aided acceptance of prophet-like figures, 119
ancient, 106, 397 n4
biblical times, 47–51, 55–56, 209–10
cultural differences in, 45–46, 49–51, 70, 341–42, 372 n29, 411 n8
defined, 44, 353 nn 17–18
Dinka’s, 49–50
Homo religiosus, 362 n17
identity, social construction of, 387 n14
Mauss’s definition, 398 n17
mechanics of, 342
as mental construct, 45, 147–48, 209, 266, 341, 377 n31
modern, 51, 55, 71, 397 n4
natural selection, 377 n35
neurobiological basis, 44–45, 148, 354 nn 21–22, 377 n34
premodern and semipermeable, 51, 55, 70–71, 146–47, 151, 355 n42
reality of, 209–10
reflected in biblical punishment, 266
self-reflection, 267–69, 398 n18
voice hearing and, 117
Western societies, 45–46, 51
serial killers, hearing voices, 116
serpents. See snakes
Sesklo culture, 360 n5
Setho (concubine), 283
Shakespeare, William, 223
Shamash (sun god), 86–87
Shechem, 260–61
Shekhinah (divine presence), 403 n16
Shelley, Percy B., 214
Shema, recitation of, 326–28, 335, 336
Shiloh, temple at, 14, 365 n9
Shintoism, 360 n6
shofet (“leader”), 7
Shwarzman, O., 375 n47
Silas (prophet), 393 n13
Simeon (son of Jacob), 39, 260–61, 393 n13, 397 n7. See also Jacob, sons of
Simon (Essene), 392 n7
Sin (moon god), 85, 87
Sinai, xiv, 88, 154, 166–68, 177–78, 181–84, 243, 316, 317, 323
Sinai, Mount, Israelites’ encounter with God
Israelites saw God, xiv, 12, 96, 164–65, 166, 338, 368 n45
sinfulness, human
causes of, 38–43, 47, 200–201, 205, 278, 352 n10, 385 n18, 389 n29, 352 n14
individual responsibility for, 297–98
origins and presence of, 385 n18
punishment of individual sinner, 263–65, 397 nn 13–14
repentance and forgiveness, 197, 265
vicarious and transgenerational punishment for, 259–63, 265–67, 397 nn 10–11
Sisera (foreign general), 226
“Smarties task,” 361 n11
Smith, Mark S., 348 n4, 363 n32
snakes, 60, 64, 356 n2
Snell, Bruno, 52, 53, 54
Socrates, 109, 202
Sodom, 143 n, 364 n43, 381 n19
Solomon, King
God’s appearance to, 368 n45
identified with Koheleth, 274–76
Josephus on, 242
judgment of, 385 n17
on praying toward temple, 144
Sabbath, nonobservance of, 323
Solomon, Psalms of. See Psalms of Solomon
Solomon, Wisdom of. See Wisdom of Solomon
Solomon’s temple. See Jerusalem temple
Sommer, Benjamin, 87
Somnium Scipionis (Cicero), 295
“Son of Sam” murders, 116
Song of Songs (Song of Solomon), 298–301
as allegory, 299–300
as canonical, 300
public recitation, 300
“Song of the Sea” (Moses), 226–27
Songs of the Sabbath Sacrifice, 309–10, 406 n39
Sophia (Wisdom), 380 n19
soul
connection to God, 205, 257
as distinct from body, 328
emergence of, 187–210
as God’s “lamp,” 187–88, 200
as God’s secret agent, 188
Greek souls, 201–5, 387 n9, 389–90 nn 32–33
Hebrew words for, 189–91
immortality of, 202–3, 206–7
independent from body, 202–3, 206–8
inward gaze, 194–97, 200–201
in late-biblical psalms, 197–98
and sense of self, 209–10
shift in concept of, 189–91
in Thanksgiving Hymns, 198–200
three Hebrew words, 189–91
transformation of, 342
truth or fiction?, 208–10
waiting for bodily resurrection, 207–8
Southern Kingdom. See Judah, Kingdom of
spandrel, religion as, 78, 361 n13
spells and incantations. See enchanted world
spirit(s)
as breath of life, 387 n13
dispatched by God, 162–63, 191–93, 387 n13
dispatched by Satan, 191–92
as hypostasis (“invading angel”), 355 n39
marauding spirits, 38–40, 47, 387 n12
replacement of humans’, 196, 388 n16
spirit possession, 46–48
still, small voice, 166–69
Stoicism, 172, 353 n15
Stone Age societies, languages of, 79 n
stone tool-making, 65–66, 357 n12, 357 n18, 358 n21, 358 n23
Sumer
deities, 84 n
heavenly travelers, 289
kings of, 178
“Man and His God,” 398 n25
writing system, 80, 98
ziqqurats, 103
suzerainty treaties. See vassal treaties
synagogue, 92, 364 n6
beginnings of, 404 n1
Torah scroll in, 405 n34
syncretism, 75
T
tabernacle (tent of meeting). See also mishkan
cherub throne, 381 n30
construction of, 92, 95–96
God in, 169, 344, 367–68 nn 41–42
sacrifices in, 95, 96
Tamar, 20–22
Taylor, Charles, 51, 80
Teacher of Righteousness, 240–41, 388 n24, 389 n27
tefillin, 326–28, 407 n8
temples, ancient Near Eastern. See also eternity in ancient temples; Jerusalem temple
‘Ain Dara, 99–100, 367 n31, 403 n16
denying the obvious, 97–99
divine statues in, 92, 98–99, 101, 365 n8
earliest evidence of, 364 n1
earthly residence of deity, 92, 94, 100–101, 105, 302
feeding the gods, 94–95
foreign embassy, 100–101
heavenly temple, 292–93, 293–95, 309–10, 401 n13
holiness of, 92–94
and location of prayer, 143–44
meeting point for humans and gods, 90, 100, 106, 137, 302, 376 n18
Mesopotamian, 99–100
offerings, 99–100
versus omnipresence, 403 n16
purpose of, 94, 105, 106
reflected in Psalms, 133
restricted access to, 94, 366 n13
temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), 361 n14
Ten Commandments (Decalogue)
in Christianity, 154 n
crimes mentioned in, 247
delivered by divine lawgiver, 177–78, 317, 384 n14
interpretations of, 320
and monolatry, 153–55
mountaintop code of conduct, 182–83, 184, 385 n17, 386 n20
prohibition of graven images, 367 n35, 369 n1
Sabbath commandment, 323–25
transgenerational punishment in, 262, 263, 397 n11
vassal treaties, resemblance to, 180–82
ten plagues (in Egypt), 20
Tertullian (early Christian writer), 347 n1
Testament of Abraham, 206, 239–40
“Testament of Asher,” 41, 200, 352 n14
“Testament of Levi,” 307
“Testament of Naphtali,” 172
Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs
authorship, 37–38
history of composition, 205–6
human wrongdoing, source of, 38–40, 41, 42, 200, 204–5, 352 n14
“interior stru
ggle” model, 200–201, 205
Levi’s heavenly ascent, 292
Outside Powers model, 38–40, 162
Potiphar’s wife in, 282–83
thanksgiving
as a duty, 228–29, 391–92 n26
retroactive biblical additions, 224–28, 391 n19
“Song of the Sea,” 241
Thanksgiving Hymns (Dead Sea Scrolls), 53–54, 198–200, 388 n23, 406 n39
connection to Psalms, 289
numbering of, 389 n25
and “Teacher of Righteousness,” 388 n24, 389 n27
Theognis, 370 n10
theomachy, 170
theōros (consulter of Delphi oracle), 370 n10
“Theory of Everything,” 168 n
“theory of mind” (ToM), 77, 361 n11, 362 n17
Therapeutai (Jewish community), 305, 403 n12
Thessaly, 360 n5
Thomas, Gospel of, 336
thumos (spirit), 201–2
time of the end. See apocalyptic eschatology
TLE (temporal lobe epilepsy), 361 n14
ToM. See “theory of mind”
Torah (Pentateuch)
canonization of Scripture, 405 n33
commentaries on, 405 n35
divine origin, 108
as embodiment of divine wisdom, 312–14
formation, 405 n29
interpretation of, 317–21
lawgiving in, 184–85, 386 n22
laws as divine encounter, 316, 385 n18
love of neighbor, 325–26
preeminence, 311–14
public reading of, 311–12
Sabbath laws, 323, 324
Shema recitation, 326
treatment of scroll, in synagogues, 405 n34
Tower of Babel. See Babel, Tower of
transcendence, 382 n41
treaties. See vassal treaties
Tree-of-Knowing-Everything, 64, 64 n
tribal religions, 363 n25
Turkana, Lake, Kenya, 357 n18
Tynnichus the Chalcidian, 109
U
Ugarit (city-state) 73, 96, 134, 159, 349 n13
undifferentiated Outside. See Outside, the undifferentiated
Upper Paleolithic times, 75–76, 79
“upper shelf” (home of gods), 75–76, 80, 83, 90, 289, 291, 339
Ur, Abraham’s departure from, 54, 55–56, 356 n48
Uriel (archangel), 237–38, 296–98, 351 n6, 380 n18
Ur-Namma, King (Sumer), 178
Uzzah, 90–91, 100
V
The Varieties of Religious Experience (James), 361 n14
vassal treaties, 178–82, 383 n7, 383 nn 10–11
vayyomer . . . vayyomer, 381 n25
Venus (goddess), 17, 84
Venus of Dolní Věstonice, 76
Venus of Willendorf, 76
Vespasian (Roman emperor), 233–34, 392–93 n10
victims. See “cry of the victim”
Virgil, 17, 107, 391 n14
vision, color, 128–30, 150, 379 n44
vision mode, 5 n, 123–26
visions, enabling, 124–25
visual hallucinations, 372 n30
voice hearing
cultural differences in, 117–18
modern-day, 115–18, 372 n29
volente Deo. See “God willing”
W
weather, divine causality, 19–20
WEIRD (Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic) world, 51, 51 n
“What’s It Like to Be a Bat?” (Nagel), 149–50, 379 nn 41–42
wicked spirits. See spirits
Wilson, Robert R., 119–20
wisdom
divine plan of universe, 23–27, 32, 350 n3
Torah as embodiment of, 312–14
writings, 23, 27, 32, 34, 53–54, 206–7, 232, 270
Wisdom (divine hypostasis), 380 n19
“Wisdom of Ben Sirach,” ix, 41, 171–72, 171 n
Wisdom of Solomon (Book of Wisdom), 206–7, 232, 380 n19, 403 n16
Words of the Luminaries, 304, 403 n10
Wordsworth, William, 370 n4
work, on Sabbath, 323, 324–25
World War II, 333
worship outside the temple, 302–21
ascendancy of prayer, 306–8
communal worship, 402 n1
evidence for, 402 n3
God speaks from the page, 314–16
regular prayer, 304–6
songs of the heavenly temple, 309–11
writing prophets, 113
X
Xenophanes, 53
Y
Yavneh (Jamnia), 405 n32
Yerushalayim. See Jerusalem
yetzer (inclination to evil), 390 n34
YHWH. See also God
versus Ba’al, 74–75, 83–84
Ba‘al’s traits merged into, 157, 380 n8
in Canaan, 181–82, 383 n13
versus Chemosh, 382 n33
epithets, 359 n3
multiple manifestations of, 87–88
as one deity among many, 136, 155–57
as the one true God, 154
translated as L ORD, 154 n
warrior deity, 157, 380 n5
Z
Zakir, King (Hamath and Luash), 216–17
Zar (understood as name of a god), 391 n9
zar spirits, 46–47
Zechariah (prophet)
influence of predecessors on, 249–50
in New Testament, 393 n13
prophecies, 126, 236–38, 246–47, 393 n22, 395 n46
Zechariah, book of, 231
Zedekiah, King (Judah), 124
Zelophehad, daughters of, 384 n17
Zephaniah (prophet), 113
Zeus, 84, 159, 367 n37, 367 n40
ziqqurats (pyramids), 103
Zoroastrianism, 162
Verses Cited
Hebrew Bible
Genesis:
1, 381 n19
1:2, 170
1:14–18, 403 n10
1:20, 190
1:21, 190
1:24, 190
1:28, 65
2–3, 348 n4, 351 n4, 369 n4
2:7, 189, 208
2:24, 60, 356 n4
3:7, 63
3:8, 61, 164, 377 n29
3:9, 173, 377 n29
3:13, 63
3:21, 63
4:4–5, 95
4:8–12, 173
4:9, 377 n29
5:21–24, 290
6:1–4, 351 n4
6:9, 291
11:1–9, 102
11:5, 364 n43, 377 n29
11:31–12:6, 54
11:34–12:6, 54
12:1, 34, 54
12:4, 35
12:7, 369 n45
13:10, 348 n2
13:14, 348 n2
15:6, 347 n1
15:12, 355 n39
18–19, 348 n4
18:1–2, 5
18:10–14, 5
18:14, 6
18:15, 15
18:21, 364 n43, 377 n29
18:21–22, 143 n
18:27, 272 n
20:7, 126
21:5, 280
21:17–19, 3
22:1–3, 35
22:4, 348 n2
22:6, 280, 320
22:7–8, 280
22:8, 320
22:9, 280
22:13, 5 n
24:18, 348 n2
24:63–64, 348 n2
28:10–17, 13
28:17, 15
28:22, 14
29, 399 n35
31:10, 348 n2
31:10–13, 393 n22
31:12, 348 n2
31:19, 402 n3
32:4, 9
32:24–30, 10, 236 n
32:31, 15
33:1, 348 n2
33:5, 348 n2
34, 260
34:25–29, 261
34:30, 261
37:18–20, 33
37:25, 348 n2
37:34, 270
38, 20–22
38:7–10, 21
39:7–12, 281–82
39:9, 182
41:28, 351 n9
41:32, 351 n9
41:33, 34
41:38, 34
41:38–39, 204
41:39, 34
42:12–13, 350 n5
42:24, 34
42:25, 34
42:28, 22
43:23, 22
44:16, 22
45:1, 34
45:5–8, 25
45:14, 34
48:3, 164, 369 n45
49:5–7, 397 n7
50:19-20, 26
Exodus:
3:2, 349 n14
3:2–4, 6
3:6, 15
3:7–9, 139
3:13, 29
3:15, 29
3:16, 29
4:1, 164
5:2, 384 n13
13, 408 n8
13:21, 349 n14
14:2, 87
14:19, 349 n14
14:24, 349 n14
15, 226, 383 n1
15:1–3, 380 n5
15:3, 383 n1
15:8, 383 n1
15:13–17, 227
15:18, 383 n1
16:10, 349 n14
17:6, 172, 212
18:11, 170
19:3–6, 178, 384 n14
19:9, 349 n14, 368 n45
19:18, 349 n14
19:20, 317
20, 180
20:3–6, 154
20:5, 262
20:6, 263 n
20:8–10, 323
20:15–16, xiv
20:18–19, xiv
20:19, 317
20:20, 166 n
20:23, 356 n3, 367 n35
20:26, 356 n3
21–23, 184
21:12, 184
21:37–22:1, 247
22:7, 247
22:13, 184
22:17, 82
22:19, 184
22:20–23, 184
22:21–23, 139
22:26–27, 138
23:1–3, 184
23:6–9, 184
23:17, 164
23:20, 182 n
23:23, 182 n
23:27, 182 n
24:1–9, 185
24:8, 308
24:9, 317
24:9–11, 12, 96
24:10, 349 n14
24:10–11, 164
24:16, 349 n14
24:18, 184
25, 367 n41, 381 n30, 386 n3
25–40, 92
25:8, 251
25:20, 104, 368 n41
25:22, 104
26:31–33, 376 n18
28:42, 356 n3
29:38–42, 404 n21
29:41, 404 n21
33:2, 182 n
The Great Shift Page 66