by Mark Curtis
44 J. Denson to R. Seconde, 9 February 1962, FO371/166700/ DV1015/43; State Department, Research Memorandum, 'Strategic- Hamlets', 1 July 1963, FO371/170101/ DV1017/33.
45 H. Hohler to Earl Home, 18 February 1963, FO371/170089/ DV1015/16; Parliamentary answer provided on 29 April 1963, FO371/170090/ DV1015/23.
46 Kolko, Anatomy of a War, p. 133.
47 R. Thompson, 'Memorandum on strategic hamlets', 10 December 1963, FO371/170102/ DV1017/55.
48 FO brief, January 1964, FO371/175482/ DV1017/3; G. Etherington- Smithto E. Peck, 14 January 1964, ibid.
49 Col. Lee to C. Jones, 28 August 1962, FO371/166749/ DV1201/52.
50 R. Thompson to F. Warner, 29 January 1963, FO371/170100/ DV1017/5; FCO Research Department; F. Warner to G. Etherington-Smith, 25 Septernber 1963, FO371/170093/ DV1015/84; R. Thompson to E. Peck, 19 December 1963, FO371/170096/ DV1015/144; Barry Petersen, Tiger Men, pp. 128–9.
51 Bloch and Fitzgerald, pp. 44, 64; Dorril, MI6, pp. 718–19.
52 FO to Various embassies, 21 August 1963, FO371/170092/ DV1015/62; G. Etherington-Smith to Earl Home, 25 September 1963, FO371/T70093/ DV1015/86.
53 G. Etherington-Smith to E. Peck, 23 October 1963, FO371/170094/ DV1015/86G; G. Etherington-Smith to R. Butler, 4 December 1963, FO371/170095/ DV1015/134.
54 K. Blackwell to F. Warner, 23 May 1963, FO371/170090/ DV1015/35.
55 G. Etherington-Smith to P. Gordon Walker. 1 January 1965, FO371/1805H/ DV1011/1.
56 G. Etherington-Smith to M. Stewart, 14 June 1965, FO371/180542/ DV103145/139.
57 Kolko, Anatomy of a War, p. 201.
58 P. Wilkinson to G. Brown, 16 January 1967, FCO15/487/ DV1/5.
59 House of Commons, Hansard, 3 March 1964, in PREM11/3736.
60 Brief, 'Viet-Nam: Anglo-United States relations', May 1965, PREM [3/695; Speech by Michael Stewart, 28 June 1965, FO371/180542/ DV1013145/156; FO brief for PM, 13 July 1965, FO371/180559/ DV1051/211.
61 FO brief, 'Visit to Washington by Prime Minister and Foreign Secretary', December 1964, PREM13/692.
62 R. Thompson to E. Peck, 19 December 1963, FO371/170096/ DV1015/144.
63 J. Wright to PM, 1 March 1965, PREM13/693.
64 PM's office to J. Henderson, 11 March 1965, FO371/180539/ DV103145/47; FO to Washington, 9 February 1965, PREM13/692; M. Stewart to PM, February 1965, ibid.
65 j. Wright, Note, 11 February 1965, PREM13/692.
66 'Record of discussions with Mr Bundy', 29 May 1964, PREM11/4759.
67 'Record of a telephone conversation between the Prime Minister and President Johnson', 11 February 1965, PREM13/692.
68 'Record of a conversation between the Prime Minister and the US ambassador, Mr David Bruce', 17 February 1965, PREM13/692; M. Stewart to PM, 17 March 1965, FO371/180539/ DV102145/69.
69 FO brief, 'US air attacks against North Viet-Nam', 15 March 1965, FO371/180539/ DV103145/47.
70 House of Commons, Hansard, 25 March 1965, Col. 736; P. Dean to FO, 9 April 1965, PREM13/694.
71 Lord Harlech to FO, 9 March 1965, FO371/180557/ DV1051/51; 'Record of a meeting between the Prime Minister and President of the United States', 15 April 1965, PREM13/694; P. Dean to J. Wright, 13 April 1965, FO371/180541/ DV103145/98.
72 G. Etherington-Smith to M. Stewart, 22 March 1965, FO371/180515/ DV1OT5/81; G. Etherington-Smith to M. Stewart, 3 March 1965, FO371/180594/ DV1094/42.
73 G. Etherington-Smith to E. Peck, 10 March 1965, FO371/180514/ DV1015/76; G. Etherington-Smith to FO, 18 March 1965, ibid.
74 G. Etherington-Smith to E. Peck, 13 March 1965, DV1093/55; G. Etherington-Smith to M. Stewart, 14 June 1965, FO371/180542/ DV103145/139.
75 G. Etherington-Smith to J. Cable. 25 May 1965, FO371/180596/ DV1093/90; Kolko, Anatomy of a War, p. 190.
76 G. Etherington-Smith to M. Stewart, 24 March 1965, FO371/180515/ DV1015/82; FO brief, 10 March 1965, FO371/180557/ DVT051/57; G. Etherington-Smith to J. Cable, 10 March 1965, FO371/180609/ DV1192/30.
77 D. Murray, Minute, IT June 1965, FO371/180541/ DV103145/141.
78 PM to President Johnson, 2 August 1965, PREM13/697.
79 G. Etherington-Smith, 'Assessment of the situation in Viet-Nam', 31 August 1965, FO371/180517/ DV1015/165.
80 FO, 'Secretary of State's visit to Washington', 30 September 1965, FO371/180560/ DV1051/269.
81 PM adviser [unclear which] to PM, 16 June 1966, PREM13/1274.
82 PM to President Johnson, 10 June 1966, PREM13/1274.
83 PM to President Johnson, 23 June 1966, PREM13/1275.
84 House of Commons, Hansard, 29 June 1966, Col. 1796.
85 P. Dean to FO, 29 June 1966, PREM13/1275.
86 PM to President Johnson, 1 July 1966, PREM13/1275.
87 House of Commons, Hansard, 21 June 1966, Col. 287.
88 N. Trench to J. Cable, undated [June 1965], FO371/180596/ DV1093/97.
89 J. Cable, Minute, 1 January 1965, FO371/180539/ DV1013145/32; FO brief, 'Visit to Washington by Prime Minister and Foreign Secretary', December 1964, PREM13/692.
90 FO brief, 'Secretary of State's visit to Washington and New York', 19 March 1965, DV103145/120.
91 E. Peck to G. Etherington-Smith, 14 July 1965, FO371/180542/ DV103145/139.
92 FO, 'The possibility of a negotiated solution of the conflict in Viet- Nam', 26 August 1965, FO371/180544/ DV103145/218; FO, 'Background brief on Viet-Nam', 13 July 1965, FO371/180559/ DV1051/211; J. Cable to G. Etherington-Smith. 4 August 1965, FO371/180559/ DV1051/231.
93 FO brief, "The situation in South Viet-Nam', 4 February 1965, FO371/180514/ DV1015/49; G. Etherington-Smith to FO, 1 February 1965, FO371/180539/ DV103145/15.
94 Lord Walston to M. Stewart, 17 November 1964, FO371/180557/ DV1051/55.
95 Parliamentary answers in FO371/180596/ DV1093/93.
96 M. Palliser, Minute, 28 July 1965, FO371/180543/ DV103145/188.
97 FO brief, 'Aid to South Viet-Nam', 13 April 1965, FO371/180541/ DV103145/105; FCO Research Department.
98 FO to Saigon, 12 December 1963, FO371/170095/ DV1015/139.
99 J. Cable to O. Forster, 28 October 1964, FO371/175483/ DV1017/37; MoD report, 'Information on operations in Vietnam', 11 October 1965; FO371/180610/ DV1192/71.
100 Chiefs of Staff Committee, 'Information on operations in Vietnam', 18 January 1968, DEFE11/696; FO, Minute, 16 December 1965, FO371/180610/ DV1192/78.
101 D. Murray, Minute, 12 November 1964, and written note on this minute by FO official, FO371/175483/ DV1017/39.
102 J. Cable to G. Etherington-Smith, 11 March 1965, FO371/180608/ DV11192; D. Murray, Minute, 30 September 1965, FO371/180610/ DV1192/58; J. Cable to G. Etherington-Smith, 6 August 1965, ibid, DV1192/68.
103 FO to Washington, 21 June 1965, FO371/180610/DV1192/58.
104 House of Commons, Hansard, 27 June 1967, Col. 254.
105 PM to President of Board of Trade, undated [May 1967], FCO46/203/ ZDS41; Political Adviser, Singapore to FO, 20 June 1967, FCO24/T33/ HAA3/2; D. Gordon, Minute, 17 September 1970, FCO15/510/ FAV10/2.
106 C. MacLehose, 'South Viet-Nam: Annual review for 1967', 6 February 1968, FCO15/487/ DV1/5; Defence Attaché, 'Prisoners of war and detainees', 22 March 1967, FCO15/482/ DV1/2; D. Gordon to J. Moreton, 21 January 1970, FCO15/1325/ FAV1/3; J. Moreton, 'South Viet-Nam: Annual review for 1969', 23 January 1970, FCO15/1325/ FAV1/3.
107 Chomsky and Herman, Washington Connection, pp. 313, 324.
108 'Record of a conversation between the Prime Minister and the Vice President', 2 April 1967, PREM13/1919; E. Youde to J. Graham, 25 November 1969, PREM13/3552.
109 J. Moreton to D. Gordon, 21 June 1971, FCO26/652/ PBA10/333.
110 D. Murray to J. Colvin, 1 February 1967, FCO15/585/ DV10/4.
111 J. Colvin to FO, 22 May 1967, FCO15/587/ DV10/4; P. Wilkinson to D. Murray, 27 March 1967, FCO15/586/ DV10/4.
112 Air Attaché, Saigon, 'The air war over Viet-Nam', 18 September 1968, FCO15/1083/ FAN10/1/2.
113 Brief for PM, 26 October 1967, FCO15/588/ DV10/4; MoD, 'The air war in the North', Augu
st 1967, ibid.
114 FO to Washington, 27 November 1967, FCO15/588/ DV10/4; FO to Washington, 11 January 1968, FCO15/589/ DV10/4.
115 A. Burgess, Minute, 23 December 1971, FCO15/1493/ FAV10/9; K. Wilford, Note, 29 December 1971, ibid.
116 FO Planning Committee, 'United States policy and British interests in South-East Asia after Viet-Nam', 28 June 1968, FCO49/32/ ZP4/14.
117 Ibid; FO Planning Committee, Minutes of meeting of 9 July 1968,12 July 1968, ibid.
118 D. Murray, 'Vietnam negotiations: British interests', 16 May 1968, ibid.
119 FO brief, 'Vietnam: An assessment of the present position and, in particular, of the probable consequences of any precipitate American withdrawal', January 1970, FCO15/1354/ FAV3/548.
120 J. Moreton to D. Gordon, n May 1970, FCO15/1218/ FAC10/6; H. Brown to M. Stewart, 8 June 1970, FCO15/1218, FAC10/6.
121 E. Heath to President Nixon, 21 July 1970, PREM15/673.
122 Contained in J. Freeman to FCO, December 1970, PREM15/1281.
123 Embassy, Washington to FCO, 18 April 1972, ibid; P. McCormick to Lord Bridges, 6 April 1972, ibid; J. Graham, Minute, 18 April 1972, FCO15/1692/ FAV3/304.
124PM to President Nixon, 9 May 1972, PREM15/1281.
13 Ugandans: The rise of ldi Amin
1 'Amin's son runs for mayor', BBC News, 3 January 2002; 'Amin has escaped justice', BBC News, 16 August 2003.
2 John Fairhall, 'Afterword: Idi Amin', Guardian, 19 August 2003; Richard Norton-Taylor, 'Amin hailed as splendid, but not very bright', Guardian, 23 June 2000.
3 R. Slater, 'Uganda: Annual review for 1970', 14 January 1971, FCO31/1022.
4 High Commission, Kampala to FCO, 22 October 1970, FCO45/687; R. Slater to H. Smedley, 20 July 1970, ibid.
5 East African Department, FCO, 'Incoming government: Uganda – Nationalisation', 1 June 1970, FCO31/722.
6 East African and Mauritius Association, Aide memoire to HMG, 30 July 1970, FCO31/727.
7 A. Douglas-Home to Kampala, 8 September 1970, FCO31/727.
8 R. Slater, 'Uganda: Annual review for 1970', 14 January 1971, FCO31/1022.
9 E. le Tocq to D. Miler, 27 November 1970, FCO31/710; High Commission, Kampala, 'Survey of events in 1970', 10 April 1970, FCO31/710.
10 FCO, 'Uganda', 27 January 1971, FCO31/1023; FCO brief, 'Uganda: Note for the Secretary of State', 3 February 1971, FCO31/1024.
11 H. Smedley, Note, 27 January 1971, FCO31/1028; R. Slater to FCO, 3 February 1971, ibid; R. Slater to A. Douglas-Home, 'Military coup in Uganda', 15 February 1971, FCO31/1024.
12 E. Counsell to S. Crawford, 26 January 1971, 21 January 1971.
13 H. Smedley, Note, 27 January 1971, FCO31/1028; R. Purcell, Note, 1 February 1971, FCO31/1024; R. Slater to FCO, 27 January 1971, ibid.
14 'Idi Amin's untold story', Monitor (Kampala), 11 April 1999.
15 E. le Tocq to H. Smedley, 4 March 1971, FCO31/1024.
16 E. le Tocq, 27 April 1971, ibid; FCO, 'Visit of Mr Wakhweya', 7 April 1971, ibid.
17 P. Redshaw to R. Purcell, 5 February 1971, FCO31/1024; R. Purcell to R. Slater, 22 February 1971, ibid.
18 R. Byatt to R. Purcell, 2 March 1971, FCO31/1019; R. Purcell to P. Redshaw, 30 March 1971, FCO31/1017.
19 E. le Tocq to H. Smedley, 18 February 1971, FCO31/1056.
20 B. Bradbrook to MoD, 26 April 1971, FCO31/1056; J. Willson [sic] to D, Hawkins, 5 April 1971, ibid; E. le Tocq to H. Smedley, 1 April 1971, ibid.
21 P. Redshaw to E. Counsell, 14 May 1971, FCO31/1OT9; R. Byatt to E. Counsell, 18 May 1971, FC03)/ioi7.
22 P. Moon to N. Barrington, 6 July 1971, FCO31/1072; J. Graham to P. Moon, 2 July 1971, ibid.
23 FCO brief, 'General Amin's visit', July 1971, FCO31/1073; C. Booth to D. Brinson, 6 July 1971, FCO26/747.
24 Record of conversation between Foreign Secretary and President of Uganda, 13 July T971, FCO31/1073; 'Commonsense Uganda', Daily Telegraph, 15 July 1971.
25 E. le Tocq to Renwick, 13 August 1971, FCO311017.
26 G. Duggan to E. le Tocq, 16 August 1971, FCO31/1017.
27 R. Slater to A. Douglas-Home, 'The first six months of General Amin's government', 6 August 1971, FCO31/1017.
28 G. Duggan to E. le Tocq, 16 August 1971, FCO31/1017.
29 FCO, 'General Amin's prospects', November 1971, FCO31/1018.
30 G. Duggan to E. Counsell, 10 November 1971, FCO31/1018.
31 P. Grattan to Lord Bridges, 6 March 1972, PREM15/1257; R. Anderson to S. Dawbarn, r February 1972, ibid.
32 R. Slater to S. Dawbarn, 8 February 1972, FCO31/1324.
33 E. Heath to Idi Amin, 23 March 1972, PREM15/l257; Enclosure to Lord Aldington's letter of 5 April 1972, ibid.
34 S. Dawbarn to Mr Le Quesne, 20 March 1972, FCO31/1327.
35 G. Duggan to FCO, 6 March 1972, FCO3T/1327; G. Duggan to E. Counsell, 14 February 1972, ibid.
36 A. Douglas-Home to Kampala, 16 May 1972, FCO31/1328.
37 R. Slater to S. Dawbarn, 30 May 1972, FCO31/1328.
38 S. Dawbarn to H. Smedley, 21 June 1972, FCO31/1328.
39 P. Grattan to Lord Bridges, 2 June 1972, PREM15/J257.
40 E. Heath to Idi Amin, 8 August 1972, PREM15/1258.
41 FCO to Kampala, 9 September 1972, FCO46/936.
42 H. Phillips to FCO, 8 February 1971, FCO31/1032.
43 Campbell to FCO, 8 June 1972, FCO31/1328; R, Slater to S, Dawbara, 13 June 1972, ibid.
44House of Commons, Hansard, 8 December 1998, Col. 169.
14 Chileans: Protecting a dictator
1 Jamie Wilson, 'How the General escaped trial', Guardian, 12 January 2000.
2 House of Commons, Hansard, 22 October 1998, Col. 1206; Amelia Gentleman, "Thatcher takes elevenses with old ally', Guardian, 27 March T999.
3 Giles Tremlett, 'Pinochet's torture ship heads into storm', Guardian, 6 June 2003.
4 The Guardian devoted two pages to the release oi' government documents on 1 January 2004, mainly covering ministers forced to quit in sex scandals and the 1973 fuel shortages owing to the Arab- Israeli war. The story of British support for the overthrow of democracy was one that was ignored, even though a picture of Allende was printed along with mention of the coup.
5 Quoted in Hugh O'Shaughnessy, Pinochet: Politics of torture, LAB, 2000, p. 38.
6 CIA document, 'CIA activities in Chile', released September 2000, see National Security Archive, 'CIA acknowledges ties to Pinochet's repression'. 19 September 2000, www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv.