Miscamble, C.S.C., The Most Controversial Decision: Truman, the Atomic Bomb, and the Defeat of Japan (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2011), 8.
13. Roosevelt to Churchill, October 11, 1941, Map Room Files, FDRL.
14. Robin Edmonds, The Big Three: Churchill, Roosevelt and Stalin in Peace and War (London: Penguin Books, 1991), 399–400.
15. Ibid.
16. Quebec Agreement, President’s Secretary’s Files (PSF) Quebec, Box 25, FDRL.
17. Churchill to Lord Cherwell, May 27, 1944, Prime Minister’s Office Records (PREM) 3/139/11A, The National Archives Kew.
18. Cherwell to Churchill, January 26, 1945, PREM 3/139/11A.
19. Edward R. Stettinius Calendar Notes, February 15, 1945, Edward R. Stettinius Papers, Box 279, University of Virginia Library.
20. Edward R. Stettinius Calendar Notes, January 8, 1945; Edward R. Stettinius Calendar Notes, January 23, 1945; Edward R. Stettinius, The Diaries of Edward R. Stettinius, Jr., 1943–1946, edited by Thomas Campbell and George C. Herring (New York: New Viewpoints, 1975), 262; Edward R. Stettinius Calendar Notes, January 23, 1945.
21. Prime Minister Personal Minutes, February 16, 1945, PREM 3/139/11A.
22. Sarah Churchill to Clementine Churchill, February 16, 1945, Sarah Churchill Papers, 1/1/8, Churchill Archives, Cambridge.
23. Winston Churchill, Triumph and Tragedy (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1983), 397.
24. Anna Roosevelt Halsted to Eleanor Roosevelt, February 18, 1945, Anna Roosevelt Halsted Papers, Box 84, FDRL.
25. Samuel Rosenman to Dorothy Rosenman, February 11, 1945, Samuel Rosenman Papers, Box 10, FDRL; Samuel Rosenman, Working with Roosevelt (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1952), 522.
26. William D. Leahy Diary, February 18, 1945, Library of Congress.
27. Carmel Offie to William Bullitt, William Bullitt Papers, Sterling Library, Yale; Orville H. Bullitt, For the President, Personal & Secret: Correspondence Between Franklin D. Roosevelt and William C. Bullitt (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1972), 611.
28. Harry Hopkins to Louise Hopkins, February 15, 1945, Charles Bohlen Papers, Library of Congress.
29. Anna Roosevelt Halsted, Oral History, Columbia Oral History Project, Columbia University Library. For years, the Mayo physicians who treated Hopkins deliberated over what was wrong with him. In an article published in 1948 by Dr. James Halsted, Anna Roosevelt’s last husband, Halsted speculated that he had adult celiac disease.
30. Official Log
, Conferences at Malta and the Crimea, FDRL.
31. Anna Roosevelt Halsted Diary, February 20, 1945, Box 84, FDRL.
32. Ibid.
33. Vice Admiral (Dr.) Ross T. McIntire, White House Physician (New York: Putnam & Sons, 1946), 234.
34. Rosenman, Working with Roosevelt, 523.
35. Anna Roosevelt Halsted Papers, Yalta Drafts, Box 84, FDRL.
36. Rosenman, Working with Roosevelt, 526.
37. Ibid.
38. Official Log, Conferences at Malta and Yalta, FDRL.
39. “Arlington Burial for General Watson,” New York Times, March 21, 1945, 21.
40. Margaret (Daisy) Suckley Diary, February 27, 1945, FDRL; White House Telephone Logs, February 27, 1945, President’s Personal File (PPF) 1N, Box 81, FDRL.
13. The Last Address
1. Eleanor Roosevelt to Joseph Lash, February 28, 1945, FDRL; Eleanor Roosevelt, The Autobiography of Eleanor Roosevelt (New York: Da Capo Press, 1992), 275.
2. William Hassett Diary, February 28, 1945, Box 22, FDRL; Grace Tully, FDR: My Boss (Chicago: The People’s Book Club, 1949), 354–355.
3. Vice Admiral (Dr.) Ross T. McIntire, White House Physician (New York: Putnam & Sons, 1946), 236.
4. Roosevelt to Grace Tully, January 29, 1945, and February 12, 1945, Grace Tully Papers, FDRL.
5. William Hassett Diary, February 28, 1945, Box 22, FDRL; “Arlington Burial for General Watson,” New York Times, March 1, 1945, 21.
6. Samuel Rosenman, Working with Roosevelt (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1952), 527; Tully, FDR: My Boss, 355; Jonathan Daniels, White House Witness (New York: Doubleday, 1975), 265–266.
7. David Reynolds, Summits: Six Meetings That Shaped the Twentieth Century (New York: Basic Books, 2007), 136; Robert L. Messer, The End of an Alliance: James F. Byrnes, Roosevelt, Truman, and the Origins of the Cold War (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1982), 62–63; Fraser J. Harbutt, Yalta 1945: Europe and America at the Crossroads (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010), 321; Lela Stiles Papers, Box 9, FDRL.
8. “Roosevelt Shaped Two Yalta Solutions,” New York Times, February 14, 1945, 1.
The Last 100 Days Page 40