contrasted with undifferentiated Outside, 175–76
denied in some biblical texts, 12, 146, 170, 171, 364 n43, 377 n29, 382 n36
eventually espoused by Judaism and Christianity, 377 n29
Greek influence on, 382 n37
versus idea of a temple, 306, 403 n16
influence on nature of divine-human encounter, 175–76
and monotheism, 169–76
sometimes implied, 146
omniscience
contrasted with undifferentiated Outside, 175–76
denied in some biblical texts, 170, 171, 173, 377 n29
Greek influence on, 382 n37
and monotheism, transformation of, 169–75
versus semipermeable mind, 173, 382 n35
On Nature (Parmenides), 295
On the Flesh of Christ (Tertullian), 347 n1
On the Gods and the World (Sallust), 95
Onan (Judah’s son), 20, 21–22, 36
Oppenheim, A. Leo, 94
Othniel (judge), 192
Otto, Rudolf, 91
Outside, the undifferentiated
and ancient sense of self, 70–71
contrasted with three-omnied model, 175–76
first humans and, 65, 68–69
first personification of, 158
in Garden of Eden, 63–64, 70
gradually disappeared, 204–5
subdivided into causers, 68–70, 339
Overholt, Thomas, 119–20
Ovid, 366 n21
“Ozymandias” (Shelley), 214
P
P (Pentateuchal strand), 140, 365 n10, 368 nn 42–43, 376 n22, 390 n2
Pabilsag (storm god), 87
pantheon. See deities in general
Paradise Lost (Milton), 369 n4
Paris (Iliad character), 16–17
Parmenides, 295
Parry, Milman, 369 n3
patience, as cardinal virtue of wisdom outlook, 24–25
patriarchs. See Jacob, sons of
Paul, 295, 330, 393 n13
Pausanias (Greek travel writer/geographer), 367 n37
Pentateuch. See Torah
Perez Uzzah, 91
Persian demonology, 204, 390 n34
Persian Empire
history of, 244
Judea as part of, 274
took over Babylonian Empire, ix, 28, 31
Torah, creation of, 405 n27
person, concept of, 50–51, 411 n8. See also sense of self
personal religion, 322–37
kingship of God, 331–37
and life after death, 328–30
love of neighbor, 325–26, 407 nn 5–6
Sabbath, observance of, 323–25
search for God, 322–37
Shema, recitation of, 326–28, 336
pesher (Qumran commentary), 240, 388 n24, 405 n35
Petra (Jordan), 104 n
Phaedo (Plato), 202
pharaohs of Egypt
enslavement of Hebrews, 20
and Joseph, 22, 34, 204, 254, 351 n10
Philippines, Hanunóo people, 358 n29
Philo of Alexandria
on communal prayers, 305, 403 n13
on God speaking through angels, 393 n21
on omnipresence, 172–73
on omniscience, 174
on prophets, 232–33, 234, 242, 370 n11, 405 n33
on spirit as hypostasis, 355 n39
on tefillin, 408 n8
physical body, and monotheism, 163–66
Pinatubo people, 359 n29
pineal gland, 354 n21
Pinker, Steven, 65, 79 n
plant classification, 358 n29
Plato
Ion, 109, 370 n7, 370 n11
Phaedo, 202
Phaedrus, 389 n33
Republic, 295
soul as distinct from body, 328
Platonus Sallustius. See Sallust
“Plea for Deliverance” (Dead Sea Scrolls), 40, 43
“please God,” 221–24
pneuma (Stoic concept), 353 n15
poets
divine inspiration, 52–53, 108–9, 355 n45, 369 nn 3–4
prophets as, 108–13, 370 n5, 396 n51
Polynesian cosmology, 382 n41
Porter, Barbara Nevling, 85–86, 88
Poseidon, 367 n37
Potiphar’s wife, 22, 281–83, 350 n8, 399 n39
prayer
“apotropaic” prayers, 39
ascendancy of, 306–8
divine help, requests for, 140–41, 221, 391 n12
and divine omnipresence, 146, 306
to establish contact, 336–37
humility of supplicants, 376 n24
location and direction of, 106, 143–44, 146, 302
and mysterious consciousness, 150
as an offering, 304, 311, 404 n26
postures of, 272 n
spontaneous, 302, 303, 402 n4
statutory prayer, 304–6, 308, 316, 321, 336, 402–3 nn 8–12, 404 n26
travels great distances, 143–45
in various religions, 141, 376 n23
without ceasing, 400 n5
prefrontal cortex, injury to, 377 n33
prehistoric humans. See human ancestors
The Prelude (Wordsworth), 370 n4
Priestly Torah (PT), 366 n13
priests and priesthood. See also temples
Aaronid, 366 n12
like foreign embassy employees, 101
hereditary, 365 n7
high priest in Holy of Holies, 93
as holiest people in Israel, 93, 366 n12
Israel as a “nation of priests,” 384 n14
qualifications, 365 n7
ran Judea in Second Temple times, 306 n
required ritual purity, 92, 198–99, 231, 282–83, 365 n7
Promised Land. See Canaan
Prophecy and Society in Ancient Israel (Wilson), 119
Prophecy in Cross-Cultural Perspective (Overholt), 119
prophets and prophecy, 107–30. See also specific prophets
anthropological studies of, 118–21
Balaam, a poetic prophet, 111–13
bands of prophets, 370 n8
believed to have ceased, 231–32
commissioned by God, 107–8, 238–40, 253, 295, 394 n28
continued in Second Temple times, 232–35, 253–55
criticized kings, 114–15, 234
differences between pre-exilic and post-exilic, 230–55
ecstatic prophets, 371 nn 13–14
enabling visions, 123–26
intermediaries between God and humans, 248–49
interpreters of, 318, 406 n37
Jeremiah, 113–15, 120–24
Josephus, 233–34
loners, 109, 370 n8
messages influenced by predecessors, 249–51, 395 n50
messengers of God, 110, 112–15, 120, 233 n, 240, 370 n11, 373 n36, 394–95 n45
met with angels, 235–40, 253, 393 n21
miracles performed by, 110–11, 371 n14
North-South differences, 371 nn 14–15
outside the Bible, 118–21, 373 n34
as poets, 108–13, 370 n5, 396 n51
political figures of a sort, 110, 371 n12
regarded as charlatans, 231
revelatory state of mind, 18, 127–28
saw long-range future, 233, 240–41, 248, 253–54, 394 n31, 394 n33
social reformers, 369 n2
societal preconceptions as enabling, 127
and voice hearers, 115–18, 126–28
writings of, 113, 134, 248–51, 375 n9
written prophecy, importance of, 246–48, 394–95 nn 45–47, 395 n50
Proverbs, book of, 187
Psalms, book of
alphabetical acrostics in, 134, 197, 388 nn 17–18, 399 n3
authorship, 131, 132–34, 375 n9
dating of, 134, 286–87, 388 n18, 388 n23, 399 n3
Davidic attribution, 131, 132�
�35, 241–42, 286–87, 286 n, 375 n5
dialect differences within, 132
enthronement psalms, 332
late-biblical psalms, 197–98
numbering of verses, xvi, 133 n
“one size fits all” character, 134–35
subcategories, 285, 400 n6
psalms in general
cry of the victim, 135–40, 142–43
in Dead Sea Scrolls, 315, 375 n1
divine help, requests for, 135–41, 142–43, 221, 375 n16, 376 n24
God, as great king, 141–43
Homo orans, 150
longing for God, 194–96
mysterians and, 147–49
new interiority, 306
placeless, occasionless psalms, 286–89, 303
of praise, 288–89, 403 n15
as public announcement of indebtedness to God, 220–21
role in public worship, 132–34, 135, 194
soul, emergence in, 194–95, 197–98
Psalms of Solomon, 41, 200
pseudepigraphy in Second Temple period, 242–43, 253, 394 n37
psuchē (psyche), 201–2, 201 n
psychic continuity, 44, 354 n20
psychotic behavior, function of, 374 n47
PT. See Priestly Torah
Ptolemies (Egyptian dynasty), ix, 332
punishment, divine
Babel, Tower of, 294
Babylonian exile as, 312
of David, 262
Ezekiel on, 278
of individual, 263–65, 397 nn 13–14
and new sense of self, 266
in rabbinic Judaism, 409 n24
Ten Commandments, 262, 263, 397 n11
vicarious and transgenerational, 259–63, 265–67, 397 nn 10–11
purity and impurity, 92, 198–99, 231, 282–83, 365 n7. See also holiness
Q
qayiṣ (summer fruit), 124, 374 n44
qeṣ (end), 124, 374 n44
Qohelet. See Ecclesiastes, book of; Koheleth
Question Mark and the Mysterians (rock group), 378 n37
Qumran. See also Dead Sea Scrolls
“apotropaic” prayers, 39, 81, 351 n8
dualism, 381 n20
forswearing of temple service, 305, 403 n14
pesher (commentary), 240, 388 n24, 405 n35
prayers, 198–200, 304–5, 309–10, 352 n13, 388 n23, 403 nn 9–11
Songs of the Sabbath Sacrifice, 309–10, 406 n39
tefillin, 407 n8
War Scroll, 380 n18
Qumran manuscripts
1Q9, 403 n9
1QHa 53, 54, 198, 208, 233, 352 n8, 353 n16, 375 n15, 388 n24
1QpHab, 240–41, 394 n31
1QS, 319, 327
4Q204, 291
4Q286, 409 n23
4Q287, 409 n23
4Q299, 409 n23
4Q380, 404 n22
4Q387, 396 n58
4Q400, 309, 409 n23
4Q434a, 391–92 n26
4Q444, 352 n8
4Q503, 305, 403 n11
4Q504, 397 n12, 403 n11
4Q509, 403 n11
4Q510, 352 n8
4Q550, 405 n30
4Q552 and 4Q553, 394 n40
4QDeutj, 391–92 n26
4QDeutn, 391–92 n26
6Q18, 352 n8
11Q5 (11QPsa), 40, 43, 241, 375 n15
11Q13, 396 n58
Qur’an, 222
R
Rabelais, François, 223–24
Rabshakeh, 193
Rachel, 20
Ramachandran, V. S., 361 n14
Ramael (angel), 238
Ramesses II (Egypt), 214
Raphael (archangel), 162, 206, 380 n18
rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, 349 n15
Ras Shamra (site), Syria, 73
Razis (martyr), 408 n12
Re (Egyptian god), 84–85
Reagan, Ronald, 21
Rebekah, viii, 20, 229, 399 n35
in Book of Jubilees, 278–80
Red Sea, parting of, 226–27
Rees, Martin, 66
religion, 76, 77–80, 360 n8. See also personal religion
counterintuitive elements in, 78
defined by Geertz, 356 n5
early evidence, 62, 66–67, 75–76
etymology, 322, 356 n5
as exaptation, 78
as inborn predisposition, 78, 362 n15
as mental spandrel, 78
scientific exploration of, 77–80
as symbol-making, 362 n24
tribal religions, 363 n25
REM (rapid eye movement) sleep, 349 n15
remembering/forgetting God, 211–29
an afterthought, 224–29
a biblical trope, 218–21
Moses’s mistake, 212–14
“please God,” 221–24
and royal braggadocio, 214–17
Remiel (archangel), 380 n18
Republic (Plato), 295
Reshef, 215–16
resurrection, 207–8, 328–30, 408 n12
Reuben (son of Jacob), 37, 350 n5. See also Jacob, sons of
Reuel (archangel), 380 n18
Revelation, book of
apocalyptic eschatology, 242
phrase-borrowing prophecy, 250–51, 396 nn 53–54
revelatory state of mind, 16–18, 34–35, 127–28
ritual purity. See purity and impurity
Romans. See also Greco-Roman religion
conquest of Judea, 332–33
defixiones (“enchantments”), 48, 355 n33
Jerusalem temple, destruction of, 234 n, 310–11, 334, 402 n1
Jewish revolt against, ix, 334
Romme, Marius, 116–17
ruaḥ (soul). See also nefesh; neshamah
became holy, 196, 196 n
emergence as “soul,” 306
human versus animal, 203
immortality of, 206
marauding spirits, 38–40
new interiority, 199–200, 201
replacement of, 196, 388 n16
returns to God after death, 203
spirits dispatched by God, 191–94, 193 n, 387 n11
in Thanksgiving Hymns, 199–200
translation of, 190–91, 195–97, 387 n9
Russian Revolution, 251
Ryle, Gilbert, 147, 354 n18
S
Sabbath, observance of, 182, 185, 241, 323–25
Songs of the Sabbath Sacrifice, 309–10, 406 n39
sacrifices. See also animal sacrifices
Bethel, temple at, 368 n44
disenchantment with, 306–8
early lack of rules governing, 182
feeding the gods, 94–95, 366 n16
as gifts, 366 n17
laws concerning, 92
as mark of devotion, 306 n
in Psalms, 133
reasons for, 94–95, 366 nn 16–18
role in temples, 92
in tabernacle, 95, 96
Sallust (Platonus Sallustius), 95, 307
Samaritan, parable of good, 326
Samaritans, 407 n8
Sammael (wicked angel), 38 n
Samson, 11, 182, 184, 267, 284, 323
transforming spirits, 192–93
Samuel (prophet), 14–15, 82, 339
San Mateo, California, 117–18
Saphon, Mount (Jebel al-Aqra’), 363 n35
Sarah
Abraham’s “sister,” 54
and Hagar, 3
in Testament of Abraham, 206
and the three men, xv, 5–6, 338, 348 n5
was afraid, 15
womb unstopped by God, 5–6, 20
Sariel (archangel), 380 n18
Satan/satan
cause of human sinfulness, 42, 352 n12, 389 n29
dispatches evil spirits, 162, 191–92
Garden of Eden snake as, 60
generic evil spirit, 38 n, 40 n, 351 n7
names for, 38 n, 39, 42, 42 n, 162
“Satan Is Real
” (song), 389 n29
Satanel (wicked angel), 38 n
Saul, King (Israel), viii, 82, 192, 193, 397 n10
schizophrenia, 116, 117–18, 121, 126, 374 n47
science, in Israelite wisdom, 24
“science of the concrete,” 69, 358 n29
Scripture
canonization of, 405 nn 32–33
God speaks from the page, 314–16
interpreters of, 317–21, 406 n40
a more perfect Bible, 317–19
relevant to today, 318, 319
rise of, 311–16
Torah supreme, 312–14
Second Isaiah (prophet), 249–50, 269
Second Temple period
afterlife in, 328
Bible, emergence in, 315–16, 405 nn 32–33
dating of, 234 n
encounters with angels, 295–98
Genesis narratives, retelling of, 280–82, 284
God as divine lawgiver, 185
God’s increasing remoteness in, 175–76, 204, 209, 228, 253–55, 285, 289, 306–8, 309–11, 339–40
heavenly and earthly sanctuaries, 365 n10
heavenly travelers, 289–92, 337
individuals commanded to keep divine laws, 322, 336, 406 n1
legacy in Judaism and Christianity, 337
literacy, importance of, 246–47
prayer in, 310–11
prophecy during, 231, 234–35, 242–43, 248–49, 392 n1, 395 n50
Sabbath, observance of, 323–24
Shema, recitation of, 336
statutory prayer, 308, 316, 336
synagogue, role of, 92, 364 n6
worship outside the temple, 303, 402 nn 3–4
seeing colors, 128–30
“seeing” in biblical texts, 3–18
God of Old, 12–14
God’s physical form, 164–65, 165 n
inward gaze, 200–201
moment of confusion, 7–12
revelatory state of mind, 16–18
surprised, but not flabbergasted, 14–16, 107–8
two kinds of seeing, 4–7, 5 n, 348 n2
vision mode, 5 n, 123–26
Seleucids, ix, 332
self. See sense of self
self-reflection, 267–69, 398 n18
semianiconic worship, 379 n2
semipermeable mind, 43–47, 51, 70–71, 106, 145–46
gradual disappearance, 187, 191, 209, 254, 343
in Israelite prophecy, 107–8, 115
in psalms, 145–46, 343
sense of self
Adam and Eve’s, 63–64
The Great Shift Page 65